Anton Semenovich Makarenko (1888-1939) - aphunzitsi odziwika padziko lonse lapansi, aphunzitsi, olemba ziwonetsero komanso owerenga. Malinga ndi UNESCO, ndi m'modzi mwa aphunzitsi anayi (pamodzi ndi Dewey, Kershenshteiner ndi Montessori) omwe adafotokoza njira zophunzitsira m'zaka za zana la 20.
Adakhala nthawi yayitali moyo wake kuti aphunzitsenso ana ovuta, omwe adakhala nzika zomvera malamulo omwe adakwanitsa kuchita zazikulu pamoyo wawo.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Makarenko, amene tikambirana m'nkhani ino.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Anton Makarenko.
Wambiri Makarenko
Anton Makarenko adabadwa pa Marichi 1 (13), 1888 mumzinda wa Belopole. Anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la wogwira ntchito pa njanji Semyon Grigorievich ndi mkazi wake Tatyana Mikhailovna.
Pambuyo pake, makolo a mphunzitsi wamtsogolo adakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi yemwe adamwalira ali wakhanda.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Ali mwana, Anton sanali wathanzi. Pachifukwa ichi, samakonda kusewera ndi anyamata pabwalo, amakhala nthawi yayitali ndi mabuku.
Ngakhale mutu wa banjali anali wantchito yosavuta, amakonda kuwerenga, popeza anali ndi laibulale yayikulu kwambiri. Pasanapite nthawi Anton anayamba myopia, chifukwa chimene iye anakakamizika kuvala magalasi.
Makarenko nthawi zambiri ankazunzidwa ndi anzawo, kumamutcha "bespectacled". Ali ndi zaka 7, adapita kusukulu ya pulayimale, komwe adawonetsa kuthekera konse pamaphunziro onse.
Pamene Anton anali ndi zaka 13, iye ndi makolo ake anasamukira ku mzinda wa Kryukov. Atapitiliza maphunziro ake pasukulu yazaka zinayi yakumaloko, kenako anamaliza maphunziro a chaka chimodzi.
Zotsatira zake, Makarenko adatha kuphunzitsa ana asukulu zamalamulo.
Kuphunzitsa
Patapita zaka zingapo Anton Semenovich analembetsa ku University of Poltava Teachers. Analandira ma alama apamwamba kwambiri pamaphunziro onse, chifukwa chake anamaliza maphunziro awo ku yunivesite ndi ulemu.
Pa nthawi imeneyo, mbiriyakale Makarenko anayamba kulemba ntchito yake yoyamba. Anatumiza nkhani yake yoyamba "A Silly Day" kwa Maxim Gorky, akufuna kudziwa malingaliro ake za ntchito yake.
Pambuyo pake, Gorky adayankha Anton. M'kalata yake, adatsutsa mwamphamvu nkhani yake. Pachifukwa ichi, Makarenko adasiya kulemba kwa zaka 13.
Dziwani kuti Anton Semenovich adzakhala paubwenzi ndi Gorky moyo wake wonse.
Makarenko adayamba kupanga njira zake zophunzitsira zodziwika bwino mndende yantchito ya achifwamba achichepere yomwe ili m'mudzi wa Kovalevka pafupi ndi Poltava. Anayesetsa kupeza njira yabwino kwambiri yophunzitsira achinyamata.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Anton Makarenko adaphunzira ntchito za aphunzitsi ambiri, koma palibe m'modzi mwa iwo amene adamusangalatsa. M'mabuku onsewo, adaphunzitsidwa kuti aziphunzitsanso ana mwankhanza, zomwe sizimalola kuti azipeza kulumikizana pakati pa aphunzitsi ndi ma ward.
Poyang'aniridwa ndi ana achifwamba, Makarenko anawagawa m'magulu, omwe adawauza kuti azikonzekeretsa moyo wawo. Poganiza zovuta zilizonse, nthawi zonse amakambirana ndi anyamatawo, kuwadziwitsa kuti malingaliro awo ndiofunika kwambiri kwa iye.
Poyamba, ophunzirawo nthawi zambiri ankachita zinthu zankhanza, koma pambuyo pake adayamba kulemekeza Anton Makarenko. Popita nthawi, ana okulirapo mwaufulu adayamba kuchitapo kanthu m'manja mwawo, ndikuphunzitsanso ana aang'ono.
Chifukwa chake Makarenko adatha kupanga njira yothandiza momwe ana omwe kale anali olimba mtima adakhala "anthu wamba" ndipo adayesetsa kuperekanso malingaliro awo kwa achinyamata.
Anton Makarenko adalimbikitsa ana kuti ayesetse kuphunzira kuti adzakhale ndi ntchito yabwino mtsogolo. Amasamaliranso kwambiri zikhalidwe. Pamudzi, zisudzo nthawi zambiri zinkachitika, pomwe ochita zisudzo anali ophunzira omwewo.
Kuchita bwino kwambiri mu maphunziro ndi maphunziro kwapangitsa munthu kukhala m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika kwambiri pachikhalidwe ndi maphunziro padziko lonse lapansi.
Kenako Makarenko anatumizidwa kukayang'anira dera lina, lomwe lili pafupi ndi Kharkov. Akuluakulu amafuna kuyesa ngati makina ake anali opambana kapena ngati amagwiradi ntchito.
Kumalo atsopano, Anton Semenovich mwamsanga anakhazikitsa njira zomwe zatsimikiziridwa kale. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti adatenga ana angapo am'misewu kuchokera kumudzi wakale omwe adamuthandiza kugwira ntchito.
Motsogozedwa ndi Makarenko, achinyamata ovuta adayamba kukhala moyo wabwino, kuchotsa zizolowezi zoyipa komanso maluso akuba. Anawo anafesa minda kenako adakolola zambiri, komanso adapanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Kuphatikiza apo, ana amisewu aphunzira kupanga makamera a FED. Chifukwa chake, achinyamata amatha kudzidyetsa okha, osafunikira ndalama kuchokera kuboma.
Panthawiyo, zolemba za Anton Makarenko zidalemba ntchito zitatu: "Marichi 30", "FD-1" komanso nthano yodziwika bwino ya "Pedagogical Poem". Gorky yemweyo adamupangitsa kuti abwerere pakulemba.
Pambuyo pake, Makarenko adasamutsidwa kupita ku Kiev ngati wothandizira wamkulu wa dipatimenti yazantchito. Mu 1934 adalandiridwa ku Union of Soviet Writers. Izi zidachitika makamaka chifukwa cha "ndakatulo Yophunzitsa", momwe amafotokozera momwe adaleredwera m'mawu osavuta, komanso adabweretsa zambiri zosangalatsa kuchokera mu mbiri yake.
Pasanapite nthawi chidzudzulo chinalembedwa motsutsana ndi Anton Semenovich. Adaimbidwa mlandu wotsutsa a Joseph Stalin. Atachenjezedwa ndi omwe kale anali anzawo, adakwanitsa kusamukira ku Moscow, komwe adapitiliza kulemba mabuku.
Pamodzi ndi mkazi wake, Makarenko amafalitsa "Buku la Makolo", momwe amaperekera malingaliro ake polera ana. Ananenanso kuti mwana aliyense amafunikira timu, zomwe zimamuthandiza kuti azolowere kukhala pagulu.
Pambuyo pake, kutengera zolemba za wolemba, makanema monga "Poem ofical Poem", "Flags on the Towers" ndi "Big and Small" adzawomberedwa.
Moyo waumwini
Wokondedwa woyamba wa Anton anali mtsikana wotchedwa Elizaveta Grigorovich. Pa nthawi yokumana ndi Makarenko, Elizabeth adakwatiwa ndi m'busa, yemwe adawadziwitsa.
Ali ndi zaka 20, mnyamatayo anali pachibwenzi choopsa ndi anzawo, chifukwa chake adafuna kudzipha. Pofuna kuteteza mnyamatayo kuti asachite izi, wansembeyo adacheza naye kangapo, kuphatikiza mkazi wake Elizabeti pazokambiranazo.
Posakhalitsa, achinyamata adazindikira kuti ali mchikondi. Abambo a Anton atadziwa izi, adamuthamangitsa mnyumba. Komabe, Makarenko sanafune kusiya wokondedwa wake.
Pambuyo pake, Anton Semyonovich, pamodzi ndi Elizabeth, adzagwira ntchito m'dera la Gorky. Ubale wawo udakhala zaka 20 ndipo udatha ndi chisankho cha Makarenko.
Aphunzitsi adakwatirana mwalamulo ali ndi zaka 47 zokha. Ndi mkazi wake wamtsogolo, Galina Stakhievna, adakumana kuntchito. Mayiyo ankagwira ntchito yoyang'anira People's Commissariat for Supervision ndipo nthawi ina adafika kuderalo kukawona.
Kuchokera m'banja lapitalo, Galina anali ndi mwana wamwamuna, Lev, yemwe Makarenko adamulera ndikumulera ngati wake. Anakhalanso ndi mwana wamkazi womulera, Olympias, yemwe adatsalira kuchokera kwa mchimwene wake Vitaly.
Izi zinali choncho chifukwa chakuti White Guard Vitaly Makarenko adayenera kuchoka ku Russia ali mnyamata. Anasamukira ku France, ndikusiya mkazi wake yemwe anali ndi pakati.
Imfa
Anton Semenovich Makarenko anamwalira pa Epulo 1, 1939 ali ndi zaka 51. Adamwalira modabwitsa.
Mwamunayo adamwalira mwadzidzidzi pansi pa zinthu zomwe sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Malinga ndi zomwe boma limanena, adamwalira ndi vuto la mtima lomwe lidamuchitikira ali mgalimoto ya sitima.
Komabe, panali mphekesera zambiri kuti Makarenko ayenera kumangidwa, kotero mtima wake sukanatha kupirira kupsinjika kotere.
Atafufuza atatulutsa kuti mtima wa mphunzitsiyo udawonongeka modabwitsa chifukwa cha poyizoni. Komabe, kutsimikizika kwa poyizoni sikukadatha kutsimikiziridwa.
Zithunzi za Makarenko
