Homer (9-8 zaka za BC) - Wolemba ndakatulo wakale wachi Greek, wopanga ndakatulo zodziwika bwino za "Iliad" (chipilala chakale kwambiri cha zolemba zaku Europe) ndi "Odyssey". Pafupifupi theka la zolemba zakale zakale zachi Greek zidachokera ku Homer.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Homer, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Homer.
Mbiri ya Homer
Kuyambira lero, palibe chomwe chikudziwika chokhudza moyo wa Homer. Olemba mbiri yakale akukanganabe za tsiku ndi malo omwe wolemba ndakatuloyu adabadwa.
Amakhulupirira kuti Homer adabadwa mzaka za 9th mpaka 8th. BC. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri osiyanasiyana, mwina adabadwira m'mizinda monga Salamis, Colophon, Smirna, Atene, Argos, Rhode kapena Ios.
Zolemba za Homer zimafotokoza mbiri yakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Alibe chidziwitso chokhudza anthu am'nthawi yake, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kosatheka kuwerengera moyo wa wolemba.
Lero, pali zolemba zambiri zakale zomwe zimafotokoza za Homer. Komabe, olemba mbiri amakono amakayikira magwero awa chifukwa choti amatchula magawo ambiri pomwe milungu idakhudza mwachindunji moyo wa wolemba nkhaniyo.
Mwachitsanzo, malinga ndi nthano ina, Homer adasiya kuwona atawona lupanga la Achilles. Pofuna kumutonthoza, mulungu wamkazi Thetis adampatsa mphatso yakuyimba.
M'mabuku a wolemba ndakatuloyu akuti Homer adalandira dzina lake chifukwa chakhungu. Kumasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigiriki chakale, dzina lake kwenikweni limatanthauza "wakhungu".
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti m'mabuku ena akale akuti adayamba kumutcha Homer pomwe sanachite khungu, koma, adayamba kuwona. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri yakale ambiri, adabadwa kwa mkaziyo Crifeida, yemwe adamutcha Melesigenes.
Atakula, wolemba ndakatuloyu nthawi zambiri ankalandira mayitano kumaphwando kuchokera kwa akuluakulu ndi anthu olemera. Kuphatikiza apo, amapezeka pafupipafupi pamisonkhano yam'mizinda ndi m'misika.
Pali umboni kuti Homer adayenda kwambiri ndikusangalala ndi kutchuka pagulu. Izi zikutsatira apa kuti sanali wopemphapempha wopemphapempha amene olemba mbiri yakale amamuwonetsa.
Pali malingaliro ofala kwambiri kuti ntchito za Odyssey, Iliad ndi Homeric Hymns ndizolemba za olemba osiyanasiyana, pomwe Homer anali katswiri wochita zisudzo.
Mapeto ake akufotokozedwa ndikuti mwamunayo anali wochokera kubanja la oyimba. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti nthawi imeneyo ntchito zambiri zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo.
Chifukwa cha ichi, aliyense m'banjamo amatha kuchita dzina la Homer. Ngati tikuganiza kuti zonse zidalidi choncho, ndiye kuti izi zimathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa cha nyengo zosiyanasiyana pakupanga ndakatulo.
Kukhala wolemba ndakatulo
Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri yakale a Herodotus, Homer amakhala m'nyumba imodzi ndi amayi ake ku Smurna. Mumzindawu, adaphunzira kusukulu ya Femiya, akuwonetsa luso labwino pamaphunziro.
Pambuyo pa kumulangiza, Homer adayamba kuyang'anira sukulu ndikuyamba kuphunzitsa ophunzira. Popita nthawi, adafuna kudziwa bwino dziko lomuzungulira, chifukwa chake adapita paulendo wapanyanja.
Paulendo wake, Homer adalemba nkhani zosiyanasiyana, miyambo ndi nthano. Atafika ku Ithaca, thanzi lake lidayamba kuchepa. Pambuyo pake, adapita kukayenda padziko lapansi ndikuyenda, ndikupitilizabe kutolera zakuthupi.
A Herodotus akuti wolemba ndakatuloyo pamapeto pake adawona mumzinda wa Colophon. Inali nthawi imeneyi yonena kuti adadzitcha Homer.
Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, asayansi amakono amakayikira mbiri ya Herodotus, komabe, komanso zolemba za olemba ena akale.
Funso la Homeric
Mu 1795, Friedrich August Wolf adapereka lingaliro lomwe linadzadziwika kuti Homeric Funso. Chofunika chake chinali motere: popeza ndakatulo m'nthawi ya Homer zinali zongolankhula, wolemba nkhani wakhungu sanathe kukhala wolemba mabuku ovutikira.
Malinga ndi Wolf, mawonekedwe omaliza a ntchitoyi adapezeka chifukwa chakuchita kwa olemba ena. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, olemba mbiri ya Homer adagawika m'magulu awiri: "ofufuza" omwe amachirikiza chiphunzitso cha Wolf, ndi "Unitarians" omwe amati ntchitozo ndi za wolemba m'modzi - Homer.
Khungu
Odziwa zambiri za ntchito ya Homer amakana kuti ndi wakhungu. Amanena kuti nthawi imeneyo anzeru nthawi zambiri amatchedwa akhungu chifukwa samatha kuwona bwino, koma amadziwa momwe angayang'anire zinthuzo.
Chifukwa chake, liwu loti "khungu" lidafanana ndi nzeru, ndipo mosakayikira Homer amadziwika kuti anali m'modzi mwa anthu anzeru kwambiri.
Zojambula
Mipukutu yakale yomwe idatsalapo imati Homer anali munthu wodziwa zonse. Ndakatulo zake zili ndi chidziwitso chokhudza mbali zonse za moyo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Plutarch adati Alexander Wamkulu sanasiyane ndi Iliad. Ndipo malinga ndi "Odyssey" ku Greece, ana amaphunzitsidwa kuwerenga.
Homer amadziwika kuti ndiye wolemba osati Iliad ndi Odyssey yokha, komanso nthabwala za Margit ndi Homer's Hymns. Amatchulidwanso kuti ndi ntchito yozungulira: "Kupro", "Kutenga Ilium", "Aitiopiya", "Iliad Yaing'ono", "Kubwerera".
Zolemba za Homer zimasiyanitsidwa ndi chilankhulo chapadera chosiyana ndi zolemba za olemba ena. Njira yake yoperekera izi sizosangalatsa komanso zosavuta kuphunzira.
Imfa
Malinga ndi nthano ina, atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, Homer adapita ku chilumba cha Ios. Kumeneko adakumana ndi asodzi awiri omwe adamufunsa mwambi wotsatirawu: "Tili ndi zomwe sitinachite, ndipo zomwe tidagwira tidazitaya."
Wanzeru adalowa m'malingaliro ataliatali, koma sanapeze yankho. Zotsatira zake, anyamatawo anali akugwira nsabwe, osati nsomba.
Homer adakhumudwa kwambiri chifukwa cholephera kuthana ndi malodza kotero adazembera ndikumenya mutu.
Buku lina limanena kuti ndakatulo iyi inadzipha, chifukwa imfa sizinali zoopsa kwa iye monga kutaya nzeru.
Zithunzi za Homer
