Akalulu am'banja la akalulu amawetedwa mochedwa kuposa ziweto zonse ndi mbalame. Amakhulupirira kuti kuweta akalulu kudayamba zaka za 5th-3 BC. e., pomwe munthu anali ataweta kale abakha ndi atsekwe, osanenapo nkhumba, akavalo ndi nkhuku. Kuweta mochedwa kwanyama tating'onoting'ono koma tothandiza kwambiri, komwe kumapereka ubweya wabwino kwambiri ndi nyama yabwino kwambiri, kumangofotokozedwa - panalibe chifukwa. Mwachilengedwe, akalulu amakhala m'mabowo m'malo amodzi, osasamukira kulikonse. Amadzipezera chakudya, kubereka ndi kubereka anawo mosadalira, palibe chifukwa chowazolowera. Kuti mupeze nyama ya kalulu, mumangoyenera kupita kunkhalango kapena dambo komwe kumakhala omvera, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi zida zosavuta, gwirani momwe mungafunire.
Zowopsa, akalulu adayamba kuwetedwa m'mafakitale m'zaka za zana la 19, pomwe zizindikilo zoyambirira za kuchuluka kwa anthu zidawonekera ku Europe, ndipo kupanga chakudya kudayamba kutsalira pakuchuluka kwa milomo yomwe ikufuna chakudya ichi. Komabe, ngakhale kalulu anali ndi chonde, kuchepa kwake komanso kusatetezeka kwawo sikunalole kuti kalulu atuluke ngakhale gawo lachiwiri la nyama. Chilichonse chimadalira makina - ndikutulutsa komweko ndichachangu kwambiri komanso kosavuta kupha nyama ya nkhumba kapena ng'ombe kuposa kukonza mitembo ya akalulu 50 - 100, ndipo ndizosatheka kusanja akalulu. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale m'maiko otukuka, kumwa nyama ya kalulu kumawerengedwa mwa magalamu mazana pa munthu pachaka.
Akalulu ndi nyama zokongoletsera zimakhala ndi kagawo kakang'ono. Apa, kuswana ndi kusankha kunayamba m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, ndipo pang'onopang'ono akalulu monga ziweto akutchuka, ngakhale zovuta za chisamaliro komanso zovuta. Ziweto zazing'ono, makamaka zowetedwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala mamembala enieni.
Kupitiliza mawu a oseketsa omwe adayika mano kuti akalulu sali ubweya wofunikira chabe, komanso nyama, tiyeni tiyesere kufotokoza zomwe nyama zokongolazi ndizosangalatsa.
1. Kafukufuku wa chibadwa cha anthu akuwonetsa kuti akalulu onse amakono akalulu aku Europe ndi mbadwa za akalulu omwe adakhala zaka masauzande angapo zapitazo kumadera omwe masiku ano ndi North Africa, Spain komanso kumwera kwa France. Zisanachitike ku Australia, akalulu akachulukitsa pawokha makilomita mazana zikwizikwi, amakhulupirira kuti akalulu amafalikira ku Europe ndi England ndi nthumwi za anthu apamwamba, omwe amaweta nyama posaka. Pambuyo pa Australia, ndizotheka kuganiza kuti munthawi zina akalulu afalikira ku Europe konse popanda kuchitapo kanthu.
2. Zomwe zimatchedwa "Mibadwo Yamdima" - nthawi yapakati pa kugwa kwa Ufumu Wakum'mawa kwa Roma ndi zaka za X-XI - nawonso anali akuswana kwa akalulu. Pakati pazambiri zakuswana kwa akalulu ku Roma Yakale ndi zolemba zoyambirira za kuswana kwa akalulu m'mabuku akale, pali pafupifupi zaka chikwi.
3. Akalusira mwanjira zachilendo, akalulu amakula ndikuchulukana msanga. Kalulu wamkazi m'modzi yekha pachaka amatha kupereka mitu 30 ya ana ndi zokolola zathunthu zazing'ono mpaka 100 kg. Izi zikufanana ndi kunenepetsa nkhumba imodzi, pomwe nyama ya kalulu imakhala yathanzi kuposa nyama ya nkhumba, ndipo mphamvu zakubereka ndi kukula kwa nyama zazing'ono zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yokometsera, yosazizira komanso kusamalira, kudya nyama ya kalulu chaka chonse.
4. Mwa mitundu yamtundu wa nyama, ndi nyama ya kalulu yomwe ndiyofunika kwambiri pamadyedwe. Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zambiri (200 Kcal pa 100 g) wokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri (opitilira 20 g pa 100 g) ndi mafuta ochepa (pafupifupi 6.5 g) amapangitsa nyama ya kalulu kukhala yofunikira kwambiri kumatenda am'mimba, chifuwa cha chakudya, mavuto ndi thirakiti biliary. Nyama ya kalulu ndiyothandiza kwambiri ngati chakudya cha odwala ofooka chifukwa chovulala kwambiri ndi matenda. Lili ndi mavitamini B6, B12, C ndi PP ambiri. Nyama ya kalulu ili ndi phosphorous, iron, cobalt, manganese, potaziyamu ndi fluorine. Cholesterol yotsika kwambiri komanso kupezeka kwa lecithins kumalepheretsa kukula kwa atherosclerosis.
5. Ngakhale kuti nyama ya kalulu ndi yofunika kwambiri, imakhalabe yopangidwa padziko lonse lapansi (kupatula Iran, komwe kudya kalulu ndikoletsedwa pazifukwa zachipembedzo). Izi zikuwonetsedwa bwino ndi ziwerengero: ku China, komwe kumatulutsa 2/3 ya nyama ya kalulu padziko lapansi, mu 2018, matani 932 zikwi za nyama iyi adakulitsidwa. Malo achiwiri padziko lapansi amakhala ndi DPRK - matani zikwi 154, lachitatu ndi Spain - matani 57,000. Ku Russia, nyama yopanga akalulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo ochezera anthu, chifukwa chake chiwerengerochi chikuwerengedwa. Amakhulupirira kuti mu 2017, Russia idatulutsa pafupifupi matani 22,000 a nyama ya kalulu (mu 1987, chiwerengerochi chinali matani 224,000). Poyerekeza ndi mamiliyoni matani a nkhumba kapena ng'ombe, izi ndizachidziwikire.
6. M'modzi mwa odziwika m'boma la USSR adati tsoka lililonse limakhala ndi dzina, dzina ndi dzina. Zachidziwikire, anali ndi malingaliro pamavuto amakampani, koma ndizotheka kukhazikitsa wolakwayo pamavuto akulu, akuwoneka ngati achilengedwe. Mu Okutobala 1859, munthu wina Tom Austin, yemwe anali ndi malo ambiri m'boma la Australia ku Victoria, adamasula akalulu angapo. Ku England kwawo, njonda iyi idazolowera kusaka nyama zamakona ataliatali, ndipo adasowa kwambiri zomwe amakonda ku Australia. Monga woyenera kukhala wachikoloni weniweni, Austin adalungamitsa kufunikira kwake ndi phindu la anthu - padzakhala nyama yambiri, ndipo akalulu sadzatha kuvulaza. Pasanathe zaka 10, chakudya chochuluka, kusapezeka kwathunthu kwa adani olanda komanso nyengo yoyenera kunadzetsa kuti akalulu adakhala tsoka kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe. Iwo anaphedwa ndi mamiliyoni, koma nyama zinachulukana, kusuntha kapena kuwononga mitundu yachilengedwe, ngakhale mofulumira. Podzitchinjiriza ndi akalulu, mipanda yokhala ndi kutalika konse kopitilira 3,000 km idamangidwa - pachabe. Kwakukulukulu, ndi myxomatosis yokha yomwe idapulumutsa anthu aku Australia ku akalulu - matenda opatsirana omwe anali mliri wa oweta akalulu aku Europe. Koma ngakhale matenda owopsawa adathandizira mwanjira inayake kuletsa kukula kwa anthu - akalulu aku Australia adayamba chitetezo. M'zaka za m'ma 1990, zomwe Louis XIV angatchule kuti "Kutsutsana Kwotsiriza kwa Anthu" zidayamba - asayansi adayambitsa dala ndikutulutsa malungo otha magazi a akalulu. Matendawa ndi osinthika komanso osayembekezereka kotero kuti zotsatira za kuyambitsidwa kwake sizinganenedweretu. Chitonthozo chokha ndichakuti sitepe iyi idatengedwa osati chifukwa cha zosangalatsa, koma chifukwa cha chipulumutso. Kuwonongeka kwa chikhumbo cha Tom Austin kusaka ndikosatheka kuwunika. Ndizodziwikiratu kuti mawonekedwe a akalulu asintha kwambiri zomera ndi nyama ku Australia. Queensland idakali ndi chindapusa cha $ 30,000 chosunga akalulu ngakhale okongoletsa.
7. Kusiyana pakati pa akalulu kutchire ndi oweta kuli m'njira zingapo zomwe zimafanana ndi nyama zokha. Mwachitsanzo, kutchire, akalulu samakhala patatha chaka chimodzi. Akalulu akunyumba amakhala pafupifupi zaka zingapo, ndipo ena omwe amakhala ndi mbiri yakale amakhala ndi zaka 19. Ngati tikamba za kulemera, akalulu oyandikira amakhala olemera kasanu kuposa anzawo akuthengo. Ziweto zina zonse sizingadzitamande chifukwa cha mwayi wotere kuposa anzawo zakutchire. Komanso, akalulu amasiyanitsidwa ndi kupuma kwapafupipafupi (kupuma 50 mpaka 60 pamphindikati modekha komanso kupuma mpaka 280 ndichisangalalo chachikulu) ndi kugunda kwa mtima (mpaka kumenyedwa kwa 175 pamphindi).
8. Kupindulitsa kwa nyama ya kalulu sikungoperekedwa kokha ndi kapangidwe kake koyambirira, titero, kuyerekezera. Ndi protein yofananira yofanana ndi nyama ya ng'ombe ndi kalulu, thupi la munthu limaphatikizira 90 - 95% ya protein kuchokera ku nyama ya akalulu, pomwe 70% ya protein imangotulutsidwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku ng'ombe.
9. Akalulu onse ndi ophatikizana. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mtundu wa chakudya chawo. Zina za ndowe za kalulu ndizopatsa thanzi momwe thupi limafunira. Chifukwa chake, pokonza chakudya choyambirira, zinthu zosafunikira zimatulutsidwa koyamba, zimachotsedwa mthupi masana. Ndipo usiku, manyowa amachotsedwa mthupi la kalulu, zomanga thupi zomwe zimatha kufikira 30%. Amapitanso ku chakudya.
10. Osati kokha nyama ya kalulu ndi yamtengo wapatali, komanso mafuta ake amkati (osati mafuta onenepa, koma omwe amawoneka kuti akuta ziwalo zamkati). Mafutawa ndi amphamvu kwambiri pa biologically yogwira ndipo amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza zomwe zimalimbikitsa ntchito pafupifupi ziwalo zonse zaumunthu. Mafuta amkati a kalulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matenda am'mapapo, chithandizo cha zilonda zam'madzi ndi kuyabwa pakhungu. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito popanga zodzoladzola. Mwa mawonekedwe ake oyera, amasungunula khungu bwino ndikuliteteza ku zotupa ndi hypothermia. Chotsutsana chokha ndikutupa kwa mafupa kapena gout. Mafuta amkati a kalulu amakhala ndi mabowo a purine, omwe urea, omwe ndi owopsa pamatenda otere, amatha kupangidwa.
11. Ngati tikamba za akalulu amtchire, ndiye kuti theka la anthu onse padziko lapansi amakhala ku North America. Akalulu am'deralo samasiyana ndi mawonekedwe ena onse, koma amakhala ndi moyo wapadera kwambiri. Samadziboola okha, amamva bwino pamadambo, amasambira bwino, ena amatha kuyenda modutsa mitengo. Pafupifupi akalulu onse aku America amakhala okha, mu izi amawoneka ngati hares. Padziko lonse lapansi, akalulu amakhala m'makola komanso m'magulu.
12. Kukula kwawo - mpaka theka la mita kutalika ndi 2 kg ya kulemera - akalulu amtchire amakula bwino kwambiri. Amatha kudumpha mita imodzi ndi theka kutalika, amatenga mtunda wa mamitala atatu polumpha ndikufulumira mpaka 50 km / h. Kumenyedwa mwamphamvu ndi miyendo iwiri yakumbuyo, kutsiriza ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa, nthawi zina kumalola kalulu kuthawa kwa mdani wopambana.
13. Nthawi zina mutha kukumana ndi mawu oti ngati akalulu amaloledwa kuberekana mosaletseka, ndiye kuti mzaka zochepa adzadzaza dziko lonse lapansi. M'malo mwake, uku ndi kuwerengetsera masamu, komanso kutengera kuchuluka kwa akalulu omwe amaswana. Asayansi omwe akhala akuwona akalulu amtchire kwazaka zambiri awona kuti akalulu samachulukana kuthengo. Kuchulukana kumakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo kalulu m'modzi amatha kubala khumi ndipo kalulu m'modzi yekha pachaka. Ku Australia ndi New Zealand, azimayi amapereka matere 7 pachaka, komanso pachilumba cha San Juan, chomwe chimafanana ndi nyengo ndi zomera, nyengo yoswana sikumatha ngakhale miyezi itatu, ndipo kalulu m'modzi amapereka malita awiri kapena atatu pachaka.
14. Akalulu ndi nyama zovuta kuzisamalira. Pakadapanda kuthekera kwawo kwakubereka, zikadatha kalekale mdziko lomwe anthu amakhala moyandikana nawo. Sizingatheke kuti pali nyama zina m'chilengedwe zomwe zitha kufa chifukwa chakuwopa pang'ono. Boas ndi njoka zina sizimatenthetsa akalulu - zimaundana ndi mantha. Pomwe mu 2015, pamphambano ya malire a Vietnam, Laos ndi Cambodia, mtundu wina udapezeka, womwe pambuyo pake udatchedwa "Annam milozo ya kalulu", asayansi adadabwa osati kwambiri ndi zomwe apeza - adakumana ndi mitembo ya kaluluyu m'misika yakomweko kale. Akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo anadabwa kuti akalulu anapulumuka m'dera lomwe munali njoka zambiri. Abale awo akunyumba amawopa kutulutsa ndi kutentha kwambiri, chinyezi chokwera kwambiri komanso chotsika kwambiri, ndipo amalekerera ngakhale pang'ono kusintha kuchokera pachakudya china kupita china. Mndandanda wa matenda omwe akalulu amakopeka mosavuta umatenga pafupifupi theka la buku lililonse lonena za kuwasamalira.
15. Ngakhale kufota kwawo konse, ngakhale akalulu oweta, osasiyidwa osayang'aniridwa, amatha kuchita zinthu zambiri. Chinthu chopanda vuto kwambiri ndi zinthu zong'ambika komanso zochitika m'moyo. Koma mawaya, mipando, ndi kalulu atha kuvutika ngati afikira china chake pamndandanda wazakudya zotsutsana, mwachitsanzo mtedza wamchere. Kuphatikiza apo, akalulu achichepere samayamikira kutalika komwe angadumphire. Nthawi zina, popanda kuwerengera kutalika kumeneku, amatha kugwa chagada ndikufa ndikulalira kapena kugwidwa ndi zopweteka.
16. Mwinanso ntchito yotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yolemba mawu oti "kalulu" pamutuwu ndi wolemba wolemba waku America a John Updike, "Kalulu, Thamanga," wofalitsidwa mu 1960. Nkhani yovuta kwambiri yamasamba chikwi yosewera mpira wodzifunira yekha pakati paubwenzi ndi azimayi awiri idathandizira kutulutsa zikhalidwe zaku America. Iwo adawona m'bukuli kufalitsa nkhani zakugonana kosadziletsa - ngwazi, pochita izi, adalowa muubwenzi wapamtima ndi akazi awiri. M'zaka zomwezo ku United States, ukhoza kumangidwa chifukwa cha izi. Updike adamupatsa dzina loti "Kalulu" chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake - Mlomo wapamwamba wa Harry Angstrom udakwezedwa, kuwulula mano ake akumwamba akutsogolo - koma, kwakukulu, chifukwa chamanyazi, wamantha pafupifupi. Ntchito yoletsa Run Rabbit idachita bwino kwa Updike. Bukulo lidakhala logulitsa kwambiri, linajambulidwa, wolemba adalemba zina zinayi. Ndipo adayesa kuletsa "Kalulu" m'maiko ena aku US kale m'ma 1980.
17. "Kalulu Wamitundu Yonse" - ili ndi dzina lampikisano wapachaka wa akalulu ndipo pambuyo pake adalumikizana ndi hamsters, nkhumba, makoswe ndi mbewa, zomwe zimachitikira ku Britain Harrogate. Mpikisano uwu umatchedwa kwambiri Olimpiki. Akalulu amachita zambiri kuposa kungothamanga ndi kudumpha. Lamulo lapadera loyang'anira milandu limayang'ana kunja kwawo, kukongola kwa zizolowezi zawo ndi kusokonekera. Mpikisano ku Harrogate umawoneka ngati mpikisano wa olemekezeka motsutsana ndi mpikisano wa kalulu ku Burgess Hill kuyambira ma 1920. Kumeneko, akalulu achilengedwe ophunzitsidwa bwino amangothamanga patali ndi zopinga kwakanthawi, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito fungo la nyama zamtchire kumawerengedwa kuti kumawasokoneza - akalulu ayenera kupikisana nawo mwakufuna kwawo, kuti awapatse, osati chifukwa chowopa adani.
18. Wolemba mbiri Wachingelezi David Chandler adalongosola zomwe Napoleon Bonaparte iyemwini adathawa akalulu. Pambuyo posaina Pangano la Tilsit, Napoleon adaganiza zokonzekera kusaka kwa kalulu. M'masiku amenewo, akalulu samatengedwa ngati chikho chachikulu chosakira, awiri amapewa amatha kuwomberedwa kokha kukampani yamasewera "akulu". Komabe, sizilandiridwa kutsutsa malamulo a mafumu. Mtsogoleri wa ofesi ya Bonaparte, a Alexander Berthier, adalamula anyamata ake kuti agwire akalulu ambiri - zikwi zingapo momwe angathere. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwa nthawi, oyang'anira a Berthier adatenga njira yokana. Adagula akalulu kwa anthu wamba. Panali manyazi - akalulu omwe anatulutsidwa m'makola awo koyambirira kwa kusaka sanayambe kumwazikana mbali, m'malo mwa zipolopolo, koma anathamangira kwa anthu. Zowonadi, kwa akalulu apakhomo, munthu sanali mdani, koma gwero la chakudya. Chandler ndi Mngelezi, akufotokoza zomwe zidachitika ngati nkhani yoseketsa - akalulu ake adazunza Napoleon ndi mizati iwiri yosakanikirana, ndi zina zambiri, mfumuyo, itakwiya ndi chipwirikiti ndi akalulu akuyenda pansi, anangopita ku Paris.
19. Amayi a kalulu, makamaka ana, nthawi zina sangalandire ana obadwa kumene. Nthawi yomweyo, samangonyalanyaza ana omwe abwera kumene, komanso amawabalalitsa mozungulira khola ndipo amatha kudya akalulu ang'onoang'ono. Njira zomwe khalidweli silimvetsetse. Zinadziwika kuti izi nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa ndi amayi achichepere, omwe okrol ndiye woyamba - samamvetsetsa kuti mawonekedwe awo asintha. Ndikothekanso kuti gulugufe mwachilengedwe adazindikira kuti akalulu adabadwa ochepa komanso ofooka, ndipo mwayi wawo wopulumuka ndi wocheperako.Pomaliza, machitidwe a kalulu amatha kutengera zinthu zakunja - mpweya wozizira kwambiri, phokoso lalikulu, kupezeka kwa anthu kapena nyama zolusa. Mwachidziwitso, makanda atha kupulumutsidwa kwa amayi awo powasamutsa kuti akalowe kalulu wina. Komabe, muyenera kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, molondola komanso mwaluso.
20. Ngakhale ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino komanso amakonda kusewera, akalulu sakhala ngati nyama zina zomwe zimakonda kukopa ojambula. Opambanawa mosakayikira ndi Bugs Bunny (ndi wokondedwa wake Bonnie) wochokera ku Warner Bros. ndi Oswald Rabbit wa Walt Disney. Dziko lonse lapansi limadziwa ndi Roger kalulu kuchokera nthabwala yosangalatsa "Who Framed Roger Rabbit?", Yopangidwa ndi Richard Williams. Akalulu ena onse odziwika bwino si kalikonse koma ochita seweroli, ngati Kalulu kuchokera ku nthano za Winnie the Pooh ndi abwenzi ake.
