Martin Luther (1483-1546) - Wophunzira zaumulungu wachikhristu, woyambitsa Reformation, wotsogolera womasulira Baibulo m'Chijeremani. Imodzi mwa njira zomwe Chipulotesitanti, Lutheranism, adatchulidwira. M'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa chilankhulo chaku Germany.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Martin Luther, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Luther.
Mbiri ya Martin Luther
Martin Luther adabadwa pa Novembala 10, 1483 mumzinda wa Saxon ku Eisleben. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'mabanja osauka a Hans ndi Marguerite Luther. Poyamba, mutu wabanja adagwira ntchito m'migodi yamkuwa, koma pambuyo pake adakhala wolemera.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Martin ali ndi miyezi pafupifupi isanu ndi umodzi, adakhazikika ndi banja lawo ku Mansfeld. Munali mutauni yamapiri iyi pomwe Luther Sr. adasintha kwambiri zachuma chake.
Ali ndi zaka 7, Martin adayamba kupita kusukulu yakomweko, komwe nthawi zambiri amamuzunza ndikumulanga aphunzitsi. Dongosolo lamaphunziro pasukulu yophunzitsa lidasiya kulakalaka, chifukwa chake wokonzanso mtsogolo adatha kungodziwa maphunziro oyambira, komanso kuphunzira mapemphero ochepa.
Luther ali ndi zaka 14, adayamba kupita kusukulu yaku Franciscan ku Magdeburg. Patatha zaka 4, makolo adalimbikitsa mwana wawo kuti apite kuyunivesite ku Erfurt. Mu 1505, adalandira digiri ya Master ku Liberal Arts, pambuyo pake adayamba kuphunzira zamalamulo.
Mu nthawi yake yopuma, Martin adachita chidwi ndi zamulungu. Afufuza mabuku osiyanasiyana achipembedzo, kuphatikizapo a makolo achipembedzo odziwika bwino. Atasanthula Baibulo, mnyamatayo adali wosangalala mosaneneka. Zomwe adaphunzira m'bukuli zidasokoneza malingaliro ake padziko lapansi.
Zotsatira zake, ali ndi zaka 22, a Martin Luther adalowa nyumba ya masisitere ya Augustinian, ngakhale abambo ake adatsutsa. Chimodzi mwazifukwa zakuchitiraku chinali imfa yadzidzidzi ya mnzake wapamtima, komanso kuzindikira kuti anali wochimwa.
Moyo kunyumba ya amonke
Ku nyumba ya amonke, Luther adatumikira atsogoleri achipembedzo, adadula wotchi pa nsanja, adasesa pabwalo, ndikugwiranso ntchito zina. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti nthawi zina amonkewo amamutumiza ku mzinda kukapempha zachifundo. Izi zidachitika kuti mnyamatayo adasiya kudzikuza komanso kudzitama.
Martin sanayerekeze kumvera aphunzitsi ake, pafupifupi kukwaniritsa malangizo onse. Nthawi yomweyo, anali wowerengeka kwambiri pakudya, zovala, ndi kupumula. Pafupifupi chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, adalandira chakudya chamadzulo, ndipo chaka chotsatira adadzozedwa kukhala mtsogoleri wachipembedzo, kukhala mchimwene wake Augustine.
Mu 1508, Luther adatumizidwa kukaphunzitsa ku Yunivesite ya Wittenberg, komwe adaphunzira mwachidwi ntchito za St. Augustine. Nthawi yomweyo, adapitiliza kuphunzira mwakhama, kulota kukhala dokotala wa zamulungu. Kuti amvetse bwino Malemba, adaganiza zophunzira zilankhulo zina.
Martin ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 28, adapita ku Roma. Ulendowu zinakhudza mbiri yake zina. Anawona ndi maso ake zonyansa zonse za atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika, omwe amachita machimo osiyanasiyana.
Mu 1512 Luther adakhala dokotala wa zamulungu. Anaphunzitsa, kulalikira komanso kugwira ntchito yosamalira m'nyumba za amonke 11.
Kukonzanso
Martin Luther amaphunzira Baibulo mosamalitsa, koma nthawi zonse amadziona ngati wochimwa komanso wofooka poyerekeza ndi Mulungu. Popita nthawi, adapeza kumvetsetsa kwina kwa mabuku ena a Chipangano Chatsopano olembedwa ndi Paulo.
Zinadziwika kwa Luther kuti munthu akhoza kupeza chilungamo kudzera mu chikhulupiriro cholimba mwa Mulungu. Lingaliro ili lidamulimbikitsa ndikuthandizira kuchotsa zokumana nazo zammbuyomu. Lingaliro lakuti wokhulupirira amapeza kulungamitsidwa kudzera mchikhulupiriro mu chifundo cha Wam'mwambamwamba, Martin adayamba munthawi ya mbiri yake ya 1515-1519.
Pamene, kugwa kwa 1517, Papa Leo X adatulutsa chikhululukiro ndikugulitsa zikhululukiro, wophunzirayo adakwiya kwambiri. Adadzudzula kwambiri gawo lomwe tchalitchi limapulumutsa, monga zikuwonekera mu 95 Theses Against the Trade in Indulgences.
Mbiri yakufalitsa nkhanizo idamwazika mdzikolo. Zotsatira zake, Papa adayitanitsa Martin kuti amufunse mafunso - mkangano wa Leipzig. Apa Luther adanenanso kuti atsogoleri achipembedzo alibe ufulu wolowerera nkhani za boma. Komanso, tchalitchi sichiyenera kukhala mkhalapakati pakati pa munthu ndi Mulungu.
"Munthu amapulumutsa moyo wake osati kudzera mu Tchalitchi, koma kudzera mchikhulupiriro," analemba motero wophunzira zaumulungu. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anafotokoza kukayikira za kulephera kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika, zomwe zinakwiyitsa papa. Zotsatira zake, Luther adatembereredwa.
Mu 1520 Martin adawotcha pagulu ng'ombe yamapapa yomwe adawachotsa. Pambuyo pake, akuyitanitsa anthu onse kuti amenyane ndi ulamuliro wapapa.
Monga m'modzi mwa ampatuko otchuka, Luther adayamba kukumana ndi chizunzo chachikulu. Komabe, omuthandizira adamuthandiza kuthawa pomugwira. M'malo mwake, mwamunayo adayikidwa mwachinsinsi ku Wartburg Castle, komwe adayamba kumasulira Baibulo m'Chijeremani.
Mu 1529, Chiprotestanti cha Martin Luther chidafalikira pagulu, ndikuwerengedwa kuti ndi umodzi mwamipingo ya Chikatolika. Ndipo, patadutsa zaka zingapo, izi zidagawika mu Lutheranism ndi Calvinism.
John Calvin anali wachiwiri wokonzanso wamkulu pambuyo pa Luther, yemwe lingaliro lake lalikulu linali kudziwa tsogolo la munthu ndi Mlengi. Ndiye kuti, kukonzedweratu kosavomerezeka kwa ena ku chiwonongeko, ndipo ena ku chipulumutso.
Malingaliro okhudza Ayuda
Maganizo a Martin kwa Ayuda asintha m'moyo wake wonse. Poyamba anali mfulu, anali wotsutsana ndi Semiti, ndipo adakhala wolemba buku loti "Yesu Khristu adabadwa Myuda." Anayembekeza kufikira kumapeto kuti Ayuda, atamva maulaliki ake, adzabatizidwa.
Komabe, Luther atazindikira kuti zomwe amayembekezera sizinachitike, anayamba kuziona molakwika. Popita nthawi, adatulutsa mabuku onga "On the Jews and Their Lies" ndi "Table Talks", pomwe adadzudzula Ayuda.
Nthawi yomweyo, wokonzanso amafuna kuti masunagoge awonongedwe. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti zopempha ngati izi za Martin zidadzetsa chisoni pakati pa a Hitler ndi omutsatira, omwe, monga tikudziwira, adanyansidwa kwambiri ndi Ayuda. Ngakhale Kristallnacht yotchuka, a Nazi adatcha chikondwerero cha kubadwa kwa Luther.
Moyo waumwini
Mu 1525, bambo wazaka 42 adakwatiwa ndi sisitere wakale dzina lake Katharina von Bora. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti anali wamkulu zaka 16 kuposa womusankha. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi ana 6.
Banjali limakhala m'nyumba yachifumu yosiyidwa ku Augustinian. Ankakhala moyo wodzichepetsa, okhutira ndi zomwe anali nazo. Zitseko za nyumba yawo nthawi zonse zinali zotseguka kuti anthu omwe akusowa thandizo.
Imfa
Mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, Luther adapatula nthawi yowerenga ndi kulemba ulaliki. Chifukwa chosowa nthawi, nthawi zambiri anali kuyiwala zazakudya ndi tulo, zomwe pamapeto pake zimadzipangitsa kudzimva.
M'zaka zomalizira za moyo wake, wokonzanso uja adadwala matenda osachiritsika. Martin Luther adamwalira pa February 18, 1546 ali ndi zaka 62. Anaikidwa m'manda m'bwalo la tchalitchi pomwe anali atakhomapo mitu 95 yotchuka.
Chithunzi ndi Martin Luther
