Nthawi ndi lingaliro losavuta komanso lovuta kwambiri. Mawuwa ali ndi yankho la funso lakuti: "Ndi nthawi yanji?" Ndi phompho lanzeru. Malingaliro abwino kwambiri amtundu wa anthu amawonetsa nthawi, atalemba ntchito zambiri. Nthawi yakhala ikudyetsa afilosofi kuyambira masiku a Socrates ndi Plato.
Anthu wamba adazindikira kufunika kwakanthawi kopanda nzeru. Miyambi yambiri ndi zonena zakanthawi zimatsimikizira izi. Ena a iwo amamenya, monga akunenera, osati mu nsidze, koma m'maso. Mitundu yawo ndiyodabwitsa - kuyambira "masamba aliwonse ali ndi nthawi yake" mpaka mawu obwereza a Solomo "Chilichonse pakadali pano". Tikukumbukira kuti mphete ya Solomo idalembedwa mawu oti "Chilichonse chidzadutsa" ndi "Izi zidzadutsanso," zomwe zimawonedwa ngati nkhokwe ya nzeru.
Nthawi yomweyo, "nthawi" ndichinthu chothandiza kwambiri. Anthu anaphunzira kudziwa malo enieni a zombo pokhapokha ataphunzira kudziwa nthawi. Makalendala anayambika chifukwa kunali kofunika kuwerengera masiku a ntchito yakumunda. Nthawi idayamba kulumikizidwa ndikupanga ukadaulo, makamaka zoyendera. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, timagulu ta nthawi timatulukira, mawotchi olondola, makalendala osakwanira, ndipo ngakhale anthu omwe amachita bizinesi panthawi.
1. Chaka (kusandulika kamodzi kwa Dziko Lapansi pozungulira Dzuwa) ndi tsiku limodzi (kusintha kamodzi kwa Dziko Lapansi mozungulira) ndi (ndi kusungitsa kwakukulu) magawo oyenera a nthawi. Miyezi, masabata, maola, mphindi ndi masekondi ndi magawo oyenera (monga avomerezedwera). Tsiku limatha kukhala ndi maola angapo, komanso ola limodzi ndi mphindi. Dongosolo lamakono, losasangalatsa kwambiri lowerengera nthawi ndi cholowa cha Babulo wakale, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito manambala a 60-ary, ndi Egypt wakale, ndi machitidwe ake a 12-ary.
2. Tsiku ndi phindu losinthika. Mu Januware, February, Julayi ndi Ogasiti, ndi afupikitsa poyerekeza, mu Meyi, Okutobala ndi Novembala, amakhala atali. Kusiyanaku ndi kwachiwiri kwachiwiri ndipo kumangosangalatsa akatswiri a zakuthambo. Mwambiri, tsikulo likuchulukirachulukira. Zaka zopitilira 200, nthawi yawo yakula ndi masekondi 0.0028. Zitenga zaka 250 miliyoni kuti tsiku limodzi likhale maola 25.
3. Kalendala yoyambirira ya mwezi ikuwoneka kuti idawonekera ku Babulo. Zinali mu Zakachikwi II BC. Kuchokera pakuwona molondola, anali wamwano kwambiri - chaka chidagawika miyezi 12 ya masiku 29 - 30. Chifukwa chake, masiku 12 amakhalabe "osagawika" chaka chilichonse. Ansembe, mwakufuna kwawo, anali kuwonjezera mwezi umodzi pazaka zitatu zilizonse pa zisanu ndi zitatu. Wolemetsa, wosazindikira - koma zidagwira. Kupatula apo, kalendala idafunikira kuti tidziwe za mwezi watsopano, kusefukira kwa mitsinje, kuyambika kwa nyengo yatsopano, ndi zina zambiri, ndipo kalendala yaku Babulo idakwanitsa kuchita bwino ntchitoyi. Ndi machitidwe otere, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a tsiku pachaka "adatayika".
4. M'masiku akale, tsikuli lidagawika, monga momwe liliri ndi ife, kwa maola 24. Nthawi yomweyo, maola 12 adapatsidwa tsiku, ndi 12 usiku. Chifukwa chake, pakusintha kwa nyengo, kutalika kwa "usiku" ndi "nthawi ya usana" kunasintha. M'nyengo yozizira, maola "usiku" amatenga nthawi yayitali, nthawi yachilimwe inali nthawi ya "masana".
5. "Kulengedwa kwa dziko lapansi", komwe kalendala yakale idalengeza, zinali choncho, malinga ndi omwe adalemba, posachedwa - dziko lapansi lidapangidwa pakati pa 3483 ndi 6984. Malinga ndi miyezo ya mapulaneti, iyi ndi nthawi yomweyo. Mwa ichi, Amwenye apambana aliyense. Munthawi yawo pali lingaliro loti "eon" - nyengo ya 4 biliyoni 320 miliyoni zaka, pomwe moyo pa Dziko Lapansi umayambira ndikufa. Kuphatikiza apo, pakhoza kukhala kuchuluka kopanda malire kwa ma eon.
6. Kalendala yapano yomwe timagwiritsa ntchito imatchedwa "Gregorian" polemekeza Papa Gregory XIII, yemwe adavomereza mu 1582 kalendala yoyeserera yopangidwa ndi Luigi Lilio. Kalendala ya Gregory ndiyolondola. Kusiyana kwake ndi ma equinox kudzangokhala tsiku limodzi muzaka 3,280.
7. Chiyambi cha kuwerengera zaka makalendala onse omwe adalipo nthawi zonse amakhala ngati chochitika chofunikira. Aarabu akale (ngakhale Asilamu asanalandire) adawona "chaka cha njovu" kukhala chochitika chotere - chaka chomwecho a Yemen adazunza Mecca, ndipo asitikali awo adaphatikizaponso njovu zankhondo. Kulumikiza kwa kalendala kubadwa kwa Khristu kudapangidwa mu 524 AD ndi monki Dionysius Wamng'ono ku Roma. Kwa Asilamu, zaka zawerengedwa kuyambira pomwe Muhammad adathawira ku Medina. Caliph Omar mu 634 adaganiza kuti izi zidachitika mu 622.
8. Woyenda ulendo wopita kuzungulira dziko lonse lapansi, akusunthira kummawa, adzakhala "patsogolo" pa kalendala panthawi yonyamuka ndikufika tsiku limodzi. Izi ndizodziwika bwino kuyambira mbiri yeniyeni yaulendo wa Fernand Magellan komanso zopeka, koma chifukwa chake ndi nkhani yosangalatsa ya Jules Verne "Padziko Lonse Lapansi Masiku 80". Chodziwikiratu ndichakuti kusungidwa (kapena kutayika ngati mutasamukira kummawa) tsikuli sikudalira kuthamanga kwaulendo. Gulu la Magellan lidayenda panyanja kwa zaka zitatu, ndipo Phileas Fogg adakhala miyezi yochepera itatu panjira, koma adapulumutsa tsiku limodzi.
9. M'nyanja ya Pacific, Line Line imadutsa pafupifupi m'mbali mwa 180 ya meridian. Powoloka kulowera chakumadzulo, oyendetsa sitima ndi zombo amalemba madeti awiri ofanana motsatizana mu logbook. Powoloka mzere chakummawa, tsiku lina limadumpha mu logbook.
10. Sundial sikhala nthawi yophweka ngati wotchi momwe ikuwonekera. Kalekale, zidapangidwa zovuta zomwe zimawonetsa nthawi molondola. Kuphatikiza apo, amisiri adapanga mawotchi othana ndi wotchiyo, ngakhale kuyambitsa mfuti pa ola limodzi. Pachifukwa ichi, makina onse okula magalasi ndi magalasi adapangidwa. Ulugbek wotchuka, kuyesetsa kuti nthawiyo ikhale yolondola, adaipanga mita 50 kutalika. The sundial idamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 17 ngati wotchi, osati ngati zokongoletsera malo osungira nyama.
11. Wotchi yamadzi ku China idagwiritsidwa ntchito kale ngati zaka za m'ma 2000 BC. e. Anapezanso mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri a chotengera cha wotchi yamadzi nthawi imeneyo - chulu chofupika chomwe chimakhala ndi kutalika kwakutali mpaka m'mimba mwake 3: 1. Kuwerengera kwamakono kukuwonetsa kuti chiwerengerocho chiyenera kukhala 9: 2.
12. Chitukuko cha Amwenye ndipo pankhani ya wotchi yamadzi zidapita zake. Ngati m'maiko ena nthawi imayeza kaya ndikutsika kwa madzi m'chombocho, kapena powonjezerapo chotengera, ndiye kuti ku India wotchi yamadzi ngati boti yokhala ndi bowo pansi inali yotchuka, yomwe pang'onopang'ono idamira. Kuti "awulitse" wotchi yotere, zinali zokwanira kukweza bwato ndikutsanulira madzi mmenemo.
13. Ngakhale kuti galasi la hourglass lidawoneka mochedwa kuposa la dzuwa (galasi ndichinthu chovuta), potengera kulondola kwa nthawi yoyezera, sakanatha kupeza anzawo akale - zochulukirapo zimadalira kufanana kwa mchenga ndi ukhondo wagalasi pamwamba pa botolo. Komabe, amisiri opanga magalasi okhala ndi ma hourglass anali ndi kuchita bwino kwawo. Mwachitsanzo, panali makina a magalasi angapo omwe amatha kuwerengera nthawi yayitali.
14. Mawotchi, malinga ndi malipoti ena, adapangidwa m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu AD. ku China, koma kuweruza malinga ndi malongosoledwe, adasowa gawo lofunikira la wotchi yamakina - pendulum. Makinawo anali opangidwa ndi madzi. Chodabwitsa, nthawi, malo ndi dzina laopanga mawotchi oyambilira ku Europe sakudziwika. Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 13, mawotchi adakhazikika kwambiri m'mizinda ikuluikulu. Poyamba, nsanja zazitali za wotchi sizinkafunika konse kuti zidziwe nthawi kuchokera kutali. Makinawa anali ochulukirapo kotero kuti amangokwanira m'miyala yosanjikiza. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kremlin's Spasskaya Tower, wotchiyo imatenga malo ochulukirapo ngati mabelu 35 akumenya ma chimes - pansi ponse. Pansi pake pamakhala shaft yomwe imayenda mozungulira.
15. Dzanja lamphindi linatuluka nthawi pakati pa zaka za zana la 16, lachiwiri zaka pafupifupi 200 pambuyo pake. Izi sizikugwirizana konse ndi kulephera kwa opanga mawotchi. Panalibe chifukwa chowerengera nthawi yocheperako kuposa ola limodzi, komanso koposa mphindi. Koma kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 18, maulonda anali kupangidwa, zolakwika zomwe zinali zosakwana zana la sekondi patsiku.
16. Tsopano ndizovuta kuzikhulupirira, koma pafupifupi mpaka koyambirira kwa zaka makumi awiri, mzinda uliwonse waukulu padziko lapansi unali ndi nthawi yakeyake. Zinatsimikiziridwa ndi Dzuwa, wotchi yamzindawu idakhazikitsidwa ndi iyo, pankhondo yomwe anthu akumatawuni amayang'ana nthawi zawo. Izi sizinapangitse zovuta zilizonse, chifukwa maulendo adatenga nthawi yayitali, ndikusintha wotchi pofika silinali vuto lalikulu.
17. Kuphatikiza nthawi kunayambitsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito njanji aku Britain. Masitima anali kuyenda mwachangu mokwanira kuti nthawi isinthe kukhala yothandiza ngakhale ku UK yaying'ono. Pa Disembala 1, 1847, nthawi yapa Britain Railways idakwaniritsidwa nthawi ya Greenwich Observatory. Nthawi yomweyo, dzikolo limapitilizabe kukhala molingana ndi nthawi yakomweko. Mgwirizano wamba udachitika mu 1880 zokha.
18. Mu 1884, Msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa Meridian Conference unachitikira ku Washington. Zinali pomwepo kuti zisankhozo zidatengedwa pa meridian yoyamba ku Greenwich komanso padziko lapansi, zomwe zidaloleza kuti dziko lapansi ligawidwe nthawi. Chiwembucho posintha nthawi kutengera kutalika kwa madera adayambitsidwa movutikira. Ku Russia, makamaka, adalembetsa mu 1919, koma kwenikweni idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1924.
Meridian yobiriwira
19. Monga mukudziwa, China ndi dziko losiyana kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yawo. Kusagwirizana kumeneku kwathandizira mobwerezabwereza kuti pakakhala vuto laling'ono, dziko lalikulu linali kuyesetsa nthawi zonse kusanduka nsanza. Achikominisi atatenga mphamvu kudera lonse la China, Mao Zedong adapanga chisankho chofunitsitsa - padzakhala nthawi imodzi ku China (ndipo analipo 5). Kuchita ziwonetsero ku China nthawi zonse kumadzipatsa ndalama zochulukirapo, chifukwa chake kusinthako kunavomerezedwa popanda kudandaula. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, anthu okhala m'malo ena anazolowera kuti dzuwa limatha kutuluka masana ndikulowa pakati pausiku.
20. Kutsatira kwa aku Britain kutsatira miyambo ndikodziwika bwino. Fanizo lina la chiphunzitsochi chitha kuganiziridwa ngati mbiri yakampani yogulitsa nthawi. A John Belleville, omwe ankagwira ntchito ku Greenwich Observatory, adayika wotchi yake molingana ndi Greenwich Mean Time, kenako adauza makasitomala awo nthawi yeniyeni, kubwera kwa iwo mwachindunji. Bizinesi yomwe idayamba mu 1838 idapitilizidwa ndi olowa m'malo. Mlanduwu udatsekedwa mu 1940 osati chifukwa cha chitukuko chaukadaulo - panali nkhondo. Mpaka 1940, ngakhale kuti nthawi yeniyeni inali ikulengezedwa pawailesi kwa zaka khumi ndi theka, makasitomala amasangalala kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito za Belleville.
