Polemba mndandanda wa zowoneka za Siberia, Tobolsk Kremlin amatchulidwa koyamba. Iyi ndi nyumba yokhayo yomwe yapulumuka kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 17, ndipo Kremlin yokhayo yomangidwa ndi miyala m'zigawo za Siberia zokhala ndi matabwa ambiri. Lero, boma la Kremlin ndi lotseguka kwa anthu onse ngati malo owonetsera zakale, pomwe okhulupirira, nzika wamba za mumzinda ndi alendo amderali amabwera nthawi iliyonse. Kuphatikiza pa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, palinso seminare yaumulungu ndikukhala mumzinda wa Tobolsk.
Mbiri yomanga Tobolsk Kremlin
Mzinda wa Tobolsk, womwe udachitika mu 1567, usanakhale udakhala likulu la Siberia komanso likulu la chigawo cha Tobolsk, chachikulu kwambiri ku Russia. Ndipo Tobolsk inayamba ndi linga laling'ono lamatabwa, lomwe linamangidwa ku Troitsky Cape, pagombe lotsetsereka la Irtysh.
Poyamba, zida zake zinali matabwa apamadzi, pomwe Yermak's Cossacks adadutsa. Patatha zaka zana limodzi, kukula kwa zomangamanga ku Siberia pogwiritsa ntchito miyala kunayamba. Omenyera njerwa Sharypin ndi Tyutin ndi omwe adaphunzira nawo, omwe adachokera ku Moscow, pofika 1686 adamanga Cathedral ya Sophia-Assumption kudera la ndende yakale, pang'onopang'ono Nyumba ya Aepiskopi, Trinity Cathedral, belu tower, Mpingo wa St. Sergius waku Radonezh ndi nyumba zikuluzikulu (Gostiny Dvor ndi Prikaznaya chipinda molingana ndi ntchito ya ojambula Remezov).
Ena mwa iwo awonongedwa kale ndipo amangokhala m'mokumbukira ndi zojambula. Dziko lonse la Kremlin linali lozungulira (4m - kutalika ndi 620 m - kutalika), lokhala ndi miyala, lomwe gawo lake linafika moopsa kumalire a Troitsky Cape.
Pansi pa Prince Gagarin, kazembe woyamba m'boma la Siberia, adayamba kumanga chipata cha Dmitrievsky chopambana ndi nsanja ndi tchalitchi. Koma ataletsa kumanga miyala komanso kumangidwa kwa kalonga mu 1718, nsanjayo idatsalabe, idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndipo idatchedwa Renterey.
Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, mamangidwe a zomangamanga a Guchev adasintha kapangidwe kamzindawu, malinga ndi momwe a Tobolsk Kremlin amayenera kukhala malo otseguka pagulu. Pachifukwa ichi, adayamba kuwononga makoma ndi nsanja za linga, adamanga nsanja yazitali zingapo - uku kunali kutha kwa mapulaniwo. M'zaka za zana latsopanoli zidabweretsa zatsopano: m'zaka za zana la 19, ndende ya omangidwa omwe adatengedwa ukapolo idawonekera mkati mwa gulu la zomangamanga ku Kremlin.
Zojambula za Kremlin
Sophia Cathedral wa Kukwera - mpingo wa Orthodox wogwira ntchito ku Tobolsk Kremlin ndi zomwe zimakopa anthu ambiri. Ndili ndi tchalitchi ichi pomwe aliyense amayamba kufotokoza za Kremlin. Yomangidwa m'ma 1680 pamtundu wa Ascension Cathedral ku Moscow. Kugwirizana kwathunthu ndi lingaliroli, tchalitchichi chimakhalabe mtima ndi mtima wonse pagulu lonse la Kremlin. M'nthawi ya Soviet, kachisiyo anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyumba yosungiramo katundu, koma mu 1961 adayiphatikiza ndi Tobolsk Museum-Reserve. Mu 1989, St. Sophia Cathedral yobwezeretsedwa idabwezeretsedwa ku Tchalitchi.
Chitetezero Cathedral - kachisi wamkulu wa ophunzira a seminare yaumulungu. Mu 1746 idamangidwa ngati tchalitchi chothandizira ku Cathedral ya St. Sophia. Church of the Intercession inali yotentha, chifukwa chake misonkhano imachitikira mmenemo nyengo iliyonse, makamaka nthawi yozizira, popeza kumakhala kozizira ku cathedral yayikulu osati nthawi yozizira yokha, komanso kwakanthawi kambiri.
Kukhala pabwalo - nyumba ya alendo yokhala ndi masitolo, yomangidwa mu 1708 yochezera amalonda ndi oyendayenda. Inalinso ndi miyambo, malo osungira katundu komanso tchalitchi. M'bwalo la hoteloyo, yomwe nthawi yomweyo inali malo osinthana ambiri, kugulitsa kunakwaniritsidwa pakati pa amalonda, kusinthana kwa katundu kunachitika. Chipinda chachiwiri cha hotelo yobwezeretsedwayo chitha kukhala ndi anthu mpaka 22 lero, ndipo pa chipinda choyamba, monga zaka mazana apitawa, pali malo ogulitsira zokumbutsa.
Nyumba ziwiri zosanjikiza zokhala ndi nsanja zangodya zimaphatikiza zomangamanga zaku Russia ndi Kum'mawa. Zipinda ndi makonde a nyumbayi ndizolemba zakale, koma kuti alendo azikhala nawo, zipinda zosambiramo zokhala ndi mabafa zimamangidwa mchipinda chilichonse. Ku Gostiny Dvor, atabwezeretsedwanso mu 2008, sizinangokhala zipinda zama hotelo zokha, komanso malo owonera amisiri aku Siberia, komanso malo owonetsera zakale ku Siberia adapeza malo awo.
Nyumba yachifumu ya kazembe - nyumba yamaofesi atatu yosanja yokhala ndi miyala mu 1782 patsamba la Prikaznaya Chamber yakale. Mu 1788 nyumba yachifumu idawotchedwa, idakonzedwanso mu 1831. Nyumba yatsopanoyi idakhala ofesi ya woimira milandu, chuma, komanso nyumba yosungira chuma komanso khonsolo yazigawo. Mu 2009, Nyumba Ya Kazembe idatsegulidwa ngati malo osungira zakale za Siberia.
Direct vzvoz - masitepe oyenda kuchokera pansi pa Troitsky Cape kupita ku Tobolsk Kremlin. Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1670, masitepe amitengo adayikidwiratu pamtunda wokwera mamita 400, kenako idayamba kuphimbidwa ndi masitepe amiyala, ndipo gawo lakumtunda limayenera kulimbikitsidwa kuti lisawonongeke. Lero masitepe okhala ndi masitepe 198 azunguliridwa ndi njanji zamatabwa, komanso kudera la Kremlin - kusunga makoma.
Kukula kwa makoma a njerwa ndi pafupifupi 3 m, kutalika mpaka 13 m, kutalika kwake ndi mamita 180. Kuphatikiza pakupewa kugumuka kwa nthaka, vzvoz imakhala ngati malo owonera. Kusunthira mmwamba, ndikuwona Kremlin yokongola ikutseguka, ndipo mukamatsika, chithunzi cha Lower Posad cha mzindawo chikuwoneka.
Rentereya - tsopano malo osungiramo zinthu zakale, pomwe ziwonetsero zimawonetsedwa pokhazikitsa. Nyumba yosungira idamangidwa mu 1718 ngati gawo la chipata cha Dmitrievsky. Apa chuma cha amfumu chimasungidwa, ndipo renti, renti yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku zikopa zaubweya, idabweretsedwa muzipinda zazikuluzi kuchokera konsekonse ku Siberia. Umu ndi momwe dzina loti Renterey lidawonekera. Lero zopereka zotsatirazi zafotokozedwa pano: zofukula zakale, zamitundu, sayansi yachilengedwe.
Nyumba yandende - ndende yakale yoyenda, yomangidwa mu 1855. Kwa zaka zambiri, wolemba Korolenko, wotsutsa Chernyshevsky, adayendera ili ngati akaidi. Lero nyumbayi ili ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale zamndende. Omwe akufuna kukhudza mawonekedwe amndende amakhala usiku wonse mu "Ndende", ku zipinda zotsika mtengo. Pofuna kukopa makasitomala ku Tobolsk Kremlin, nthawi ndi nthawi, osati maulendo okha, komanso mafunso omwe akukonzedwa munyumbayi.
Zambiri zothandiza
Maola otsegulira ku Museum: kuyambira 10:00 mpaka 18:00.
Kodi kupita Tobolsk Kremlin? Chipilala chomanga nyumbazi chili pa: Tobolsk, Red Square 1. Njira zambiri zoyendera anthu zimadutsa pamalopo. Muthanso kupita kumeneko ndi taxi kapena galimoto yabizinesi.
Mfundo Zosangalatsa:
- Chithunzi cha Tobolsk Kremlin, chojambulidwa ndi Dmitry Medvedev, chinagulitsidwa kumsika mu 2016 pamtengo wa ma ruble 51 miliyoni.
- Osati anthu olakwa okha omwe adatengedwa kupita ku Tobolsk. Mu 1592, belu la Uglich linafika ku Kremlin kuti lipite ku ukapolo, lomwe linanenedwa kuti ndi lomwe limayambitsa alonda a Tsarevich Dimitri. Shuisky adalamula kuti aphe belu, adadula "lirime ndi khutu", ndikulitumiza kutali ndi likulu. Pansi pa Romanovs, belu adabwezeretsa kwawo, ndipo kope lake lidapachikidwa pa Tobolsk belu tower.
Tikukulangizani kuti muyang'ane pa Izmailovsky Kremlin.
Khomo lolowera ku Kremlin ndi laulere, mutha kujambula zithunzi momasuka. Paulendo wopita kumamyuziyamu, muyenera kugula matikiti olowera, pomwe mitengo ndiyotsika. Pali maulendo owongoleredwa, onse payekha komanso olinganizidwa, omwe ayenera kulumikizidwa ndi oyang'anira pasadakhale.
