Ngakhale kuti metro yoyamba izikhala ndi zaka 160, ngakhale akatswiri kapena okonda mafani ambiri sangapereke tanthauzo la mayendedwe amtunduwu. Aliyense amavomereza kuti sitima yapamtunda ndiyoyenda mumsewu, ngakhale nthawi zambiri imamangirizidwa m'njira imodzi kulumikizana komwe kulipo. Momwemonso, mutha kufunsa tanthauzo lililonse lomwe limafotokoza za metro. “Kuyenda mobisa”? M'mizinda ingapo, pamwamba pake pali njira yayitali kwambiri kuposa yapansi panthaka. "Magetsi"? Komano mbiri ya metro siyiyenera kuwerengedwa kuyambira koyambira kwa "locomotive" metro mu 1863. Mafotokozedwe osatsimikizika okha ndi "akumatauni" ndi "njanji".
Komabe, ngakhale pali kusiyanasiyana kwamawu, sitima zapansi panthaka zimanyamula anthu mamiliyoni mazana ambiri tsiku lililonse m'mizinda padziko lonse lapansi. Metropolitan yapadera (mawu oti "kutulutsidwa mgulu lachifalansa" njanji yayikulu ") amadziwika kuti ndi gawo lofunikira mumzinda waukulu. Sitima yapamtunda ya Parisian imawerengedwa kuti ndiyosavuta kwambiri pankhani yazoyenda kuzungulira mzindawo. Sitima yapamtunda ya Stockholm ili ndi malo ochepa kwambiri omwe amakongoletsedwa bwino. Likulu la kumpoto kwa Korea Pyongyang idatsegula malo ake akuya (malo ambiri amapezeka kuzama kopitilira 100m) kwa alendo zaka zochepa zapitazo. Ma metro amakono kwambiri padziko lapansi amagwira ntchito ku Munich, Germany.
Russia ilinso membala wa kalabu yayikuluyi. Moscow Metro ndi amodzi mwa malo odziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi likulu la Russia. Sitima yapamtunda ya St. Petersburg imadziwika kuti ndi yakuya kwambiri potengera kutalika kwa masiteshoni kuchokera kunyanja.
1. Pofotokoza zakufunika kopanga njanji yapansi panthaka ku Moscow, mutha kutchulapo zambiri za zolembedwazo. Ngwazi zolembalemba zidalumphira panjira ya tramu osati chifukwa chofuna chisomo - zinali zosatheka kukwera pa tram. Mkati mwake munali kupsyinjika kowopsa, ma pickpocket anali kugwira ntchito, panali mikangano ndi ndewu. Koma manambala amalankhula kwambiri kuposa cholembera cha wolemba. Mu 1935, ma tramu aku Moscow adanyamula anthu oposa 2 biliyoni omwe adalembetsa. Chiwerengerochi chimaphatikizapo okhawo omwe adagula tikiti kuchokera kwa wochititsa kapena amagwiritsa ntchito chiphaso. Ku chiwerengerochi, mutha kuwonjezera osachepera kotala - ndipo panali "hares" zokwanira, ndipo nthawi zina otsogolera samatha kuwuluka mozungulira anthu onse. Chifukwa chake masitima apamtunda amakono a Moscow, okhala ndi malo ake 237 ndi masitima othamanga, ayendetsa anthu omwewo okwana 2.5 biliyoni pachaka pafupifupi pafupifupi pazaka 15 zapitazi, ndikupatuka pang'ono mbali ina.
2. Mapulani oyamba kuyika gawo limodzi la mizere yamagalimoto pakati pa Moscow mobisa adawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Njirayi idadziwonetsera yokha kuchokera pazomwe zikuchitika pakali pano ndi zoyendera mumzinda, komanso kuchokera kudziko lonse lapansi. Vuto lalikulu linali kusowa kwa masiteshoni apakati a njanji ku Moscow. Sitima zinafika m'malo okwerera anthu akufa. Kuti asamuke, okwera amayenera kupita kusiteshoni ina ndi tramu kapena cab. Izi sizinawonjezere kuthamanga ndi chitonthozo pakuyenda kwamatauni. Ku Berlin, oyang'anira mzindawo anakumananso ndi vuto lomweli. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1870, zidathetsedwa polumikiza ma station ndi ma tram owongoka. Ku Moscow, lingaliro lochotsa mayendedwe amzindawu lidakula kokha pofika 1897. Kenako ntchito ziwiri zidawonekera nthawi imodzi. Ryazan-Uralskaya Railway Society yakhazikitsa njanji ziwiri ku Moscow, zomwe zingaphatikizepo gawo loyenda mobisa lomwe likudutsa pakati. Ntchito yofananira, koma ndi mizere yozungulira, idaperekedwa mosiyana ndi mainjiniya A. Antonovich ndi E. Nolteyn. Mawu oti "metro" poyerekeza ndi njanji yamagetsi yapansi panthaka idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu 1901 ndi K. Trubnikov ndi K. Gutsevich. Ntchito yawo pamsewu idabwereza Circle Line, yomwe idamangidwa pambuyo pa nkhondo. Komabe, ntchito zonse zidakanidwa. Chofunika kwambiri chinali liwu la mpingo. Mu 1903, Metropolitan Sergius waku Moscow adalemba kuti kuzama mobisa ndikunyoza munthu komanso loto lauchimo.
3. Veniamin Makovsky adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu pakumanga mzinda wa Moscow. Katswiri wazaka 27, yemwe analibe zovala zilizonse, mu 1932 molimba mtima adalankhula yekha motsutsana ndi akatswiri onse ndi asayansi omwe adagwira ntchito yopanga metro ya Moscow. Makovsky adapempha kuti amange metro yapansi panthaka, pomwe akatswiri amasukulu akale ndi akunja adangokambirana njira ziwiri zofananira: kumangako mizere m'mizere ndi mizere yosaya. Njira ziwirizi zimatsimikizira kuti zilowetsa Moscow mu kugwa kwa magalimoto - kunali koyenera kukumba mitsempha yofunika kwambiri yonyamula. Pakadali pano, pa Januware 6, 1931, Moscow idayimirira molimba ngakhale osatseka magalimoto - chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, ma tramu sakanatha kukwera pamzere, mabasi ndi taxi sizinagwire ntchito. Koma ngakhale ichi sichinachepetse akatswiri olemekezeka kuchokera kumtunda wazikhulupiriro kupita kudziko lochimwa. Makovsky adapita kwa mlembi woyamba wa komiti yamzinda wa CPSU (b) Lazar Kaganovich. Anathandizira injiniya wachinyamata, koma izi sizinakhudze akatswiri. Makovsky adalemba nkhani ku Pravda - pachabe. Malangizo a JV Stalin okha kuti azingoganizira za maziko a maziko ndiwo adasuntha nkhaniyi. Kupambana kwa Makovsky? Ngakhale zitakhala bwanji. Veniamin Lvovich anali munthu wodzichepetsa, ndipo mwamsanga anakankhidwira m'khamulo. Atalandira madongosolo awiri pazaka zamaphunziro azaka zisanu zoyambirira, iye, ngakhale panali mvula yambiri yomwe idagwera omanga ma metro, sanalandire dongosolo limodzi kapena mendulo mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Kupititsa patsogolo kusintha kwa zikopa, adalandira Mphotho ya Stalin, koma digiri yachiwiri ndipo mu 1947 yokha.
4. Metro ndichisangalalo chodula. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, ndalama zazikuluzikulu zimakhala zosawonekera kwa wokwera - sitimayi imathamangira mumphangayo, pamakoma ake omwe mumangowona mitolo yazingwe. Mtengo wa malo okongoletsera ndiwowonekera bwino. Malo opangira masitepe apamwamba a magawo oyamba a metro ya Moscow adadzetsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana pakati pa a Muscovites. Mu malipoti a NKVD, panali zokambirana zakuti anthu anali atadzazana m'nyumba zogona komanso zipinda zapansi, panalibe masukulu okwanira komanso kindergarten, ndipo apa ndalama zamtunduwu zimaponyedwa kumapeto kwa malo. Zowonadi, kukongoletsa malo kunali okwera mtengo kwambiri - pofika zaka za m'ma 1930, akatswiri ojambula komanso omanga mapulani a USSR anali ataphunzira kale kukoma kwa chindapusa chabwino, ndipo ma marble, granite ndi gilding sizinakhalepo pakati pazomaliza zotsika mtengo. Komabe, mtengo wamalipiro omaliza ndi malo olandirira alendo, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwakukulu, adakwana 6% ya ndalama zonse pomanga gawo loyamba la metro. Kupitilira apo, chiwerengerochi chidachepa chifukwa chakukula kwa njira zopangira ndi maphunziro apamwamba a ogwira ntchito.
5. Mapulani omanga njanji yapansi panthaka ku St. Petersburg adawonekera kale kuposa ku Moscow. Udindo wa likulu la mzindawu mu Ufumu wa Russia, zovuta zazinthu mumzinda wokhala ndi mitsinje yambiri ndi ngalande, komanso "kumadzulo" kwa Northern Palmyra kumathandizanso. Ku St. Petersburg kunali alendo ochokera kumayiko ena omwe anali ndi malingaliro ambiri pazoyendetsa, komanso anthu ophunzira ku Russia. Kale kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, Emperor Alexander I adalandira malingaliro angapo kuti amange njanji yamzindawu likulu. Ntchito zimawoneka pafupipafupi, koma ambiri aiwo analibe ntchito zoyambira. Olembawo adadalira kwambiri kuti London ndi Paris ali kale ndi metro, ndipo St. Petersburg sayenera kutsalira. Kenako kusintha kunachitika, likulu linasamukira ku Moscow. Lingaliro lakumanga metro mu Leningrad tsopano lidabwezedwa kokha mu 1940, kutatsala pang'ono chaka chimodzi kuti Nkhondo Yaikulu Yadziko Lonse isanayambe. Kupanga ndi kumanga zidayambiranso mu 1947, ndipo Novembala 15, 1955, gawo loyamba la metro ya Leningrad lidayamba kugwira ntchito modzipereka.
6. Monga msonkhano wina uliwonse waukulu, zigawenga zimakopeka mobisa ndi zigawenga. Pakachitika zigawenga, kudzipatula kwa metro padziko lapansi komanso zovuta zomwe madokotala ndi opulumutsa amakumana nazo popereka thandizo kwa omwe achitiridwa nkhanza zimagwirira ntchito owukirawo. Pakati pa 1883 ndi 1976, zigawenga zokha zomwe zidawakantha anali London Underground. Akuti pazaka zomwe zigawenga zakhala zikuukira (panali 10 mwa iwo) anthu 7 adaphedwa ndipo pafupifupi 150 adavulala, ndipo ambiri mwa omwe adavulala adavulala ataponderezedwa. Mu 1977, kuphulika komwe kunapangidwa ndi okonda dziko la Armenia kunapha anthu 7 mumzinda wa Moscow ndikuvulaza ena 37. Koma 1994 idakhala malire. Kuphulika kawiri munjanji yapansi panthaka ya likulu la Azerbaijan ku Baku kudabweretsa zokolola zamagazi za anthu 27 akufa ndipo pafupifupi 100 avulala. Kuyambira pamenepo, mwatsoka, kuwukira kwa sitima zapansi panthaka kwakhala ponseponse. Ena mwa omwe amakhetsa magazi kwambiri amakumbukiridwa, kapena osazolowereka, monga zigawenga zomwe zimachitika m'sitima yapamtunda ku Tokyo pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya woopsa. Mu 1995, kupopera mankhwala a sarin kudzera mu mpweya wa metro mumzinda wa Japan kunapha anthu 13 ndikupha poizoni anthu oposa 6,000.
7. Anthu okwera ma Metro sakuwopsezedwa ndi zigawenga zokha. Kuvala kwa zida, ziyeneretso zosakwanira kapena kusokonezeka kwa ogwira nawo ntchito, ndipo kungokhala ndi mantha kumatha kubweretsa ngozi yoopsa. Mu 1996, pafupifupi anthu 300 adamwalira pamoto mu metro ya Baku. Ambiri mwa iwo adayikidwa poizoni ndi carbon monoxide ndi zinthu zina zoyaka. Woyendetsa adapeza moto pakatikati pa masiteshoni awiriwa ndipo sanaganize zabwinoko kuposa kuyimitsa sitimayi munjanji yopapatiza. Chosonkhezera motowo, moto wamkati, mgalimoto yamkati mwake idayaka. Anthu adayamba kusiya matayala ali mwamantha kudzera m'mawindo, akugwira zingwe zamagetsi zoyenda pamakoma, zomwe zidapangitsanso kuti anthu angapo aphedwe. Mu metro ya Moscow, tsoka lalikulu kwambiri lidachitika mu 2014 pomwe ogwira ntchito adakonza muvi ndi waya wa 3 mm. Sanathe kupirira katunduyo, ndipo ngolo zakutsogolo za sitimayo zinagwera khoma mwamphamvu. Anthu 24 anaphedwa. Ku London mu 1987, moto womwe unayambitsidwa ndi ndudu ya ndudu yomwe idaponyedwa m'galimoto unapha anthu 31. Anthu okwera sitima yapamtunda ya Paris nawonso amwalira chifukwa cha ndudu yafodya. Mu 1903, galimoto yomaliza ya sitimayo idayaka moto pakati pa masiteshoni. Sanasungidweko, koma chifukwa chovuta kulumikizana komanso mantha a ogwira ntchito pasiteshoni, dalaivala wa sitima yotsatira adakumana ndi ngolo yosuta yodzaza. Chifukwa cha zomwe zidachitika kawiri, anthu 84 adamwalira.
8. Malo atatu oyamba pamndandanda waomwe ali ndi njanji zazitali kwambiri padziko lapansi amakhala m'mizinda yaku China ya Beijing (691 km), Shanghai (676 km) ndi Guangzhou (475 km). Metro ya Moscow imakhala yachisanu, yokhala ndi kutalika kwa 397 km, yotsika pang'ono poyerekeza ndi London. Potengera momwe mayendedwe apamtunda wa Moscow akuyendera m'zaka zaposachedwa, London isiyidwa posachedwa. Metro ya Petersburg ili pa 40th padziko lonse lapansi malinga ndi kutalika kwa mzere. Sitima yapamtunda kwambiri padziko lapansi imagwira ntchito ku Lausanne, Switzerland (4.1 km). Malo okwerera misewu yayifupi kwambiri akuphatikizanso Gujarat (India), Maracaibo (Venezuela), Dnepr (Ukraine) ndi Genoa (Italy).
9. Potengera kuchuluka kwa malo okwerera, mtsogoleri wosatsutsika ndiye njanji yapansi panthaka ya New York - oyimilira 472. Malo a 2 - 3 amakhala ndi misewu yapansi panthaka ya Shanghai ndi Beijing, patsogolo pa Paris ndi Seoul. Metro ya Moscow ili pamalo a 11 ndi malo 232. Petersburg Metro imatenga malo a 55th ndi malo 72. Mzinda wa Los Tekes mu likulu la Venezuela Caracas uli ndi malo 5 okha, ma metro ku Gujarat, Maracaibo ndi Dnieper ali ndi malo amodzi okha.
10. Ma metro asanu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi adayamba kugwira ntchito m'zaka za zana la 19. Njanji yoyamba yapansi panthaka idayamba kugwira ntchito ku London mu 1863. Zachidziwikire, sipanalankhulidwe zamagetsi aliwonse - sitima zimakokedwa ndi sitima zapamadzi. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 30 "The Tube", monga Angerezi amatchulira, idangokhala njira yokhayo padziko lapansi. Munali mu 1892 pomwe metro idatsegulidwa ku Chicago (USA), ndikutsatiridwa ndi subways ku Glasgow (UK), Budapest (Hungary) ndi Boston USA).
11. Ma metro a Moscow ndi Petersburg akupanga njira zotsutsana. Pomwe malo atsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumzinda wapakati pa Moscow chaka chilichonse, ndipo maukonde apamtunda akupitilizabe kusintha, ku St. Petersburg, chitukuko chimakhala chozizira. Malo awiri atsopano - Novokrestovskaya ndi Begovaya - adatsegulidwa mu 2018. Kutsegulidwa kwawo kunayenderana ndi FIFA World Cup, ndipo ndalamazo zidakwaniritsidwa. Mu 2019, siteshoni ya Shushary idatsegulidwa, yomwe idatsegulidwa mu 2017. Pakukula kwa metro, St. Petersburg ilibe ndalama zokwanira. Kuyesera kulipira ndalama zomanga mizere yatsopano ndi malo malinga ndi chiwembu cha Moscow - metro ikugwira ntchito yonyamula okwera, ndipo boma la mzindawu lidalipira ndalamazo - lidalephera chifukwa chosowa ndalama mu bajeti yakomweko. Chifukwa chake, tsopano olamulira aku St. Petersburg amalankhula mosamala kwambiri za chitukuko cha metro. Malo ambiri atsopano adzatsegulidwa ku Moscow mzaka zikubwerazi.
12. Kupatula Moscow ndi St. Petersburg, metro ku Russia imagwiranso ntchito m'mizinda ina 5: Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Samara, Yekaterinburg ndi Kazan. Njanji zapansi panthaka zonsezi, zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa mapulani aku Soviet, chifukwa chake zotsatira za ntchito zapansi panthaka zitha kukhala zodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, metro ya Novosibirsk, yokhala ndi mizere iwiri yokhala ndi ma station 13, imanyamula okwera katatu pachaka kuposa metro ya Nizhegorodskoye (mizere iwiri, masiteshoni 15). Pafupifupi chimodzimodzi ku Nizhny Novgorod, anthu okwera (pafupifupi anthu 30 miliyoni pachaka) amatumizidwa ndi mzinda wa Kazan (mzere 1, masiteshoni 11). Ndipo pa siteshoni yachiwiri yokha ya Kazan, Samara, ndi anthu 14 miliyoni okha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi.
13. Mu njanji yapansi panthaka ku New York, sitima zimayendera chimodzimodzi ndi mayendedwe apansi panthaka m'mizinda yaku Russia. Ndiye kuti, kuti muziyendetsa bwino, sikokwanira kuti mudziwe mzere wa metro komanso mayendedwe ake ("kuchokera pakati" kapena "mpaka pakati"). Sitima yomwe ikupita kolondola imatha kuzimilira ndikupita njira ina. Chifukwa chake, wokwerayo ayeneranso kudziwa nambala ya njira, nthawi zambiri powonjezera makalata, ndikuwunika ngati sitima yomwe ikubwerayo ndi sitima yapamtunda. Ngati ku Moscow wapaulendo pamzere wa Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya ali pasiteshoni ya Mitino ndikukwera sitima yopita pakatikati, akhoza kukhala wotsimikiza kuti adzafika ku station ya Semyonovskaya ya mzere womwewo. Ku New York, komabe, wokwera wotere, kudalira dongosololi, amakhala pachiwopsezo choyendetsa m'malo olakwika.
14. M'mbiri yake, metro ya Moscow sinagwire ntchito pa Okutobala 16, 1941. Patsikuli, mantha adayamba ku Moscow, chifukwa chakuwonekeranso kwa asitikali aku Germany. Utsogoleri wa metro, udakwezedwa ndi lamulo la People's Commissar of Railways Lazar Kaganovich, yemwe adabwera dzulo lake, kuti akonzekeretse njira yowonongera, komanso masitima apamtunda. Oyang'anira pakati adangothawa. Adakwanitsa kukonza zinthu tsiku limodzi, masitimawo adachoka pambuyo pa nkhomaliro pa Okutobala 17. Sitimayi yapamtunda, monga momwe zinkayembekezeredwa, inkagwira ntchito ngati pogona bomba. Ndondomekoyi idakwaniritsidwa: pachizindikiro "Kuwukira kwa mpweya" njanji zamalumikizidwe zidachotsedwa, mayendedwe adatsekedwa ndi zikopa zamatabwa, ndikusandulika pansi. Nkhondoyo inapezanso ozunzidwa mu metro - bomba lomwe linali mlengalenga linapha anthu 16 pasiteshoni yakuya ya Arbatskaya, ndipo tsiku lotsatira pasiteshoni anthu 46 anafa chifukwa chobowoleza mwadzidzidzi. Koma sitima yapamtunda inaperekanso moyo - pankhondo, ana oposa 200 adabadwa mobisa.
15. Pazitsanzo zamalingaliro olemba a logo ya Moscow metro - kalata yofiira "M", kusinthika kwa anthu kukuwonekera bwino. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike, ntchito "zakuthupi" zinali zamtengo wapatali padziko lonse lapansi: wogwira ntchito, waluso, etc.Munkhani ina ya O'Henry, pulofesa waku America adadziwonetsa yekha kwa makolo a bwenzi lake ngati njerwa, chifukwa pulofesa ndi ndani ndipo ntchito yake ndi yotani? Ngati zotsatira za ntchito yanu sizingamveke ndi manja anu ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito m'moyo weniweni, ndiye kuti mumatumikira iwo omwe akugwira ntchito, ndipo choyipa kwambiri ndinu oseketsa. Chifukwa cha malingaliro awa, kulembedwa kwa kalata yoyamba "M", yomwe idapezeka m'malo opangira ma metro a Moscow ku 1935, sikungakhazikitsidwe. Panali mpikisano wapagulu ndi mphotho, koma zidalephera. Amadziwika kuti chizindikiro anabadwa mu dipatimenti mapulani a Metrostroy. Dipatimentiyi inkatsogoleredwa ndi Samuil Kravets wotchuka, yemwe anamanga Derzhprom komanso nyumba ya Boma la Ukraine SSR ku Kharkov. Wotsogola pantchitoyo anali Ivan Taranov, yemwe anali ndi gawo pantchito za malo onse oyambira. Ena mwa iwo adalemba kalata yotchuka. Sizinalowe m'mutu mwawo kunyadira chinyengo ngati "kupanga logo". Koma mu 2014 logo ya metro ya Moscow idasinthidwa, studio yonse ya wopanga wotchuka idachita izi. Pamapeto pa ntchitoyi, mwini situdiyo adalengeza monyadira kuti gulu lake ligwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri.
