CHIMODZI (chidule cha "Imfakhalani wpeonies! ") - dzina la mabungwe ambiri odziyimira pawokha ku USSR munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse (1939-1945).
- Dipatimenti yayikulu yotsutsa "Smersh" ya People's Commissariat of Defense - gulu lankhondo lankhondo, lotsogozedwa ndi Viktor Abakumov. Yoyang'aniridwa mwachindunji ndi Joseph Stalin.
- Counterintelligence Directorate "Smersh" wa People's Commissariat of the Navy, motsogozedwa ndi Lieutenant General Pyotr Gladkov. Omvera kwa People's Commissar of the Fleet Nikolai Kuznetsov.
- Dipatimenti Yotsutsa "Smersh" wa Commissariat ya People of Internal Affairs, mutu - Semyon Yukhimovich. Omvera kwa People's Commissar Lavrenty Beria.
Mbiri ndi zochitika za Smersh
Dipatimenti yayikulu yotsutsa "Smersh" ya People's Commissariat of Defense ya USSR idapangidwa pa Epulo 19, 1943. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, Nazi Germany idakumana ndi vuto lalikulu mu Nkhondo yodziwika bwino ya Stalingrad. Zinali ndiye kuti kanthu mu nkhondo zapita kwa Red Army.
Nthawi yomweyo, Ajeremani adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zomenyera nkhondo. Anazi adayamba kusamala kwambiri pakuwunika komanso kuwononga zochitika kumbuyo kwa Soviet. Ogwira ntchito ku Smersh adakumana ndi izi.
Pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la State Defense Committee, SMERSH idapangidwa kudzera pakuphatikizanso kwa Office of Special Departments of the NKVD. Mtsogoleri wapafupi wa "Smersh" anali pansi pawo Commissar wa People's Defense Stalin. Chifukwa chake, pamalopo, matupi a Smersh anali pansi pa oyang'anira awo okha.
Chifukwa cha machitidwe oterewa, anzeru aku Soviet Union adatha kugwira ntchito munthawi yochepa kwambiri, popeza sanakakamizidwe ndi akuluakulu ena.
Kulimbana ndi azondi ndi achiwembu
Ntchito za SMERSH zimawoneka motere:
- kulimbana ndi azondi, ziwopsezo, zauchifwamba ndi zina zilizonse zowononga mabungwe anzeru zakunja;
- kutsimikizika kwa asitikali ndi anthu wamba omwe agwidwa kapena kuzunguliridwa ndi mdani;
- polimbana ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi Soviet zomwe zalowa m'magulu ndi utsogoleri wa Red Army;
- kulamulira kwa mzere wonse wakutsogolo kuti izi zitheke kuzilonda ndi zinthu zotsutsana ndi Soviet;
- nkhondo yolimbana ndi achiwembu m'dziko la Red Army (mgwirizano, akazitape, kuthandiza mdani);
- kukwaniritsa ntchito zapadera;
- kulimbana ndi kudzipatula ndikudzivulaza kutsogolo.
Chifukwa cha lamulo lankhondo, othandizira a SMERSH anali ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Anali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi zikalata komanso ufulu wofufuza, kufunsa mafunso ndi kusunga munthu aliyense amene akumukayikira. General Viktor Abakumov adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa Smersh.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba "Smersh" idachita bwino kwambiri pankhondo ya Kursk. Ajeremani sanakwanitse kudziwa zamalingaliro a Likulu la Supreme High Command. Nthawi yomweyo, zochitika zowonongera kumbuyo kwa Red Army zidachepa kwambiri.
Khadi losweka la Abwehr
Abwehr ndi gulu lankhondo lotsutsana ndi gulu lachitatu la Reich. Pofika koyambirira kwa 1943, a Nazi anali othandizira kuti atumizidwe kumbuyo kwa Soviet m'masukulu pafupifupi 200 anzeru aku Germany. Komabe, chifukwa cha akatswiri kwambiri a SMERSH, Ajeremani sanathenso kuyendetsa bwino nkhondoyi.
Mu 1943 yemweyo, a Nazi adakonza zotumiza nkhondo yayikulu ku Kalmykia, North Caucasus, Kazakhstan ndi Crimea. Ogwira ntchito ku Abwehr akufuna, mothandizidwa ndi okonda dziko lawo, kuti abayitse Soviet Union kumbuyo.
Nkofunika kudziwa kuti pa nthawi ya nkhondo, zikwi za Crimea Chitata, Chechens, Kalmyks ndi anthu ena anamenyana ndi Red Army. Komabe, kuti zigawenga sizinayanjanenso kukhala gulu limodzi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi magulu ankhondo a Smersh.
Anzeru aku Soviet Union nthawi zambiri amatengera zomwe amatchedwa "masewera apawailesi" - kutumiza zonyenga mwadala kwa mdani mothandizidwa ndi omwe agwidwa. Munthawi yankhondo, masewera awayilesi 186 ankachitika, zomwe zidatsekereza kwathunthu Anazi kuti asapeze chidziwitso chazambiri.
Fyuluta ya SMERSH
Olemba mbiri yakale, pofotokoza zochitika za SMERSH ngati thupi lolanga komanso lopondereza, amatsindika za "kusefa" kwa omwe kale anali akaidi kunkhondo. Pakutsuka koteroko, apolisi akuti adazunza akaidiwo mwankhanza, ndikuwatumiza kumisasa yotchuka.
Komabe, izi sizowona. Sizikudziwika kuti zochita za oyang'anira antitelligence nthawi ndi nthawi panali "zolakwika", komabe zinali zosatheka kuchita popanda izi. Amayenera kuyang'anitsitsa mkaidi aliyense, chifukwa aliyense wa iwo atha kukhala wosamvera, chifukwa chake woukira kwawo.
Pali milandu yambiri yodziwika pomwe akaidi ankhondo adabwezeretsedwanso, ndikuwapatsanso chithandizo chamankhwala. Nthawi yomweyo, ogwira nawo ntchito ku Smersh nthawi zambiri amatha kupeza umboni woti uyu kapena wamndendeyo anali kazitape.
Nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale opandukira atazindikirika, apolisi olimbana ndi ukapolo sanakonze zakupha, koma anawapereka kwa ofufuza kuti akafufuze. Ziwerengero za zolinga zikunena kuti nzika zaku Soviet Union zomwe "zidasefedwa" sizinamangidwe kapena kuzunzidwa.
Ndizotheka kunena kuti SMERSH sanali kuchita nawo zankhanza, ngakhale nthawi zina zolakwitsa zimapangidwa zomwe zimabweretsa akapolo kapena kufa kwa akaidi.
Chidule chachidule
Munthawi ya Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) "Smersh" idasokoneza pafupifupi adani 30,000, opitilira 3,500 ndi zigawenga 6,000. Pafupifupi nthumwi 3,000 zidagwira kumbuyo kwa adani.
Opitilira asitikali opitilira 6,000 adaphedwa pankhondo komanso munthawi yapadera yautumiki wapadera. Mu 1946 SMERSH adakhala gawo la Ministry of State Security ngati 3rd Main Directorate.
Makanema ambiri ndi makanema apa TV otengera zochitika zenizeni adawombedwa pazokhudza Smersh. Lero, pali kutsutsana kwakukulu pakati pa olemba mbiri za zomwe amapangazi. Ena amaneneza anzawo kuti ndi nkhanza zosayenera, pomwe ena amatsutsa.
