Plato - Wafilosofi wakale wachi Greek, wophunzira wa Socrates komanso mphunzitsi wa Aristotle. Plato ndiye wafilosofi woyamba yemwe ntchito zake sizinasungidwe m'ndime zazifupi zomwe ena adatchulapo, koma kwathunthu.
Mu mbiri ya Plato, pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi moyo wake komanso malingaliro ake anzeru.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Plato.
Mbiri ya Plato
Tsiku lenileni la kubadwa kwa Plato silikudziwika mpaka pano. Amakhulupirira kuti adabadwa kumapeto kwa 429 ndi 427 BC. e. ku Athens, ndipo mwina pachilumba cha Aegina.
Pakati pa olemba mbiri a Plato, mikangano yokhudza dzina la wafilosofiyi sinathebe. Malinga ndi lingaliro limodzi, kwenikweni amatchedwa Aristocles, pomwe Plato anali dzina lake lotchulidwira.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Plato anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja lolemera.
Malinga ndi nthano, bambo wa wafilosofi, Ariston, adachokera ku banja la Codra - wolamulira womaliza wa Attica. Amayi a Plato, a Periktion, anali mbadwa ya wandale wotchuka ku Atene komanso wolemba ndakatulo a Solon.
Makolo a wafilosofi anali ndi mtsikana Potona ndi anyamata awiri - Glavkon ndi Adimant.
Ana onse anayi a Ariston ndi Periktion adalandira maphunziro wamba. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti wowalimbikitsa Plato anali pre-Socrate Cratilus, wotsatira ziphunzitso za Heraclitus waku Efeso.
Pophunzira, Plato adaphunzira luso lazolemba komanso zaluso. Pambuyo pake, adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi masewera olimbirana ndipo adatengako gawo pa Masewera a Olimpiki.
Abambo a Plato anali andale omwe amayesetsa kuti dziko lawo komanso nzika zawo zizikhala bwino.
Pachifukwa ichi, Ariston amafuna kuti mwana wake wamwamuna akhale wandale. Komabe, Plato sanakonde kwambiri lingaliro ili. M'malo mwake, anali wokonda kulemba ndakatulo ndi zisudzo.
Nthawi ina, Plato adakumana ndi munthu wokhwima yemwe adayamba kukambirana naye. Adachita chidwi ndi kulingalira kwa wolankhuliranayo kotero kuti anali wosaneneka chisangalalo. Mlendo ameneyu anali Socrates.
Philosophy ndi malingaliro
Malingaliro a Socrates anali osiyana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a nthawi imeneyo. Mu ziphunzitso zake, cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kudziwa zaumunthu.
Plato anamvetsera mwatcheru ku zokambirana za wafilosofi, kuyesera kuti adutse mozama momwe angathere. Iye adatchulapo mobwerezabwereza zomwe amamuwona mu ntchito zake.
Mu 399 BC. Socrates adaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, akuimbidwa mlandu wosalemekeza milunguyo ndikulimbikitsa chikhulupiriro chatsopano chomwe chidasokoneza unyamata. Wafilosofi adaloledwa kuyankhula modzitchinjiriza, asanaweruzidwe kuti aphedwe ngati mowa wakumwa.
Kuphedwa kwa wopangitsayo kunakhudza kwambiri Plato, yemwe amadana ndi demokalase.
Posakhalitsa, woganiza uja adapita kumizinda ndi mayiko osiyanasiyana. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adatha kulumikizana ndi otsatira ambiri a Socrates, kuphatikiza Euclid ndi Theodore.
Kuphatikiza apo, Plato amalumikizana ndi zamatsenga komanso Akasidi, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti atengeke ndi nzeru za Kum'mawa.
Atayenda maulendo ataliatali, mwamunayo adafika ku Sicily. Pamodzi ndi mtsogoleri wankhondo wamba Dionysius Wamkulu, adayamba kupeza boma latsopano momwe mphamvu yayikulu ndiyofunika kukhala ya akatswiri anzeru.
Komabe, malingaliro a Plato sanakwaniritsidwe. Dionysius adakhala wolamulira mwankhanza yemwe amadana ndi "boma" la woganiza.
Atabwerera ku Athens kwawo, Plato anasintha zina ndi zina zokhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma labwino.
Zotsatira zakuwunikaku ndikutsegulira kwa Academy, pomwe Plato adayamba kuphunzitsa otsatira ake. Chifukwa chake, bungwe latsopano lachipembedzo ndi filosofi lidapangidwa.
Plato adapereka chidziwitso kwa ophunzira kudzera pazokambirana, zomwe, mwa lingaliro lake, zidalola kuti munthu adziwe bwino chowonadi.
Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira aku Academy amakhala limodzi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Aristotle wodziwika anali mbadwa ya Academy.
Malingaliro ndi zotulukapo
Filosofi ya Plato idakhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro a Socrates, malinga ndi momwe chidziwitso chenicheni chimatheka kokha pokhudzana ndi malingaliro osagonjera omwe amapanga dziko lodziyimira lokha lokhalokha, lomwe limakhala limodzi ndi dziko lanzeru.
Kukhala ndizofunikira kwathunthu, ma eidos (malingaliro), omwe samakhudzidwa ndi danga ndi nthawi. Ma Eidos ndi odziyimira pawokha, chifukwa chake, ndi okhawo omwe amatha kudziwika.
M'malemba a Plato "Critias" ndi "Timaeus" mbiri ya Atlantis, yomwe ndi dziko labwino, imakumana koyamba.
Diogenes waku Sinop, yemwe anali wotsatira wa sukulu Yosuliza, mobwerezabwereza adakambirana zokangana ndi Plato. Komabe, Dioginisi ankakangana ndi anthu ena ambiri oganiza bwino.
Plato adatsutsa kuwonetsa kowoneka bwino kwamalingaliro, akukhulupirira kuti sabweretsa chilichonse chabwino kwa munthu. M'mabuku ake, nthawi zambiri amalongosola ubale pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Apa ndipomwe lingaliro la "chikondi cha Plato" limachokera.
Kuti ophunzira azibwera m'makalasi munthawi yake, Plato adapanga chida potengera wotchi yamadzi, yomwe imapereka chizindikiritso nthawi ina. Umu ndi momwe wotchi yoyamba ya alamu idapangidwira.
Moyo waumwini
Plato adalimbikitsa kukana chuma chamwini. Komanso, amalalikira pagulu la akazi, amuna ndi ana.
Zotsatira zake, amayi ndi ana onse adayamba kukhala wamba. Chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka kusankhira mkazi m'modzi ku Plato, monganso momwe sizingatheke kudziwa molondola ana ake obadwa nawo.
Imfa
M'masiku omaliza a moyo wake, Plato adalemba buku latsopano, "On the Good as such", lomwe silinamalizidwe.
Wafilosofi adamwalira mwachilengedwe, atakhala ndi moyo wautali komanso wokhutiritsa. Plato adamwalira mu 348 (kapena 347) BC, atakhala zaka pafupifupi 80.
Chithunzi cha Plato
