Moyo wa Alexander Odoyevsky (1802 - 1839), womwe sunatenge nthawi yayitali, ngakhale m'zaka za zana la 19, unali ndi zochitika zambiri, zomwe zambiri zinali zosasangalatsa, ndipo zina zinali masoka kwathunthu. Nthawi yomweyo, wolemba ndakatulo wachichepere adapanga cholakwika chimodzi chachikulu, kulowa nawo otchedwa Northern Society. Gulu ili, lomwe linali ndi anyamata achichepere, linali kukonzekera kukonzanso demokalase ku Russia. Kuyesaku kunachitika pa Disembala 18, 1825, ndipo omwe amatenga nawo mbali amatchedwa Decembrists.
Odoevsky anali ndi zaka 22 zokha panthawi yomwe adalowa mgulu. Iye, ndithudi, adagawana malingaliro a demokalase, koma mwakutanthauzira kwa lingaliro ili, monga ma Decembrists onse. Pambuyo pake, a M. Ye. Saltykov-Shchedrin anafotokoza bwino mfundo izi "Ndimafuna malamulo, kapena sevryuzhina ndi horseradish." Alexander anali pamalo olakwika panthawi yoyenera. Akadapanda kupita kumsonkhano wa Northern Society, Russia ikadalandira wolemba ndakatulo, mwina wocheperako talente ya Pushkin.
M'malo mwa wolemba ndakatulo, Russia idalandira wolakwa. Odoevsky adakhala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a moyo wake ali m'ndende. Adalembanso ndakatulo kumeneko, koma ukapolo sukuthandiza aliyense kuwulula maluso awo. Ndipo pakubwerera kwawo kuchokera ku ukapolo, Alesandro anali wolumala ndi imfa ya abambo ake - adapitilira kholo lawo miyezi 4 yokha.
1. Khulupirirani tsopano kuli kovuta, koma dzina lalikulu la akalonga Odoevsky (motsindika "o" wachiwiri) limachokera kwenikweni ku dzina lanyumba yamtawuni ya Odoev, yomwe ili kumadzulo kwa dera la Tula. M'zaka za XIII-XV, Odoev, yomwe tsopano ili ndi anthu 5.5 zikwi, inali likulu la malire. Semyon Yuryevich Odoevsky (kholo la Alesandro m'mibadwo 11) adapeza makolo ake kuchokera ku ana akutali a Rurik, ndipo motsogozedwa ndi Ivan III adayang'aniridwa ndi Moscow kuchokera ku Grand Duchy yaku Lithuania. Anayamba kusonkhanitsa malo aku Russia kuchokera kudera lamakono la Tula ...
2. Mwa makolo a A. Odoevsky panali oprichnik wotchuka Nikita Odoevsky, yemwe adaphedwa ndi a Ivan the Terrible, a Novgorod voivode Yuri Odoevsky, khansala wachinsinsi komanso senator Ivan Odoevsky. Wolemba, wafilosofi komanso mphunzitsi Vladimir Odoevsky anali msuweni wa Alexander. Zinali pa Vladimir anamwalira Odoevsky banja. Udindowo udasamutsidwa kwa wamkulu wa oyang'anira nyumba yachifumu, Nikolai Maslov, yemwe anali mwana wa Mfumukazi Odoevsky, komabe, manejala wachifumu nawonso sanasiye ana.
3. Abambo ake a Alexander adapanga ntchito yabwino kwambiri yankhondo kwa munthu wina wapamwamba wazaka zija. Analowa usilikali ali ndi zaka 7, osakwana 10 adakhala sajini wa a Life Guards a Semyonovsky Regiment, ali ndi zaka 13 adalandira udindo wa warrant officer, ali ndi zaka 20 adakhala kaputeni komanso wothandizira Prince Grigory Potemkin. Kuti agwire Ishmael adalandira mtanda wapadera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngati sichichititsa manyazi, ndiye kuti kutaya mtima - mzaka izi wothandizira-de-camp adalandira mitanda kapena masitepe ndi diamondi, ma ruble masauzande, mazana amizimu ya aserafi, kenako mtanda, womwe pafupifupi onse amapatsidwa kwa maofesala onse. Ivan Odoevsky amatumizidwa ku Sofia Regiment ndipo ayamba kumenya nkhondo. Kwa nkhondo ku Brest-Litovsk, amalandira lupanga lagolide. A. Suvorov analamula pamenepo, chifukwa chake lupanga liyenera kukhala loyenera. Kawiri, kale paudindo wa Major General, I. Odoevsky atula pansi udindo ndipo kawiri amabwezeredwa ntchito. Kachitatu, adabweranso, akutsogolera gulu lankhondo lankhondo pomenya nkhondo ndi Napoleon. Adafika ku Paris ndikupuma pantchito kotheratu.
4. Maphunziro Sasha Odoevsky adalandira kunyumba. Makolo ankakonda mwana wamwamuna woyamba kubadwa (pomwe mwana wamwamuna anabadwa, Ivan Sergeevich anali ndi zaka 33, ndi Praskovya Alexandrovna 32), mizimu ndipo makamaka aphunzitsi sanalamulidwe, kumangodzitchinjiriza pakulimbikira kwa mnyamatayo, makamaka popeza adakwanitsa kuphunzira zilankhulo zonsezi komanso sayansi yeniyeni.
5. Nthawi iwonetsa kuti adachita bwino kwambiri kuyamwa ziweruzo za mphunzitsi wa mbiri yakale Konstantin Arseniev ndi mphunzitsi waku France a Jean-Marie Chopin (mwa njira, mlembi wa Chancellor wa Ufumu waku Russia Prince Kurakin). Pakati pa maphunzirowa, angapo adalongosolera Alexander momwe ukapolo wamuyaya waku Russia ulili wankhanza, momwe zimabweza chitukuko cha sayansi, anthu ndi zolemba. Ndi nkhani ina ku France! Ndipo mabuku a desiki ya mnyamatayo anali ntchito za Voltaire ndi Rousseau. Pambuyo pake, Arsenyev mwachinsinsi adapatsa Alexander buku lake "Kulemba Ziwerengero". Lingaliro lalikulu m'bukuli linali "ufulu wangwiro, wopanda malire".
6. Ali ndi zaka 13, Alexander adakhala mlembi (wopatsidwa udindo wa olembetsa), osatinso ochepa, koma ku Cabinet (sekretarieti) ya Mfumu Yake. Patatha zaka zitatu, osawonekera pamwambowu, mnyamatayo adakhala mlembi wazigawo. Udindowu umafanana ndi lieutenant wamagulu wamba ankhondo, chikwangwani kapena chimanga cholondera komanso woyang'anira wapamadzi. Komabe, pamene Odoevsky anasiya ntchito (popanda kugwira ntchito tsiku limodzi) ndipo analowa mlonda, anali kutumikiranso cornet. Zinamutengera zaka ziwiri.
Alexander Odoevsky mu 1823
7. Wolemba Alexander Bestuzhev adabweretsa Odoevsky pagulu la a Decembrists. Msuweni wa Alexander Griboyedov ndi namesake, podziwa bwino chidwi cha abale, adayesa kumuchenjeza, koma osaphula kanthu. Griboyedov, mwa njira, analinso wokhoza kupita patsogolo, koma kupita patsogolo kunali kolingalira komanso kosavuta. Amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha zonena za maofesala pafupifupi zana omwe akufuna kusintha maboma aku Russia. Griboyedov adatcha kuti Decembrists opusa mtsogolo. Koma Odoevsky sanamvere mawu a wachibale wachikulire (wolemba Tsoka wa Wit anali wamkulu zaka 7).
8. Palibe umboni uliwonse wandakatulo wa Odoevsky pamaso pa Decembrist. Zikungodziwika kuti analemba ndakatulo zowona. Umboni wapakamwa wa anthu angapo udatsalira pafupifupi ndakatulo ziwiri. Ndakatulo yonena za kusefukira kwa madzi mu 1824, wolemba ndakatuloyo adadandaula kuti madziwo sanawononge banja lonse lachifumu, pomwe amafotokozera banjali modabwitsa. Ndakatulo yachiwiri idaphatikizidwa mu fayilo yokhudza Odoevsky. Unatchedwa "Mzinda Wopanda Moyo" ndipo udasainidwa ndi dzina labodza. Nicholas ndidafunsa Kalonga Sergei Trubetskoy ngati siginecha yolemba ndakatuloyo inali yolondola. Trubetskoy nthawi yomweyo "adagawanika", ndipo tsar adalamula kuti liwotche tsambalo ndi vesili.
Imodzi mwa makalata a Odoevsky omwe ali ndi ndakatulo
9. Odoevsky adatenga chuma chambiri cha amayi ake omwe adamwalira m'chigawo cha Yaroslavl, ndiye kuti anali ndi chuma chambiri. Adachita lendi nyumba yayikulu pafupi ndi Horse Guards Manege. Nyumbayi inali yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti, malinga ndi Alexander, amalume (wantchito) nthawi zina samatha kuyipeza m'mawa ndipo amayenda mozungulira zipindazo, ndikuyitanitsa ku ward. Odoevsky atangolowa nawo chiwembu, adayamba kusonkhana mnyumba mwake. Ndipo Bestuzhev anasamukira ku Odoevsky kokhazikika.
10. Abambo, posadziwa chilichonse chokhudza kutenga nawo mbali pagulu lachinsinsi, mwachidziwikire adamva kuti mwana wawo ali pachiwopsezo, ndi mtima wake. Mu 1825, adatumiza Alexander makalata angapo okwiya akumupempha kuti abwere ku malo a Nikolaevskoye. Abambo ochenjera m'makalata ake adadzudzula mwana wawo wamwamuna chifukwa chongochita zopanda pake komanso zopanda pake. Pambuyo pake zidapezeka kuti amalume ake Nikita adadziwitsa a Ivan Sergeevich osati zokhazokha za Odoevsky Jr. ndi mkazi wokwatiwa (oyamba okha amadziwika za iye - V.N.T) - komanso zamalankhulidwe m'nyumba ya Alexander. Chikhalidwe chake ndi chakuti mwana wamwamuna, yemwe anali pafupi kuphwanya olamulira ankhanza ndi kugwetsa ufulu wodziimira pawokha, amawopa mkwiyo wa abambo ake.
11. Pa Disembala 13, 1825, a Alexander Odoevsky akanatha kuthetsa nkhani yothana ndi a Nicholas I popanda chipwirikiti chilichonse. Zidagwera kwa iye kuti azigwira ntchito tsiku limodzi ku Winter Palace. Polekanitsa asitikali kuti asinthe alonda, adasokoneza tulo tofa nato ta tsar - Nicholas anali atangolandira chidzudzulo cha Yakov Rostovtsev chakuwukirako komwe kukuyandikira m'mawa mwake. Pakati pa kafukufuku, Nikolai adakumbukira Odoevsky. Sizokayikitsa kuti adakumana ndi mtundu wina uliwonse wa chimanga chaching'ono - moyo wake udali kwenikweni kumapeto kwa lupanga la Alexander.
Kusintha kwa alonda ku Winter Palace
12. Odoevsky adakhala tsiku lonse pa Disembala 14 ku Senatskaya, atalandira gulu lankhondo la Moscow. Sanathamange mfuti zikagunda zigawenga zija, koma adatsogolera asirikali poyesa kufola mzati ndikupita kulinga la Peter ndi Paul Fortress. Pokhapo pamene ma cannonballs adawononga ayezi ndikuyamba kugonjetsedwa ndi asitikali, Odoevsky adayesetsa kuthawa.
13. Kuthawa kwa Odoevsky kunali kosakonzekera bwino kotero kuti Alexander akadatha kusiya ofufuza a Tsar popanda gawo la ntchito yawo yayikulu. Adatenga zovala ndi ndalama kwa abwenzi, akufuna kuyenda pa ayezi kupita ku Krasnoe Selo usiku. Komabe, atasochera ndipo watsala pang'ono kumira, kalonga adabwerera ku Petersburg kwa amalume ake a D. Lansky. Wachiwiriyu adapita ndi mnyamatayo atakomoka kupolisi ndipo adakakamiza Chief of Police A. Shulgin kuti avomereze Odoevsky.
14. Pakufunsidwa, Odoevsky adachita mofanananso ndi a Decembrists ambiri - adalankhula za ena mofunitsitsa, ndikufotokozera zomwe adachita ndikubisala m'malingaliro, malungo ndi kutopa atatha tsiku limodzi ku Winter Palace.
15. Nicholas I, yemwe adapita kukafunsidwa koyamba, adakwiya ndi umboni wa Alesandro mpaka adayamba kumunyoza chifukwa chokhala m'modzi mwa mabanja akale kwambiri komanso olemekezeka kwambiri muufumu. Komabe, tsar adabwerera msanga ndikulamula kuti amuchotse munthu womangidwa, koma Mfilipino uyu sanakhudze Odoevsky.
Nicholas I adatenga nawo gawo poyambitsa mafunso yekha ndipo adachita mantha ndi kuchuluka kwa chiwembucho
16. Ivan Sergeevich Odoevsky, monga achibale a ena omwe akuchita nawo ziwopsezo, adalembera kalata a Nicholas I kupempha chifundo kwa mwana wawo wamwamuna. Kalatayi inalembedwa ndi ulemu waukulu. Bamboyo anapempha kuti amupatse mpata wophunzitsanso mwana wake.
17. A. Odoevsky iyemwini adalembera a Tsar iyemwini. Kalata yake sikuwoneka ngati kulapa. Mu gawo lalikulu la uthengawu, adayamba kunena kuti adanenanso zambiri pakufunsidwa mafunso, kutulutsa ngakhale malingaliro ake omwe. Kenako, ndikudzitsutsa, Odoevsky akuti atha kugawana zambiri. Nikolai adakhazikitsa chisankho: "Mulembereni, ndilibe nthawi yomuwona."
18. Mkuphulika kwa malo achitetezo a Peter ndi Paul Fortress, Odoevsky adayamba kukhumudwa. Nzosadabwitsa: amzake achikulire anali akuchita ziwembu, ena kuyambira 1821, ndipo ena kuyambira 1819. Kwa zaka zingapo, mutha kuzolowera mwanjira ina lingaliro kuti zonse zidzaululidwa, kenako opanganawo azikhala ndi zovuta. Ndipo ma comrade "odziwa zambiri", ngwazi zodziwika bwino za 1812 (panali ochepa mwa iwo mwa Decembrists, mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, panali ochepa, pafupifupi 20%), monga momwe tingawonere kuchokera pamafunso amafunsowo, sanazengereze kuchepetsa gawo lawo mwa kuneneza anzawo, komanso makamaka msirikali.
Kamera mu Peter ndi Paul Fortress
19. Mu Peter and Paul Fortress, Odoevsky anali mchipinda lomwe linali pakati pa zipinda za Kondraty Ryleev ndi Nikolai Bestuzhev. A Decembrists anali kugogoda mwamphamvu ndikudutsa pamakoma oyandikana nawo, koma palibe chomwe chidachitika ndi chimanga. Kaya anali wachimwemwe kapena wokwiya, kumva kugogoda pakhoma, adayamba kulumpha mozungulira selo, kupondaponda ndikugogoda pamakoma onse. Bestuzhev mwamtendere analemba m'mabuku ake kuti Odoevsky samadziwa zilembo za Chirasha - nkhani yomwe imachitika kawirikawiri pakati pa anthu olemekezeka. Komabe, Odoevsky amalankhula komanso kulemba bwino Chirasha. Mwachidziwikire, chipolowe chake chidachitika chifukwa chotaya mtima kwambiri. Ndipo Alexander amatha kumvetsetsa: sabata yapitayo, mudapanga zolemba m'chipinda chachifumu, ndipo tsopano mukuyembekezera kupachikidwa kapena malo odulira. Mu Russia, zilango chifukwa cha njiru pa nkhope ya mfumu sizinawonekere mosiyanasiyana. Mamembala a Commission of inquiry mu protocol adatchula malingaliro ake owonongeka ndikuti ndizosatheka kudalira umboni wake ...
20. Ndi chigamulo, Alesandro, komanso onse a Decembrists, kupatula asanu omwe adapachikidwa, anali ndi mwayi. Opandukawo, ali ndi zida m'manja, otsutsa mfumu yovomerezeka, anapulumutsidwa miyoyo yawo. Anangoweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, koma Nikolai nthawi yomweyo anasintha ziganizo zonse. Amuna omwe adapachikidwa nawonso - adawalamulira kuti awachotsere. Odoevsky anaweruzidwa gawo lomaliza, lachinayi. Analandira zaka 12 akugwira ntchito yolemetsa komanso kuthamangitsidwa kosatha ku Siberia. Pambuyo pake, nthawiyo idachepetsedwa kukhala zaka 8. Pafupifupi, kuwerengera ndi kuthamangitsidwa, adakhala m'ndende zaka 10.
21. Pa Disembala 3, 1828, a Alexander Griboyedov, akukonzekera ulendo wake wopita ku Tehran, adalemba kalata yopita kwa wamkulu-wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo laku Russia ku Caucasus ndipo, makamaka, kwa munthu wachiwiri m'bomalo, Count Ivan Paskevich. M'kalata yopita kwa mwamuna wa msuweni wake, Griboyedov adapempha Paskevich kuti atenge nawo gawo la Alexander Odoevsky. Kamvekedwe ka kalatayo kanali ngati pempho lomaliza la munthu womwalira. Griboyedov adamwalira pa Januware 30, 1829. Odoevsky anapulumuka kwa zaka 10.
Alexander Griboyedov adasamalira msuweni wake mpaka masiku ake omaliza
22. Odoevsky adatengedwa kupita kundende (olakwa wamba amayenda wapansi) molipira anthu. Ulendo wochokera ku St. Petersburg kupita ku Chita udatenga masiku 50. Alexander ndi anzake atatu, abale a Belyaev ndi Mikhail Naryshkin, adafika ku Chita pomaliza akaidi 55. Ndende yatsopano idawakonzera mwapadera.
Ndende ya Chita
23. Kugwira ntchito molimbika m'nyengo yotentha kunkachitika pokonza ndende: omangidwawo adakumba ngalande, adalimbitsa nyumba, kukonza misewu, ndi zina zambiri. Panalibe miyezo yopanga. M'nyengo yozizira, zikhalidwe zinali. Akaidi amayenera kupera ufa ndi mphero zamanja kwa maola 5 patsiku. Nthawi yonseyi, akaidi anali omasuka kulankhula, kusewera zida zoimbira, kuwerenga kapena kulemba. Akazi 11 adabwera kwa omwe ali ndi mwayi. Odoevsky anapatulira ndakatulo yapadera, momwe adatchulira amayi omwe adatengedwa ukapolo modzifunira kuti ndi angelo. Mwambiri, m'ndende, adalemba ndakatulo zambiri, koma ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe adalimba mtima kuti apereke kuti aziwerengera ndi anzawo. Ntchito ina ya Alexander inali kuphunzitsa achi Russia kwa anzawo.
Chipinda chimodzi mu ndende ya Chita
24. Ndakatulo yotchuka ya Odoevsky idalembedwa usiku umodzi. Tsiku lenileni la kulembera silikudziwika. Amadziwika kuti adalembedwa ngati yankho la ndakatulo ya Alexander Pushkin "Okutobala 19, 1828" (Mukuya kwa miyala yaku Siberia ...). Kalatayo idaperekedwa kwa Chita ndikutumiza kudzera kwa Alexandrina Muravyova m'nyengo yozizira ya 1828-1829. A Decembrists adalangiza Alexander kuti alembe yankho. Amati olemba ndakatulo amalemba molakwika kuti ayitanitse. Pankhani ya ndakatulo "Zingwe za mawu amoto olosera ...", yomwe idakhala yankho kwa Pushkin, lingaliro ili silolondola. Mizere, yopanda zolakwika, idakhala imodzi mwazabwino, ngati sizabwino kwambiri, za Odoevsky.
25. Mu 1830, Odoevsky, pamodzi ndi anthu ena okhala m'ndende ya Chita, adasamutsidwa kupita ku chomera cha Petrovsky - mudzi waukulu ku Transbaikalia. Apa omangidwawo sanatope ndi ntchito, choncho Alexander, kuphatikizapo ndakatulo, nayenso anali ndi mbiri. Adalimbikitsidwa ndi atolankhani omwe adatumizidwa kuchokera ku St.
Chomera Petrovsky
26. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, Alexander adatumizidwa kukakhazikika m'mudzi wa Thelma. Kuchoka pano, mokakamizidwa ndi abambo ake komanso kazembe wamkulu wa Kum'mawa kwa Siberia A.S.Lavinsky, yemwe anali wachibale wa Odoyevsky, adalemba kalata yolapa kwa mfumu. Lavinsky adalumikiza mawonekedwe ake. Koma mapepalawo anali ndi zotsutsana - Nicholas I sanangokhululukira Odoevsky, komanso adanyansidwa ndikuti amakhala m'malo otukuka - panali fakitale yayikulu ku Thelma. Alexander anatumizidwa ku mudzi Elan, pafupi Irkutsk.
Lavinsky ndi Odoevsky sanathandize, ndipo iye analandira chilango chovomerezeka
27. Ku Elan, ngakhale kudwaladwala, Odoyevsky adatembenuka: adagula ndikukonzekera nyumba, adayamba (mothandizidwa ndi alimi wamba) munda wamasamba ndi ziweto, zomwe adalamulira makina ambiri azamunda. Kwa chaka chimodzi watola laibulale yabwino kwambiri. Koma mchaka chachitatu cha moyo wake waulere, adasamukanso, nthawi ino kupita ku Ishim.Panalibe chifukwa chokhazikika kumeneko - mu 1837 mfumuyo idachotsa ukapolo wa Odoevsky ngati msirikali wamba ku Caucasus.
28. Atafika ku Caucasus, Odoevsky adakumana ndikupanga ubale ndi Mikhail Lermontov. Alexander, ngakhale anali mgulu la 4 la gulu la Tengin, amakhala, amadya komanso amalumikizana ndi oyang'anira. Pa nthawi yomweyi, sanabisalire zipolopolo zam'mapiri, zomwe zidamupatsa ulemu amzake.
Chithunzicho chojambulidwa ndi Lermontov
29. Pa Epulo 6, 1839, Ivan Sergeevich Odoevsky adamwalira. Nkhani yakufa kwa abambo ake idamugwira Alexander. Akuluakuluwo mpaka adamuyang'anira kuti amuphe. Odoevsky anasiya nthabwala ndi kulemba ndakatulo. Pamene gulu linatengedwa kupita ku zomangamanga ku Fort Lazarevsky, asilikali ndi alonda anayamba kudwala malungo ambiri. Odoevsky nayenso anadwala. Pa Ogasiti 15, 1839, adapempha mnzake kuti amunyamule pabedi. Atangochita izi, Alexander adakomoka ndipo adamwalira mphindi imodzi pambuyo pake.
30. Alexander Odoevsky anaikidwa m'manda kunja kwa linga la mpandawo, pamalo otsetsereka a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Tsoka ilo, chaka chotsatira, asitikali aku Russia adachoka pagombe, ndipo linga lidalandidwa ndikuwotchedwa ndi okwera mapiri. Anawononganso manda a asitikali aku Russia, kuphatikiza manda a Odoevsky. 
