Leonard Euler (1707-1783) - Katswiri wamasamu waku Switzerland, waku Germany komanso waku Russia, yemwe adathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa sayansi (komanso fizikiya, zakuthambo ndi sayansi zingapo zogwiritsidwa ntchito). M'zaka za moyo wake adasindikiza zolemba zoposa 850 zokhudzana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana.
Euler anafufuza kwambiri za botany, mankhwala, chemistry, aeronautics, chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, zilankhulo zambiri zaku Europe komanso zakale. Anali membala wamasukulu ambiri asayansi, pokhala woyamba membala waku Russia ku American Academy of Arts and Science.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Leonard Euler, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Euler.
Mbiri ya Leonard Euler
Leonard Euler adabadwa pa Epulo 15, 1707 mumzinda waku Basel ku Switzerland. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la Pastor Paul Euler ndi mkazi wake Margaret Brooker.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti bambo wa wasayansi wamtsogolo ankakonda masamu. M'zaka ziwiri zoyambirira zamaphunziro ku yunivesite, adachita nawo maphunziro a katswiri wamasamu Jacob Bernoulli.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Zaka zoyambirira zaubwana wa Leonard zidakhala m'mudzi wa Rihen, komwe banja la Euler lidasamukira mwana wawo atangobadwa.
Mnyamatayo adamaliza maphunziro ake motsogozedwa ndi abambo ake. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti anawonetsa luso la masamu msanga.
Leonard ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 8, makolo ake adamutumiza kukachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe anali ku Basel. Nthawi yomweyo mu mbiri yake, amakhala ndi agogo ake a amayi.
Ali ndi zaka 13, wophunzira waluso adaloledwa kupita kumisonkhano ku University of Basel. Leonard adaphunzira bwino kwambiri komanso mwachangu kotero kuti posakhalitsa adamuwona Pulofesa Johann Bernoulli, yemwe anali mchimwene wa Jacob Bernoulli.
Pulofesayo adapatsa mnyamatayo ntchito zambiri zamasamu ndipo adamulola kuti abwere kunyumba kwake Loweruka kuti adzafotokozere zovuta kumvetsetsa.
Patapita miyezi ingapo, mnyamatayo anakhoza bwino mayeso ku University of Basel ku Faculty of Arts. Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu akuphunzira ku yunivesite, adapatsidwa digiri ya master, ndikuphunzitsa ku Latin, pomwe amayerekezera dongosolo la Descartes ndi nzeru zachilengedwe za Newton.
Posakhalitsa, pofuna kusangalatsa abambo ake, Leonard adalowa maphunziro azaumulungu, akupitilizabe kuphunzira masamu. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pambuyo pake Euler Sr. adalola mwana wake kuti alumikizane ndi moyo wake ndi sayansi, popeza amadziwa za mphatso yake.
Panthawiyo, zolemba za Leonard Euler zidasindikiza zolemba zingapo zasayansi, kuphatikiza "Dissertation in Physics on Sound". Ntchitoyi inagwira nawo mpikisano wa malo omwe analibe pulofesa wa fizikiya.
Ngakhale panali ndemanga zabwino, a Leonard wazaka 19 amamuwona ngati wachichepere kwambiri kuti apatsidwe udindowu.
Posakhalitsa Euler adalandira chiitano chokopa kuchokera kwa nthumwi za St. Petersburg Academy of Science, yomwe inali itangoyamba kumene ndipo imafunikira asayansi aluso.
Ntchito yasayansi ku St.
Mu 1727, a Leonard Euler adafika ku St. Petersburg, komwe adakhala othandizira pamasamu apamwamba. Boma la Russia lidamupatsa nyumba ndikumupatsa malipiro a ma ruble 300 pachaka.
Katswiri wa masamu nthawi yomweyo anayamba kuphunzira Chirasha, chomwe amakhoza kuchidziwa mu nthawi yochepa.
Pambuyo pake, Euler adayamba kucheza ndi Christian Goldbach, mlembi wanthawi zonse pasukuluyi. Analemba makalata otsogola, omwe masiku ano amadziwika kuti ndi gwero lofunikira pa mbiri ya sayansi m'zaka za zana la 18.
Nthawi imeneyi ya mbiri ya Leonard inali yobala modabwitsa. Chifukwa cha ntchito yake, adapeza kutchuka kwapadziko lonse lapansi ndikudziwika ndi asayansi.
Kusakhazikika pazandale ku Russia, komwe kudapitilira pambuyo pa kumwalira kwa Mfumukazi Anna Ivanovna, kunakakamiza wasayansi kuti achoke ku St.
Mu 1741, atayitanidwa ndi mfumu ya Prussian Frederick II, Leonhard Euler adapita ndi banja lake ku Berlin. Mfumu ya ku Germany inkafuna kupeza maphunziro a sayansi, kotero inali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito za wasayansi.
Gwiritsani ntchito ku Berlin
Pomwe sukulu yake yomwe idatsegulidwa ku Berlin mu 1746, Leonard adayamba kukhala wamkulu wa dipatimenti ya masamu. Kuphatikiza apo, adapatsidwa udindo woyang'anira malo owunikira, komanso kuthana ndi mavuto azachuma komanso zachuma.
Ulamuliro wa Euler, komanso kukhala ndi thanzi labwino, zimakula chaka chilichonse. Zotsatira zake, adakhala wolemera kwambiri kotero kuti adatha kugula malo apamwamba ku Charlottenburg.
Ubale wa Leonard ndi Frederick II sunali wophweka. Olemba mbiri yina ya katswiri wa masamu amakhulupirira kuti Euler adasungira chakukhosi mfumu yaku Prussia chifukwa chosamupatsa udindo wa purezidenti wa Berlin Academy.
Izi ndi zina zambiri zomwe mfumu idachita zidamukakamiza Euler kuti achoke ku Berlin mu 1766. Nthawi imeneyo adalandira mwayi wopambana kuchokera kwa Catherine II, yemwe anali atangokhala pampando wachifumu.
Bwererani ku St. Petersburg
Ku St. Petersburg, a Leonard Euler adalandiridwa ndi ulemu waukulu. Nthawi yomweyo anapatsidwa udindo wapamwamba ndipo anali wokonzeka kukwaniritsa chilichonse chomwe anapempha.
Ngakhale ntchito ya Euler idapitilizabe kukula mwachangu, thanzi lake lidasiya zomwe amafuna. Kukula kwa diso lakumanzere, komwe kumamubwereranso ku Berlin, kudakulirakulira.
Zotsatira zake, mu 1771, Leonard adachitidwa opaleshoni, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti akhale ndi chotupa ndipo samatha kuwona konse.
Patapita miyezi ingapo, ku St. Petersburg kunabuka moto woopsa, womwe unakhudzanso nyumba ya Euler. M'malo mwake, wasayansi wakhunguyo adapulumutsidwa modabwitsa ndi a Peter Grimm, amisiri ochokera ku Basel.
Mwa dongosolo la Catherine II, Leonard adamangidwa nyumba yatsopano.
Ngakhale adayesedwa kwambiri, Leonard Euler sanasiye kuchita sayansi. Atalephera kulemba chifukwa cha matenda, mwana wake Johann Albrecht adathandizira masamu.
Moyo waumwini
Mu 1734, Euler anakwatira Katharina Gsell, mwana wamkazi wa zojambula ku Switzerland. Muukwatiwu, banjali linali ndi ana 13, 8 mwa iwo omwe adamwalira ali mwana.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mwana wake wamwamuna woyamba, a Johann Albrecht, nawonso adakhala katswiri wamasamu mtsogolo. Ali ndi zaka 20, adapita ku Berlin Academy of Sciences.
Mwana wachiwiri, Karl, anaphunzira zamankhwala, ndipo wachitatu - Christoph, adalumikiza moyo wake ndi zochitika zankhondo. Mmodzi mwa ana aakazi a Leonard ndi Katharina, Charlotte, adakhala mkazi wa wolamulira wachi Dutch, pomwe winayo, Helena, adakwatirana ndi mkulu waku Russia.
Atalandira malowa ku Charlottenburg, Leonard adabweretsa amayi ndi mlongo wake wamasiye komweko ndikupatsa nyumba ana ake onse.
Mu 1773, Euler adataya mkazi wake wokondedwa. Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu, adakwatira Salome-Abigail. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wosankhidwa wake anali mlongo wa theka la mkazi wake womwalirayo.
Imfa
A Leonard Euler wamkulu adamwalira pa Seputembara 18, 1783 ali ndi zaka 76. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali sitiroko.
Patsiku laimfa ya asayansi, mafotokozedwe ofotokoza kuthawira mu buluni adapezeka pama board ake awiri. Posachedwa abale a Montgolfier apita ku Paris pa baluni.
Chothandizira cha Euler ku sayansi chinali chachikulu kwambiri kotero kuti zolemba zake zinafufuzidwa ndikusindikizidwa kwa zaka 50 pambuyo poti wamasamu wamwalira.
Zomwe asayansi anapeza atagona koyamba ndi kwachiwiri ku St.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Leonard Euler adaphunzira mozama makina, luso la nyimbo ndi zomangamanga. Adafalitsa pafupifupi ntchito 470 pamitu yosiyanasiyana.
Chofunikira kwambiri pantchito yasayansi "Makina" adakhudza magawo onse a sayansi iyi, kuphatikiza makina akumwamba.
Wasayansi adaphunzira za mtundu wa mawu, ndikupanga chiphunzitso cha chisangalalo chomwe chimabweretsa chifukwa cha nyimbo. Nthawi yomweyo, Euler adapereka manambala pamitundu yolankhulirana, kapenanso kutengera kwake. Kutsika kwa digiri, ndikukweza chisangalalo.
Mu gawo lachiwiri la "Makina" Leonard adalabadira zomanga ndi kuyenda.
Euler adathandizira kwambiri pakukweza ma geometry, zojambula mapu, ziwerengero komanso lingaliro lazotheka. Ntchito yamasamba 500 "Algebra" imayenera kuyang'aniridwa mwapadera. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti adalemba bukuli mothandizidwa ndi stenographer.
Leonard anafufuza mozama za chiphunzitso cha mwezi, sayansi yapamadzi, malingaliro manambala, nzeru zachilengedwe, ndi ma dioptrics.
Berlin imagwira ntchito
Kuphatikiza pa zolemba 280, Euler adasindikiza zolemba zambiri zasayansi. Pa mbiri ya 1744-1766. adakhazikitsa nthambi yatsopano ya masamu - kuwerengera kwamitundu.
Pansi pa cholembera chake panali zolemba zakuwona kwa maso, komanso pamiyeso ya mapulaneti ndi nyenyezi. Pambuyo pake Leonard adafalitsa ntchito zazikulu ngati "Artillery", "Kuyambitsa kusanthula zazing'ono", "Masiyanidwe oyerekeza" ndi "Integral calculus".
M'zaka zake zonse ku Berlin, Euler adaphunzira zamagetsi. Zotsatira zake, adakhala wolemba buku lachitatu la Dioptrics. M'menemo, adalongosola njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira zida zamagetsi, kuphatikiza ma telescope ndi maikulosikopu.
Makina owerengera masamu
Pakati pazambiri za zomwe Euler adachita, chodziwika kwambiri ndikuimira chiphunzitso cha ntchito. Ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amadziwa kuti anali woyamba kufotokoza notation f (x) - ntchito "f" pokhudzana ndi kutsutsana "x".
Mwamunayo adaperekanso masamu pamachitidwe a trigonometric monga momwe amadziwika masiku ano. Adalemba chizindikiro "e" pamalingaliro achilengedwe (omwe amadziwika kuti "nambala ya Euler"), komanso chilembo chachi Greek "Σ" chokwanira ndi chilembo "i" pazinthu zongoyerekeza.
Kusanthula
Leonard adagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owonekera komanso ma logarithms muumboni wowunika. Adapanga njira yomwe adakwanitsira kukulitsira magwiridwe antchito mu mndandanda wamagetsi.
Kuphatikiza apo, Euler adagwiritsa ntchito ma logarithms kuti agwire ntchito ndi manambala oyipa komanso ovuta. Zotsatira zake, adakulitsa kwambiri gawo logwiritsa ntchito ma logarithms.
Ndiye wasayansiyo anapeza njira yapadera yothetsera ma equation a quadratic. Adapanga njira yatsopano yowerengera zophatikizika pogwiritsa ntchito malire ovuta.
Kuphatikiza apo, Euler adapeza chilinganizo cha kuwerengera kwakusiyanasiyana, komwe masiku ano kumatchedwa "Euler-Lagrange equation."
Chiwerengero cha manambala
Leonard adatsimikizira theorem yaying'ono ya Fermat, dzina la Newton, malingaliro a Fermat pamabwalo awiri, komanso adatsimikizira umboni wa theorem ya Lagrange pamabwalo anayi.
Anabweretsanso zowonjezerapo pamalingaliro a manambala angwiro, omwe amakhumudwitsa akatswiri ambiri masamu nthawiyo.
Physics ndi Astronomy
Euler adapanga njira yothetsera kufanana kwa Euler-Bernoulli, komwe kunkagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakuwerengera kwa uinjiniya.
Chifukwa chantchito yake yokhudza zakuthambo, Leonard walandila mphotho zambiri zapamwamba ku Paris Academy. Adapanga kuwerengera kolondola kwa dzuwa la Dzuwa, komanso adatsimikiza molondola kwambiri mayendedwe a ma comets ndi zina zakuthambo.
Kuwerengera kwa wasayansi kunathandizira kupanga matebulo olondola kwambiri am'mlengalenga.