Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas (apo ayi Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Aquinas; 1225-1274) - wafilosofi waku Italiya komanso wamaphunziro azaumulungu, ovomerezeka ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika. Systematizer wa orthodox scholasticism, mphunzitsi wa Tchalitchi, woyambitsa Thomism komanso membala wa dongosolo la Dominican.

Kuyambira mu 1879, amadziwika kuti ndi wafilosofi wachikatolika wodalirika yemwe adatha kulumikiza chiphunzitso chachikhristu (makamaka malingaliro a Augustine Wodalitsika) ndi filosofi ya Aristotle. Adapanga maumboni odziwika asanu okhalapo Mulungu.

Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu yonena za Thomas Aquinas, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhani ino.

Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Aquinas.

Mbiri ya Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas adabadwa pafupifupi 1225 mumzinda waku Aquino ku Italy. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'banja la Count Landolphe Aquinas ndi mkazi wake Theodora, yemwe adachokera ku banja lachifumu la Neapolitan. Kuphatikiza pa Thomas, makolo ake anali ndi ana enanso asanu ndi mmodzi.

Mutu wabanja amafuna kuti Thomas akhale abbot m'nyumba ya amonke ya Benedictine. Mnyamatayo atadutsa zaka 5, makolo ake adamutumiza kunyumba ya amonke, komwe adakhala zaka 9.

Pamene Aquinas anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 14, adalowa University of Naples. Apa ndipomwe adayamba kulumikizana kwambiri ndi a Dominican, chifukwa chake adaganiza zolowa nawo mgulu la Dominican. Komabe, makolo ake atadziwa izi, adamuletsa kuti asachite.

Abalewa mpaka adaika Thomas m'malo achitetezo kwa zaka 2 kuti "akumbukire." Malinga ndi mtundu wina, abale adayesa kumuyesa pomubweretsera hule kuti amuphwanye lumbiro la umbeta mothandizidwa naye.

Zotsatira zake, Aquinas akuti adadzitchinjiriza ndi chipika chotentha, popeza adakwanitsa kukhala ndi chikhalidwe choyera. Chochitika ichi kuchokera mu mbiri ya woganiza chiwonetsedwa pachithunzi cha Velazquez Chiyeso cha St. Thomas Aquinas.

Atamasulidwa, mnyamatayo adalumbirabe ku Dominican Order, pambuyo pake adapita ku University of Paris. Apa adaphunzira ndi wafilosofi wotchuka komanso wazamulungu Albert the Great.

Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti mwamunayo adakwanitsa kusunga lumbiro laumbeta mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake, chifukwa chake adalibe ana. Thomas anali munthu wodzipereka kwambiri wokonda maphunziro apamwamba, nzeru zakale zomwe ndizophatikiza zamulungu zachikatolika komanso malingaliro a Aristotle.

Mu 1248-1250 Aquinas adaphunzira ku Yunivesite ya Cologne, komwe adatsata aphunzitsi ake. Chifukwa cha kunenepa kwambiri komanso kugonjera, ophunzira anzawo adanyoza Thomas ndi "Sicilian ng'ombe". Komabe, poyankha kunyozako, Albertus Magnus nthawi ina adati: "Mumamutcha ng'ombe yopanda mawu, koma malingaliro ake tsiku lina adzabangula kwambiri mpaka adzagonthetsa dziko lapansi."

Mu 1252 mmonkeyo adabwerera ku nyumba ya amonke ku Dominican ku St. James ku Paris, ndipo patatha zaka zinayi adapatsidwa ntchito yophunzitsa zamulungu ku University of Paris. Ndipamene adalemba zolemba zake zoyambirira: "Pazofunikira ndi kukhalapo", "Pa mfundo zachilengedwe" ndi "Ndemanga pa" Maxims "".

Mu 1259, Papa Urban Wachinayi adayitanitsa a Thomas Aquinas ku Roma. Kwa zaka khumi zotsatira adaphunzitsa zamulungu ku Italy, kupitiliza kulemba ntchito zatsopano.

Amonkewa anali ndi ulemu waukulu, chifukwa adagwira nawo ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali ngati mlangizi wokhudza zamulungu ku curia wa papa. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1260, adabwerera ku Paris. Mu 1272, atasiya ntchito ya regent ku University of Paris, a Thomas adakhazikika ku Naples, komwe amalalikira kwa anthu wamba.

Malinga ndi nthano ina, mu 1273 Aquinas adalandira masomphenya - kumapeto kwa misa yam'mawa amayenera kuti adamva mawu a Yesu Khristu: "Mwandifotokozera bwino, mukufuna mphotho yanji pantchito yanu?" Kwa izi woganiza adayankha: "Palibe china koma inu, Ambuye."

Pakadali pano, thanzi la a Thomas silinali lofunika kwambiri. Anali wofooka kwambiri kotero kuti adayenera kusiya kuphunzitsa ndi kulemba.

Philosophy ndi malingaliro

Thomas Aquinas sanadzitchule konse kuti ndi wafilosofi, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti izi zimasokoneza kumvetsetsa chowonadi. Adatcha filosofi "mdzakazi wa zamulungu." Komabe, adakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro a Aristotle ndi a Neoplatonists.

Munthawi yamoyo wake, Aquinas adalemba mabuku ambiri anzeru komanso zamulungu. Iye anali mlembi wa ndakatulo zingapo zopembedza, ndemanga zamabuku angapo am'mabuku ndi zolemba za alchemy. Adalemba zolemba zazikulu ziwiri - "Sum of Theology" ndi "Sum motsutsana ndi Amitundu".

Mwa izi, Foma idakwanitsa kulemba mitu yambiri. Kutenga monga maziko magawo anayi a chidziwitso cha chowonadi cha Aristotle - luso, zaluso, chidziwitso ndi nzeru, adadzipangira yekha.

Aquinas adalemba kuti nzeru ndiko kudziwa za Mulungu, pokhala wapamwamba kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, adazindikira mitundu itatu ya nzeru: chisomo, zamulungu (chikhulupiriro) ndi zofananira (chifukwa). Mofanana ndi Aristotle, iye anafotokoza kuti moyo ndi chinthu chosiyana chimene munthu akafa chimakwera kwa Mulungu.

Komabe, kuti mzimu wamunthu ugwirizane ndi Mlengi, ayenera kukhala ndi moyo wolungama. Munthuyo amadziwa dziko lapansi mwa kulingalira, luntha ndi malingaliro. Mothandizidwa ndi woyamba, munthu amatha kulingalira ndi kuzindikira, chachiwiri chimalola munthu kusanthula zithunzi zakunja kwa zochitika, ndipo chachitatu chikuyimira kukhulupirika kwa zinthu zauzimu za munthu.

Kuzindikira kumasiyanitsa anthu ndi nyama ndi zamoyo zina. Kuti mumvetsetse mfundo yaumulungu, zida zitatu ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito - kulingalira, kuwulula ndi kuzindikira. Mu Sums of Theology, adapereka maumboni 5 okhalako Mulungu:

1. Zoyenda. Kusuntha kwa zinthu zonse m'chilengedwe nthawi ina kudachitika chifukwa cha kuyenda kwa zinthu zina, komanso za ena. Chifukwa choyamba cha kuyenda ndi Mulungu.
2. Mphamvu yakubereka. Umboni wake ndi wofanana ndi wakale uja ndipo umatanthauza kuti Mlengi ndiye amene amapanga zonse zomwe zimapangidwa.
3. Zosowa. Chilichonse chimatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso moyenera, pomwe zinthu zonse sizingatheke. Pakufunika chinthu chimodzi kuti zithandizire kusintha kwa zinthu kuchokera kuzomwe zingachitike kupita momwe zingafunikire. Izi ndi Mulungu.
4. Mulingo wokhala. Anthu amayerekezera zinthu ndi zochitika ndi chinthu changwiro. Wapamwamba amatanthauza ndi wangwiro uyu.
5. Cholinga chandamale. Zochita zamoyo ziyenera kukhala ndi tanthauzo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pakufunika chinthu chomwe chimapereka tanthauzo kwa chilichonse padziko lapansi - Mulungu.

Kuphatikiza pa chipembedzo, a Thomas Aquinas adasamalira kwambiri ndale komanso malamulo. Adatcha amfumu mtundu wabwino kwambiri waboma. Wolamulira wapadziko lapansi, monga Lord, ayenera kusamalira nzika zake, kuchitira aliyense mofanana.

Nthawi yomweyo, mfumu isayiwale kuti iyenera kumvera atsogoleri achipembedzo, ndiye kuti, liwu la Mulungu. Aquinas anali woyamba kupatukana - tanthauzo ndi kukhalapo. Pambuyo pake, gawoli lidzakhala maziko achikatolika.

Mwakutero, woganiza amatanthauza "lingaliro loyera", ndiye tanthauzo la chinthu kapena chinthu. Chowonadi cha kukhalapo kwa chinthu kapena chodabwitsa ndi umboni wakukhalapo kwake. Kuti chilichonse chikhalepo, kuvomerezedwa ndi Wamphamvuyonse ndikofunikira.

Malingaliro a Aquinas adadzetsa chiphunzitso cha Thomism, chomwe chimatsogolera malingaliro achi Katolika. Zimakuthandizani kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro anu.

Imfa

A Thomas Aquinas adamwalira pa Marichi 7, 1274 ku Monastery ya Fossanova akupita ku tchalitchi chachikulu ku Lyon. Ali paulendo wopita ku tchalitchi chachikulu, anadwala kwambiri. Amonkewo adamusamalira kwa masiku angapo, koma sanathe kumupulumutsa.

Pa nthawi ya imfa yake, anali ndi zaka 49. M'chilimwe cha 1323, Papa John XXII adayika udindo wa a Thomas Aquinas.

Chithunzi cha Thomas Aquinas

Onerani kanemayo: Orthodox u0026 Protestant Approaches to Scripture; Female Priesthood w Rev. Dr. Samuel Gibson (November 2024).