Zambiri za 20 za mkate ndi mbiri yakapangidwe kake m'maiko osiyanasiyana

Mkate ndi lingaliro losokoneza kwambiri. Dzinalo lopangidwa patebulo lopangidwa ndi ufa lingafanane ndi liwu loti "moyo", nthawi zina limakhala lofanana ndi lingaliro la "ndalama", kapena "malipiro". Ngakhale mwapadera, mkate ungatchedwe zopangidwa zomwe zili kutali kwambiri.

Mbiri ya mkate imabwerera zaka masauzande angapo, ngakhale kuyambitsidwa kwa anthu kudziko lofunikira kwambiri izi kudachitika pang'onopang'ono. Pafupifupi mkate wophika udadyedwa zaka masauzande zapitazo, ndipo a Scots adagonjetsa gulu lankhondo laku England kumbuyo kwawo m'zaka za zana la 17 chifukwa adali okhuta - adaphika makeke awo oat pamiyala yotentha, ndipo abambo aku England adamwalira ndi njala, kudikirira kuti abweretse mkate wophika.

Maganizo apadera pa mkate ku Russia, omwe samadyetsedwa bwino. Chofunikira chake ndikuti "Kudzakhala mkate ndi nyimbo!" Padzakhala mkate, anthu aku Russia apeza china chilichonse. Sipadzakhala mkate - ozunzidwa, monga milandu ya njala komanso kutsekedwa kwa chiwonetsero cha Leningrad, zitha kuwerengedwa mamiliyoni.

Mwamwayi, m'zaka zaposachedwa buledi, kupatula mayiko osauka kwambiri, asiya kukhala chisonyezo chabwinobwino. Mkate tsopano siwosangalatsa chifukwa chakupezeka kwake, koma chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwake, mtundu wake, zosiyanasiyana zake komanso mbiri yake.

1. Nyumba zosungiramo mkate ndizotchuka kwambiri ndipo zimapezeka m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri amawonetsa ziwonetsero zosonyeza kukula kwa ophika buledi mderali. Palinso chidwi. Makamaka, a M. Veren, omwe amakhala ndi malo ake osungira zakale ku Zurich, Switzerland, adati imodzi mwama mkate osanja omwe adawonetsedwa munyumba yake yosungira zakale anali zaka 6,000. Sizikudziwika bwinobwino kuti deti lokonza mkate wosathawu linadziwika bwanji. Chomwe sichikudziwikanso ndi njira yomwe chidutswa cha buledi mu New York Bread Museum chidapatsidwa zaka za 3,400.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mkate wa munthu aliyense m'dziko kumawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikilo zingapo zosadziwika ndipo ndi pafupifupi. Ziwerengero zodalirika kwambiri zimafotokoza zinthu zambiri - mkate, buledi ndi pasitala. Malinga ndi ziwerengerozi, Italy ndiye mtsogoleri pakati pa mayiko otukuka - 129 kg pa munthu pachaka. Russia, yokhala ndi chizindikiro cha 118 kg, imakhala yachiwiri, patsogolo pa United States (112 kg), Poland (106) ndi Germany (103).
3. Kale ku Egypt, panali chikhalidwe chovuta chophika chophika. Ophika buledi aku Aigupto amapangira mitundu 50 yazakudya zingapo zophika buledi, zomwe zimasiyana osati mawonekedwe okha kapena kukula kwake, komanso kapangidwe kake ka mtanda, kudzaza ndi kukonzekera. Mwachiwonekere, uvuni wapadera woyamba wa buledi udawonekeranso ku Egypt wakale. Akatswiri ofufuza zinthu zakale apeza mafano ambiri a uvuni m'zipinda ziwiri. Hafu yotsikirayo imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati bokosi lamoto, kumtunda, pomwe makoma anali otenthedwa bwino, mkate unkaphika. Aigupto sanadye mikate yopanda chofufumitsa, koma mkate, wofanana ndi wathu, womwe mtandawo umakumana nawo. Wolemba mbiri wotchuka Herodotus analemba za izi. Adadzudzula akunja akumwera kuti anthu onse otukuka amateteza chakudya kuti chisawonongeke, ndipo Aigupto amalola kuti mtandawo uvunde. Ndikudabwa momwe Herodotus iyemwini anamvera za msuzi wovunda wa mphesa, ndiye kuti vinyo?
4. M'nthawi zakale, kugwiritsa ntchito mkate wophika pachakudya chinali chodziwikiratu chomwe chidalekanitsa anthu otukuka (malinga ndi Agiriki akale ndi Aroma) anthu akunja. Ngati achigiriki achichepere adalumbira momwe adanenera kuti malire a Attica adadziwika ndi tirigu, ndiye kuti mafuko aku Germany, ngakhale omwe amalima tirigu, sanaphike mkate, wokhala ndi mikate ya barele ndi chimanga. Inde, Ajeremani amawaonanso anthu omwe amadya buledi achikazi akum'mwera ngati anthu wamba.
5. M'zaka za zana la 19, pomanganso mzinda wotsatira wa Roma, manda ochititsa chidwi anapezeka mkati mwa chipata cha Porta Maggiore. Cholembedwacho chinali chakuti pamandapo panali Mark Virgil Eurysac, wophika buledi komanso wogulitsa. Chithunzithunzi chapafupi chomwe chidapezeka chapafupi chidachitira umboni kuti wophika buledi anali kupumula pafupi ndi phulusa la mkazi wake. Phulusa lake limayikidwa mu urn wopangidwa ngati mtanga wa mkate. Pamwamba pake pamanda, zojambulazo zikuwonetsa njira yopangira mkate, yapakatikati imawoneka ngati yosungira tirigu panthawiyo, ndipo mabowo pansi pake amakhala ngati osakaniza mtanda. Kuphatikiza kwachilendo kwa mayina a ophika mkate kumawonetsa kuti anali Mgiriki wotchedwa Evrysak, komanso wosauka kapenanso kapolo. Komabe, chifukwa chogwira ntchito komanso luso, sanangokwaniritsa chuma chokwanira kuti adadzimangira manda akulu pakatikati pa Roma, komanso adawonjezeranso zina ziwiri ku dzina lake. Umu ndi momwe zikwezedwe zamagulu zimagwirira ntchito ku republican Rome.
6. Pa February 17, Aroma akale adakondwerera Fornakalia, kutamanda Fornax, mulungu wamkazi wamafuta. Ophika mkate sanagwire ntchito tsiku lomwelo. Amakongoletsa ophika buledi ndi uvuni, amagawa zinthu zophika zaulere, ndikupempherera zokolola zatsopano. Kunali koyenera kupemphera - kumapeto kwa February, nkhokwe zosungira zokolola zam'mbuyomu pang'onopang'ono zinali zitatha.
7. "Kudya'n'Real!" - adafuula, monga mukudziwa, ma plebs achiroma ngati atakhala osakhutira pang'ono. Pambuyo pake, gulu linalo, lomwe limakhamukira ku Roma kuchokera ku Italy konse, limalandira pafupipafupi. Koma ngati zowonetserazo sizinatengere bajeti ya republic, kenako ufumuwo, palibe chilichonse - poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimawonongedwa, ndiye kuti mkate unali wosiyana. Pamwambamwamba pakagawidwe kwaulere, anthu 360,000 adalandira ma modiyas 5 (pafupifupi makilogalamu 35) pamwezi. Nthawi zina zinali zotheka kuchepetsa chiwerengerochi kwakanthawi kochepa, komabe nzika makumi masauzande amalandila mkate waulere. Kunangofunikira kukhala nzika osati kukhala wokwera pamahatchi kapena wovomerezeka. Kukula kwa magawidwe akuwonetsa bwino chuma cha ku Roma wakale.
8. Ku Europe wakale, buledi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbale kwa nthawi yayitali ngakhale ndi olemekezeka. Mkate unadulidwa pakati, nyenyeswa zinatulutsidwa ndipo mbale ziwiri za msuzi zinapezedwa. Nyama ndi zakudya zina zolimba zimangoyikidwa pamagawo a mkate. Mbale monga ziwiya zimasinthira mkate m'zaka za zana la 15 zokha.
9. Kuyambira pafupifupi zaka za zana la 11 ku Western Europe, kugwiritsa ntchito buledi woyera ndi wakuda kwakhala gawo logawanitsa katundu. Eni masheya adakonda kutenga misonkho kapena kubwereka kwa alimi ndi tirigu, ena adagulitsa, ndipo ena ankaphika mikate yoyera. Nzika zolemera zimatha kugula tirigu ndikudya mikate yoyera. Alimi, ngakhale atakhala ndi tirigu atatsala ndi misonkho yonse, ankakonda kugulitsa, ndipo iwowo adakwanitsa kudya tirigu kapena tirigu wina. Mlaliki wotchuka Umberto di Romano, mu umodzi mwa maulaliki ake otchuka, anafotokoza za mlimi wina yemwe akufuna kukhala mmonke kuti angodya mkate woyera.
10. Mkate woyipitsitsa kwambiri ku Europe moyandikana ndi France unkatengedwa ngati Chidatchi. Alimi aku France, omwe sanadye buledi wabwino kwambiri, amawona ngati sangadye. A Dutch adaphika mkate kuchokera mu rye wosakaniza, balere, buckwheat, ufa wa oat komanso nyemba zosakaniza mu ufa. Mkatewo umatha kukhala wakuda bii, wandiweyani, wowoneka bwino komanso womata. A Dutch, komabe, adavomereza. Mkate woyera wa tirigu ku Holland unali wokoma ngati keke kapena keke, umadyedwa patchuthi nthawi zina Lamlungu.
11. Kuledzera kwathu mkate "wamdima" ndi mbiriyakale. Tirigu wazitali zaku Russia ndi chomera chatsopano; chinawonekera pano cha m'ma 500 AD. e. Rye anali atalimidwa kwazaka zikwi nthawi imeneyo. Makamaka, zidzanenanso kuti sinakule, koma idakololedwa, modzichepetsa kwambiri. Aroma nthawi zambiri amaganiza kuti rye namsongole. Inde, tirigu amapereka zokolola zochuluka kwambiri, koma sizoyenera nyengo yaku Russia. Ulimi wochuluka wa tirigu udayamba pokhapokha ndikukula kwa ulimi wamalonda mdera la Volga komanso kulandidwa kwa madera a Black Sea. Kuyambira pamenepo, gawo la rye pakupanga mbewu lakhala likuchepa. Komabe, izi ndizochitika padziko lonse lapansi - kupanga rye kumachepa kulikonse.
12. Kuchokera munyimboyo, tsoka, simungathe kufufuta mawuwo. Ngati oyambitsa cosmonaut oyamba anali onyadira ndi chakudya chawo, chomwe sichinasiyanitsidwe ndi zinthu zatsopano, ndiye m'ma 1990, kuweruza malipoti a ogwira ntchito omwe amayendera njira, oyang'anira pansi omwe amapereka chakudya adagwira ntchito ngati akuyembekeza kulandira upangiri usanachitike. Osewerera amatha kuzindikira kuti zilembo zomwe zili ndi mayina zidasokonezedwa m'mbale zodzaza, koma mkate utatha patatha milungu iwiri itadutsa miyezi ingapo pa International Space Station, izi zidadzetsa mkwiyo wachilengedwe. Kuyamikiridwa ndi oyang'anira ndege, kusalinganika kwa zakudya kumeneku kunathetsedwa mwachangu.
13. Nkhani ya Vladimir Gilyarovsky yonena za kuoneka kwa buns ndi zoumba mu ophika buledi Filippov amadziwika. Amanena kuti m'mawa bwanamkubwa wamkulu adapeza mphemvu mu buledi wa sefa kuchokera ku Filippov ndipo adayitanitsa wophika mkate kuti adzawayendere. Sanataye konse, adayitanitsa mphemvu mphesa zouma, adaluma ndi tizilombo ndikumeza. Atabwerera kuphika ophika buledi, Filippov nthawi yomweyo adathira zoumba zonse zomwe anali nazo mu mtanda. Tikayang'ana kamvekedwe ka Gilyarovsky, palibe chodabwitsa pankhaniyi, ndipo akunena zowona. Wopikisana naye, Filippov Savostyanov, yemwenso anali ndi mutu wogulitsa pabwalo, anali ndi ndowe m'madzi a pachitsime momwe zinthu zophika zinkakonzedwa kangapo. Malinga ndi mwambo wakale waku Moscow, ophika mkate adagona usiku wonse kuntchito. Ndiye kuti, adasesa ufa patebulo, adayala matiresi, napachika onuchi pa chitofu, ndipo mutha kupumula. Ndipo ngakhale zonsezi, mitanda ya Moscow idawonedwa ngati yokoma kwambiri ku Russia.
14. Mpaka pafupifupi pakati pa zaka za zana la 18, mchere sunkagwiritsidwa ntchito konse kuphika - unali wokwera mtengo kwambiri kuti ungawonjezeredwe mopepuka kuzinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku. Tsopano ndizovomerezeka kuti ufa wa buledi uyenera kukhala ndi 1.8-2% mchere. Sitiyenera kulawa - kuwonjezera mchere kumawonjezera kununkhira ndi kununkhira kwa zinthu zina. Kuphatikiza apo, mchere umalimbitsa kapangidwe ka gilateni ndi mtanda wonse.
15. Mawu oti "wophika buledi" amagwirizanitsidwa ndi munthu wosangalala, wamakhalidwe abwino, wonenepa. Komabe, sikuti onse omwe amapanga mkate ndi omwe amapindulitsa mtundu wa anthu. M'modzi mwa opanga zida zodziwika bwino zaku France adabadwira m'banja la ophika buledi. Nkhondo itangotha, makolo ake adagula ophika buledi m'mizinda ya Paris kwa mayi wolemera kwambiri, zomwe zinali zosowa kwa eni ophika buledi panthawiyo. Chinsinsi cha chuma chinali chophweka. Munthawi yankhondo, ophika buledi aku France adapitilizabe kugulitsa buledi pangongole, kulandira ndalama kuchokera kwa ogula kumapeto kwa nthawi yomwe agwirizana. Malonda otere mzaka za nkhondo, zachidziwikire, anali njira yowonongera - panali ndalama zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimafalikira m'chigawo cha France. Heroine wathu anavomera kusinthanitsa yekha pa mfundo za malipiro yomweyo ndipo anayamba kulandira prepayment mu zodzikongoletsera. Ndalama zomwe amapeza pazaka za nkhondo zinali zokwanira kuti agule nyumba mdera labwino ku Paris. Zotsalirazo sanaziike kubanki, koma anazibisa m'chipinda chapansi. Anali pamasitepe apansi pano pomwe adamaliza masiku ake. Kutsikiranso kuti aone ngati chuma sichili bwino, adagwa ndikuphwanya khosi. Mwina palibe chilichonse pankhaniyi chokhudza phindu losalungama pa mkate ...
16. Ambiri awonapo, m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale kapena pazithunzi, magalamu 125 odziwika bwino a buledi - gawo laling'ono kwambiri lomwe ogwira ntchito, omwe amadalira komanso ana adalandira panthawi yovuta kwambiri yomwe Leningrad idachita panthawi ya Great Patriotic War. Koma m'mbiri ya anthu panali malo ndi nthawi zomwe anthu amalandila mkate wofanana popanda kutsekedwa. Ku England, nyumba zogwirira ntchito m'zaka za zana la 19 zidapereka buledi 6 patsiku pa munthu aliyense - kupitirira magalamu 180. Anthu okhala ku Workhouse amayenera kugwira ntchito pansi pa ndodo za oyang'anira maola 12-16 tsiku lililonse. Nthawi yomweyo, nyumba zogwirira ntchito zinali zodzifunira - anthu amapita kwa iwo kuti asalangidwe chifukwa chazinyalala.
17. Pali malingaliro (mwamphamvu, komabe, osavuta) kuti mfumu yaku France Louis XVI idakhala moyo wowononga kotero kuti, pamapeto pake, dziko lonse la France lidatopa, Great French Revolution idachitika, ndipo mfumuyo idagonjetsedwa ndikuphedwa. Mtengo wake unali wokwera, kungoti amapita kukasamalira bwalo lalikulu. Nthawi yomweyo, zomwe Louis adagwiritsa ntchito zinali zochepa kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri amasunga mabuku apadera amaakaunti momwe amalemba ndalama zonse. Mwa zina, pamenepo mutha kupeza zolemba ngati "za mkate wopanda ma crust ndi mkate wa msuzi (mbale zotchulidwa kale) - 1 livre 12 centimes". Nthawi yomweyo, ogwira ntchito kukhothi anali ndi Bakery Service, yomwe inali ndi ophika buledi, othandizira ophika mkate 12 komanso mitanda 4.
18. `` Crunching yaku France '' yotchuka idamveka ku Russia chisanachitike chosintha osati m'malesitilanti olemera okha komanso zipinda zojambula bwino. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, Society for the Guardianship of Popular Sobriety idatsegula malo ambiri odyera ndi tiyi m'mizinda yamchigawo. Malo osambiramo tsopano azitchedwa kantini, ndipo tiyi - khofi. Sananyezimire ndi mbale zosiyanasiyana, koma adatenga mtengo wotsika mtengo. Mkatewo unali wapamwamba kwambiri. Rye amawononga ndalama zokwana 2 kopecks pa paundi (pafupifupi 0,5 kg), zoyera zolemera zitatu kopecks, sieve - kuyambira 4, kutengera kudzazidwa. M'nyumba yodyeramo, mutha kugula mbale yayikulu ya msuzi wolemera wa ma kopecks 5, mu teahouse, kwa 4 - 5 kopecks, mutha kumwa tiyi angapo, ndikuluma ndi mpukutu waku France - kugunda pamenyu yakomweko. Dzinalo "nthunzi" lidawonekera chifukwa mitolo iwiri ya shuga idaperekedwera kapu ya tiyi ndi madzi akulu otentha. Kutsika mtengo kwa nyumba zodyera ndi malo ogulitsira tiyi kumadziwika ndi chikwangwani chovomerezeka pamwambapa cholembetsera ndalama: "Chonde musavutitse woperekayo posinthana ndalama zambiri."
19. Nyumba zodyeramo tiyi ndi malo omwera mowa anatsegulidwa m'mizinda ikuluikulu. M'madera akumidzi ku Russia, panali vuto lenileni ndi mkate. Ngakhale titachotsa njala nthawi zonse, m'zaka zokolola zochepa, alimi sanadye mkate wokwanira. Lingaliro lothamangitsa kulaks kwinakwake ku Siberia silodziwika konse kwa Joseph Stalin. Mfundo imeneyi ndi ya anthu ambiri Ivanov-Razumnov. Adawerenga za mawonekedwe oyipawa: mkate udabweretsedwa ku Zaraisk, ndipo ogula adagwirizana kuti asamalipire zopitilira 17 padzi. Mtengo uwu udawononga mabanja osauka mpaka kufa, ndipo alimi ambiri adagona pachabe pamapazi a kulaks - sanawonjezerepo kobiri limodzi. Ndipo Leo Tolstoy adawunikira anthu ophunzira, ndikufotokozera kuti mkate wokhala ndi quinoa sindiwo chizindikiro cha tsoka, tsoka ndi pomwe kulibe chosakanikirana ndi quinoa. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kuti atumize tirigu mwachangu kuti atumize kunja, njanji zapadera zazitsulo zazing'ono zidamangidwa m'zigawo zomwe zimalima tirigu m'chigawo cha Chernozem.
20. Ku Japan, mkate sunadziwike mpaka ma 1850. Commodore Matthew Perry, yemwe adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubale pakati pa Japan ndi United States mothandizidwa ndi oyendetsa sitimayo, adayitanidwa ku Japan kuphwando lalikulu. Atayang'ana pozungulira tebulo ndikulawa zakudya zabwino zaku Japan, aku America adaganiza kuti akuzunzidwa. Luso la omasulira okha ndi lomwe lidawapulumutsa kumavuto - alendowo amakhulupirira kuti adalidi zakudya zapamwamba zakomweko, ndipo ndalama zopenga za golide 2,000 zidagwiritsidwa ntchito nkhomaliro. Anthu aku America adatumiza chakudya pazombo zawo, motero aku Japan adawona mkate wophika koyamba. Zisanachitike, ankadziwa mtanda, koma ankapanga ndi ufa wa mpunga, ankadya yaiwisi, yophika, kapena makeke achikhalidwe. Poyamba, mkate unkadyedwa mwaufulu komanso mokakamiza ndi asukulu aku Japan komanso asitikali, ndipo kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse pomwe mkate udalowa muzakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku. Ngakhale kuti achi Japan amadya pang'ono pang'ono kuposa azungu kapena aku America.

Onerani kanemayo: Using NDI HX Capture NDI HX Camera (November 2024).