Jean Coven, Jean Calvin (1509-1564) - Wophunzira zaumulungu waku France, wokonzanso tchalitchi komanso woyambitsa Calvinism. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndi Instruction in the Christian Faith.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Calvin, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya John Calvin.
Mbiri ya Calvin
Jean Calvin adabadwa pa Julayi 10, 1509 mumzinda waku Noyon ku France. Iye anakula ndipo anakulira m'banja la loya Gerard Coven. Amayi a wokonzanso mtsogolo adamwalira akadali aang'ono.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Pafupifupi chilichonse chodziwika paubwana wa John Calvin. Ambiri amavomereza kuti atakwanitsa zaka 14, adaphunzira ku yunivesite ina ya ku Paris. Ndi nthawi, iye anali kale ndi udindo wa m'busa.
Abambo adachita zonse zotheka kuti mwana wawo wamwamuna apite patsogolo pantchito zampingo ndikukhala munthu wazachuma. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, Jean adaphunzira malingaliro, zamulungu, zamalamulo, zamalankhulidwe ndi sayansi ina.
Calvin ankakonda maphunziro ake, chifukwa chake anathera nthawi yake yonse yopuma akuwerenga. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi ndi nthawi ankachita nawo zokambirana zomveka komanso zanzeru, kudziwonetsa ngati wolankhula waluso. Pambuyo pake anakalalikira kwakanthawi mu tchalitchi china cha Katolika.
Atakula, John Calvin adapitiliza kuphunzira zamalamulo atakakamizidwa ndi abambo ake. Izi zidachitika chifukwa chakuti maloya anali kupanga ndalama zabwino. Ngakhale kuti mnyamatayo anali kupita patsogolo mu maphunziro azamalamulo, atangomwalira bambo ake, adasiya kumanja, posankha kulumikizana ndi moyo wake ndi zamulungu.
Calvin adaphunzira ntchito za akatswiri azaumulungu osiyanasiyana, ndikuwerenganso Baibulo ndi ndemanga zake. Atawerengabe Lemba, ndipamene adakayikira zowona zachikhulupiriro cha Katolika. Komabe, sanatsutse Akatolika, koma m'malo mwake amafuna kusintha "pang'ono".
Mu 1532, zochitika ziwiri zofunika zidachitika mu mbiri ya John Calvin: adalandira digiri yake ndikusindikiza buku lake loyamba la sayansi "Pa Kufatsa", lomwe linali ndemanga pa ntchito ya woganiza Seneca.
Kuphunzitsa
Atakhala wophunzira, Jean anayamba kugwirizana ndi malingaliro Achiprotestanti. Makamaka, adachita chidwi ndi ntchito ya Martin Luther, yemwe adapandukira atsogoleri achipembedzo achikatolika.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti Calvin alowe mgulu latsopanoli la othandizira malingaliro a Kukonzanso, ndipo posakhalitsa, chifukwa cha luso lake loimba, adakhala mtsogoleri wamderali.
Malinga ndi mwamunayo, ntchito yayikulu mdziko lachikhristu inali kuthetsa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika udindo kwa ansembe, zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za ziphunzitso za Calvin zinali zofanana pakati pa anthu ndi mafuko pamaso pa Mulungu.
Posakhalitsa, a Jean alengeza poyera kuti akana Chikatolika. Amanenanso kuti Wam'mwambamwamba mwini adayitanitsa ntchito yake kufalitsa chikhulupiriro choona. Pofika nthawiyo, anali atakhala kale wolemba nkhani yake yotchuka "On Christian Philosophy", yomwe idatumizidwa kuti isindikizidwe.
Boma ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo, omwe sanafune kusintha chilichonse, adakhumudwa ndi mawu achipongwe a Calvin. Zotsatira zake, wokonzanso uja adayamba kuzunzidwa chifukwa chazikhulupiriro zake "zotsutsana ndi Chikhristu", kubisala kwa akuluakulu aboma ndi anzawo.
Mu 1535, Jean adalemba buku lake lalikulu, Instruction in the Christian Faith, momwe adatetezera alaliki aku France. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti poopa moyo wake, wamaphunziro azaumulungu adasankha kubisa cholemba chake, kotero kufalitsa koyamba kwa bukuli sikunatchulidwe.
Pamene chizunzo chidayamba kugwira ntchito, a John Calvin adaganiza zochoka mdzikolo. Anapita ku Strasbourg mozungulira, akukonzekera kukagona ku Geneva tsiku limodzi. Kenako sanadziwe kuti m'mudzimo akhala nthawi yayitali.
Ku Geneva, Jean adakumana ndi omutsatira ake, napezanso munthu wamaganizidwe ofanana ndi mlaliki komanso wazamulungu Guillaume Farel. Chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi Farel, adatchuka kwambiri mzindawu, ndipo pambuyo pake adasintha zina zambiri.
Kumapeto kwa 1536, zokambirana pagulu zidakonzedwa ku Lausanne, momwe Farel ndi Calvin nawonso analipo. Idakambirana nkhani 10 zomwe zimayimira mfundo zazikuluzikulu zakukonzanso. Akatolika atayamba kunena kuti alaliki sankagwirizana ndi malingaliro a abambo achipembedzo, Jean analowererapo.
Bamboyo adalengeza kuti alalikiwa samangoona ntchito za makolo a tchalitchi kuposa Akatolika, komanso amawadziwa bwino. Pofuna kutsimikizira izi, Calvin adalemba mndandanda wazomveka pamaziko aumulungu, akugwira mawu mavesi ambiri pamutu pawo.
Zolankhula zake zinakhudza kwambiri aliyense amene analipo, kupatsa Achiprotestanti kupambana kosagwirizana ndi mkanganowo. Popita nthawi, anthu ochulukirachulukira, ku Geneva komanso kupitirira malire ake, adaphunzira za chiphunzitso chatsopanochi, chomwe kale chimadziwika kuti "Calvinism".
Pambuyo pake, a Jean adakakamizika kuchoka mumzinda uno, chifukwa chazunzo la oyang'anira dera. Kumapeto kwa 1538 adasamukira ku Strasbourg, komwe Apulotesitanti ambiri amakhala. Apa adakhala m'busa wa mpingo wokonzanso pomwe maulaliki ake adadzazidwa.
Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu, Calvin adabwerera ku Geneva. Apa adamaliza kulemba buku lake lalikulu "Katekisma" - malamulo ndi zolemba za "Calvinism" zoperekedwa kwa anthu onse.
Malamulowa anali okhwima kwambiri ndipo amafuna kupangidwanso kwamalamulo ndi miyambo yokhazikitsidwa. Komabe, oyang'anira mzindawo adathandizira zikhalidwe za "Katekisimu", atavomereza pamsonkhanowu. Koma ntchitoyi, yomwe imawoneka ngati yabwino, posakhalitsa idakhala yolamulira mwankhanza.
Pa nthawiyo, Geneva amalamulidwa ndi John Calvin mwiniwake ndi omutsatira ake. Zotsatira zake, chilango cha imfa chidakulirakulira, ndipo nzika zambiri zidathamangitsidwa mumzinda. Anthu ambiri amawopa kuti apulumuka, popeza kuzunzika kwa akaidi kunayamba kufala.
Jean adalemberana makalata ndi Miguel Servetus yemwe adadziwana naye kwanthawi yayitali, yemwe amatsutsa chiphunzitso cha Utatu ndikudzudzula zomwe Kalvin adalemba, ndikuchirikiza mawu akewo ndi mfundo zingapo. Servetus anazunzidwa ndipo pomalizira pake anagwidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma ku Geneva, Calvin atatsutsa. Adalamulidwa kuti awotchedwe pamtengo.
A John Calvin adapitiliza kulemba zolemba zatsopano zaumulungu, kuphatikiza mabuku ambiri, zokamba, zokambirana, ndi zina zambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, adakhala wolemba mabuku 57.
Leitmotif ya chiphunzitso chaumulungu chinali maziko athunthu aziphunzitso za m'Baibulo ndikuzindikira ulamuliro wa Mulungu, ndiye kuti, mphamvu yayikulu ya Mlengi pachilichonse. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu za chiphunzitso cha Calvin chinali chiphunzitso cha kukonzedweratu kwa munthu, kapena, m'mawu osavuta, zamtsogolo.
Chifukwa chake, munthu samasankha chilichonse, ndipo zonse zamakonzedweratu ndi Wamphamvuyonse. Ndikukula, Jean adadzipereka kwambiri, wosasunthika komanso wosalekerera onse omwe sagwirizana ndi lingaliro lake.
Moyo waumwini
Calvin anali wokwatiwa ndi mtsikana wotchedwa Idelette de Boer. Ana atatu adabadwa m'banjali, koma onse adamwalira ali aang'ono. Amadziwika kuti wokonzanso anapulumuka mkazi wake.
Imfa
John Calvin adamwalira pa Meyi 27, 1564 ali ndi zaka 54. Pempho laumulungu mwiniyo, adayikidwa m'manda wamba osakhazikitsa chipilala. Izi zinali choncho chifukwa chakuti sanafune kudzipembedza yekha komanso kuwonetsa ulemu kwa malo ake amanda.
Zithunzi za Calvin
