Petr Arkadievich Stolypin (1862-1911) - kazembe wa Ufumu waku Russia, mlembi waboma la Her Imperial Majness, khansala weniweni waboma, chlainlain. Wosintha bwino, yemwe nthawi zina anali kazembe wa mizinda ingapo, kenako adakhala Minister of Internal Affairs, ndipo kumapeto kwa moyo wake adakhala Prime Minister.
Amadziwika kuti kazembe yemwe adachita gawo lalikulu pothana ndi kusintha kwa 1905-1907. Adadutsa ngongole zingapo zomwe zidatsika m'mbiri monga Stolypin agrarian kusintha, mulingo waukulu womwe udakhazikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa umwini wa anthu wamba.
Stolypin anali wopanda mantha komanso wotsimikiza. Kuyesera kupha 11 kunakonzedwa ndikuchitidwa motsutsana ndi wandale, womaliza yemwe adamupha.
Mbiri ya Stolypin pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Peter Stolypin.
Mbiri ya Stolypin
Pyotr Stolypin adabadwa pa Epulo 2 (14), 1862 mumzinda waku Dresden ku Germany. Iye anakulira ndipo anakulira m'banja la General Arkady Stolypin ndi mkazi wake Natalya Mikhailovna. Peter anali ndi mlongo mmodzi ndi abale awiri - Mikhail ndi Alexander.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Stolypins anali a banja lodziwika bwino lomwe lidalipo m'zaka za zana la 16. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kudzera mwa abambo ake, Peter anali msuweni wachiwiri kwa wolemba wotchuka Mikhail Lermontov.
Amayi a wokonzanso mtsogolo anali ochokera kubanja la a Gorchakov, kuyambira muulamuliro wa Rurik.
Monga mwana, Peter anali ndi zonse zofunika, popeza makolo ake anali anthu olemera. Ali ndi zaka 12, anayamba kuphunzira kusukulu ya Vilna.
Patatha zaka 4, Stolypin adasamukira kumalo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi a Oryol. Pa nthawi ya mbiri yake, adasiyanitsidwa makamaka ndi nzeru zake komanso mawonekedwe ake olimba.
Atamaliza maphunziro awo kusekondale, Peter wazaka 19 adapita ku St. Petersburg, komwe adalowa University of Imperial ku dipatimenti ya fizikiya ndi masamu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti wotchedwa Dmitry Mendeleev anali mmodzi wa aphunzitsi ake.
Zochita za Peter Stolypin
Pokhala agronomist wotsimikizika, Pyotr Stolypin adatenga udindo wa Secretary Secretary. Pambuyo pazaka zitatu zokha, adakhala mlangizi wodziwika bwino.
Popita nthawi, a Peter adatumizidwa ku Unduna wa Zam'kati, pomwe adapatsidwa udindo wokhala tcheyamani wa khothi la oyang'anira ku Kovno. Chifukwa chake, adali ndi mphamvu, pokhala mkulu. Koma anali ndi zaka 26 zokha.
Pazaka zambiri akugwira ntchito ku Kovno, komanso nthawi yaulamuliro wake ku Grodno ndi Saratov, Stolypin adasamalira kwambiri gawo laulimi.
Petr Arkadievich anafufuza mwakuya matekinoloje osiyanasiyana, kuyesera kukonza mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa mbewu. Anayesa mitundu yatsopano ya mbewu, akuwona kukula kwake ndi zina.
Stolypin adatsegula masukulu ophunzitsira ntchito komanso malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi azimayi. Pamene kupambana kwake kudawonekera kwa akuluakulu, wandale adasamutsidwa kupita ku Saratov, komwe adapitiliza ntchito yake. Ndiko komwe nkhondo yaku Russia ndi Japan idamugwira, ndikutsatira chipwirikiti (1905).
Pyotr Stolypin adalumikizana ndi gulu lokwiya, ndikutha kupeza njira yolumikizira anthu ndikuwakhazika mtima pansi. Chifukwa cha zochita zake mopanda mantha, zipolowe m'chigawo cha Saratov pang'onopang'ono zidatha.
Nicholas 2 kawiri konse adayamika Peter, kenako adamupatsa udindo wa Minister of Internal Affairs. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti Stolypin sanafune kukhala paudindowu, popeza amafuna udindo waukulu kwa iye. Mwa njira, nduna ziwiri zam'mbuyomu zidaphedwa mwankhanza.
Pofika nthawiyo, mbiri ya Pyotr Stolypin inali itapangidwa kale kanayi kuti aphedwe, koma nthawi iliyonse amakwanitsa kutuluka m'madzi,
Kuvuta kwa ntchito yatsopano yamunthuyu ndikuti ambiri mwa nduna za State Duma anali ndi malingaliro osintha, motsutsana ndi boma lomwe lilipo.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti a State State Duma atha, pambuyo pake Stolypin adayamba kuphatikiza udindo wake ndi Prime Minister. Polankhula pagulu, adawonetsa luso lapakatikati, kufotokoza mawu ambiri omwe pambuyo pake adakhala mapiko.
Pyotr Arkadievich adalimbana ndi mayendedwe osintha, ndikutha kupititsa ngongole zambiri zofunika.
Kusintha kwa Peter Stolypin
Kusintha kwa Stolypin kunakhudza madera ambiri, kuphatikiza mfundo zakunja, maboma, mankhwala, chilungamo, ndi chikhalidwe. Komabe, kusintha kokhumba kwambiri kunachitika ndi iye mu gawo laulimi.
Peter Stolypin adayesetsa kukopa alimi kuti akhale eni eni nthaka. Anaonetsetsa kuti alimi atha kulandira ngongole zomwe zimapindulitsa paokha.
Kuphatikiza apo, boma lidalonjeza kuthandiza mabungwe wamba.
Kukonzanso kwachiwiri kofunikira kunali zemstvo - kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe aboma omwe amachepetsa zomwe zochita za eni malo olemera. Kusintha kumeneku kunali kovuta kwambiri kupititsa patsogolo makamaka kumadera akumadzulo, komwe anthu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudalira ulemu.
Stolypin ndiye adayambitsa bilu ina yofunika yokhudzana ndi makampani. Malamulo olemba anthu ntchito, kutalika kwa tsiku logwira ntchito asintha, inshuwaransi yolimbana ndi matenda komanso ngozi zayambitsidwa, ndi zina zambiri.
Popeza kuti Prime Minister amafuna kuphatikiza anthu okhala ku Russia, adakhazikitsa unduna wochita zamayiko. Cholinga chake chinali kupeza zoyanjanitsidwa pankhani zosiyanasiyana pakati pa nthumwi zamtundu uliwonse, osanyoza chikhalidwe chawo, chilankhulo ndi chipembedzo chawo.
Stolypin amakhulupirira kuti kuchita izi kungathandize kuthana ndi kusamvana pakati pa amitundu komanso achipembedzo.
Zotsatira zakusintha kwa Stolypin
Kusintha kwa Stolypin kumabweretsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana pakati pa akatswiri ambiri. Ena amamuwona ngati yekhayo amene m'tsogolo angalepheretse Revolution ya Okutobala ndikupulumutsa dzikolo kunkhondo zazitali ndi njala.
Malinga ndi akatswiri ena olemba mbiri yakale, Pyotr Stolypin adagwiritsa ntchito njira zowuma kwambiri kuti athe kufotokoza malingaliro ake. Zosintha zomwe adachita zidaphunziridwa mosamala ndi asayansi kwazaka zambiri, chifukwa chake zidatengedwa ngati maziko a Perestroika wa Mikhail Gorbachev.
Pankhani ya Stolypin, ambiri amakumbukira Grigory Rasputin, yemwe anali mnzake wapamtima wa banja lachifumu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Prime Minister anali wotsutsana kwambiri ndi Rasputin, ndikumutsutsa kwambiri.
Zinali pempho la Peter Arkadievich kuti Rasputin adachoka m'malire a Ufumu wa Russia, akuganiza zopita ku Yerusalemu. Abwerera kokha atamwalira wandale.
Moyo waumwini
Stolypin adakwatirana ali ndi zaka 22. Poyamba, mkazi wake anali mkwatibwi wa mchimwene wake wamkulu Michael, amene anamwalira mu duel ndi Prince Shakhovsky. Akufa, Mikhail akuti adapempha Peter kuti akwatire mkazi wake.
Kaya zinali zovuta kunena, koma Stolypin analidi ndi ukwati ndi Olga Neidgardt, m'modzi mwa atsikana olemekezeka a Empress Maria Feodorovna.
An chidwi n'chakuti Olga anali wamkulu-mdzukulu wa lodziwika bwino mkulu Alexander Suvorov.
Mgwirizanowu unakhala wosangalala. Banja la Stolypin linali ndi atsikana 5 ndi mnyamata m'modzi. Pambuyo pake, mwana wa wokonzanso uja adzachoka ku Russia ndikukhala wolemba bwino ku France.
Imfa
Monga tanena kale, zoyesayesa 10 zomwe sizinapambane pa Pyotr Stolypin. Paulendo wina waposachedwa kwambiri wakupha, akuphawo amafuna kupha Prime Minister pachilumba cha Aptekarsky ndi mabomba.
Zotsatira zake, Stolypin adapulumuka, pomwe anthu ambiri osalakwa adafera pomwepo. Zitachitika izi zomvetsa chisoni zinayamba kugwira ntchito kukhothi "mwachangu", lomwe limadziwika kuti - "Stolypin's tie". Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthawi yomweyo zigawengazo zikaphedwa.
Pambuyo pake, apolisi adakwanitsa kuwulula ziwembu zingapo, koma apolisiwo sanateteze wandaleyu pakupha 11 kopha.
Pamene Stolypin ndi banja lachifumu anali ku Kiev, pamwambo wotsegulira chipilala Alexander 2, wofalitsa zachinsinsi Dmitry Bogrov adalandira uthenga kuti zigawenga zafika mumzinda kuti ziphe mfumuyo.
Koma kwenikweni kuyesaku kunapangidwa ndi Bogrov yekha osati pa Nikolai 2, koma kwa Prime Minister. Ndipo popeza wodziwitsayo anali wodalirika, anali ndi chiphaso ku bokosi la zisudzo, komwe kunali akuluakulu apamwamba okha.
Atayandikira Stolypin, Bogrov adamuwombera kawiri, yemwe adamwalira ndi mabala ake patatha masiku anayi. Petr Arkadievich Stolypin anamwalira pa Seputembara 5 (18), 1911 ali ndi zaka 49.
Zithunzi za Stolypin
