Moyo wa wojambula waluso uli wodzaza ndi zotsutsana. Chachiwiri, m'malo mwake, amatha kutenga zonse, koma alibe chidutswa cha mkate. Wina angazindikiridwe ngati waluso ngati atabadwa zaka 50 kale kapena mtsogolo, ndikukakamizidwa kuti akhale mumthunzi wa mnzake waluso kwambiri. Kapena Ilya Repin - adakhala moyo wabwino wopatsa zipatso, koma nthawi yomweyo anali wopanda mwayi ndi mabanja ake - akazi ake ankasewera nthawi zonse, monga olemba mbiri yakale amalemba, "zolemba zazifupi" kumbali.
Kotero moyo wa wojambulayo sikungokhala kokha burashi m'dzanja lake lamanja, koma easel kumanzere kwake (mwa njira, Auguste Renoir, atathyola dzanja lake lamanja, anasinthira kumanzere kwake, ndipo ntchito yake sinakulireko). Ndipo luso loyera ndilo gawo la ochepa.
1. Chojambula chachikulu kwambiri mwa mafuta ndi "Paradaiso" wa Tintoretto. Makulidwe ake ndi 22.6 x 9.1 mita. Tikayang'ana kapangidwe kake, mbuyeyo sanakhulupirire kuti chisangalalo chamuyaya chikuyembekezera iwo omwe ali m'paradaiso. Ndi malo athunthu opitilira 200 m2 Tintoretto yaika zilembo zoposa 130 pamenepo - "Paradise" imawoneka ngati galimoto yapansi panthaka nthawi yothamanga. Chithunzicho palokha chili ku Venice mu Nyumba ya Doge. Ku Russia, ku St. Petersburg, pali mtundu wa chithunzicho, chojambulidwa ndi wophunzira wa Tintoretto. Nthawi ndi nthawi, zojambula zamakono zimawoneka, kutalika kwake kumawerengedwa m'makilomita, koma zaluso zotere sizitchedwa zojambula.
2. Leonardo da Vinci atha kukhala "bambo" wa utoto monga momwe anthu ambiri amachitira. Ndi amene adayambitsa njira ya sfumato. Zowonekera, zojambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, zikuwoneka zosalongosoka pang'ono, ziwerengerozo ndizachilengedwe ndipo sizimapweteketsa maso, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi omwe adalipo kale ku Leonardo. Kuphatikiza apo, mbuye wamkuluyo adagwira ntchito ndi utoto wonenepa kwambiri, wokhala ndi micron. Chifukwa chake, otchulidwa ake amawoneka amoyo kwambiri.
Mizere yofewa pachithunzi cha Leonardo da Vinci
3. Zikuwoneka bwino, koma kwa zaka 20 kuyambira 1500 mpaka 1520, atatu mwa ojambula kwambiri adagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi m'mizinda yaku Italiya: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael ndi Michelangelo. Wamkulu kwambiri anali Leonardo, wamng'ono kwambiri Raphael. Nthawi yomweyo, Rafael adapulumuka Leonardo, yemwe anali wamkulu kuposa iye zaka 31, osakwana chaka chimodzi. Raphael
4. Ngakhale ojambula ojambula sakhala achilendo pakukhumba. Mu 1504, ku Florence, nkhondo inachitika pakati pa Michelangelo ndi Leonardo da Vinci, monga anganenere tsopano. Amisiri, omwe samatha kuyenderana, amayenera kujambula makoma awiri oyang'anizana ndi holo yamsonkho ya Florentine. Da Vinci adafuna kupambana kotero kuti anali wochenjera kwambiri ndi kapangidwe kake, ndipo fresco yake idayamba kuuma ndikuphwanyika pakati pa ntchitoyi. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Michelangelo adapereka makatoni - penti ndi chinthu ngati choyipa kapena chilinganizo chantchito yamtsogolo - kuti muwone pomwe panali mizere. Mwaukadaulo Leonardo adataya - adasiya ntchito nachoka. Komabe, Michelangelo sanamalize chilengedwe chake. Adamuyitanitsa mwachangu ndi Papa, ndipo panthawiyo ochepa adayesetsa kunyalanyaza zovuta ngati izi. Ndipo makatoni odziwika pambuyo pake adawonongedwa ndi wotentheka.
5. Wotchuka waku Russia Karl Bryullov anakulira m'banja la ojambula cholowa - osati bambo ake ndi agogo ake okha, komanso amalume ake omwe anali ochita zaluso. Kuphatikiza pa cholowa, abambo ake adalimbikira ntchito Charles. Zina mwazopindulitsa zinali chakudya, ngati Karl amaliza ntchitoyi ("Jambulani akavalo khumi ndi awiri, mumalandira nkhomaliro"). Ndipo pakati pa zilango pali mano. Nthawi ina abambo adamenya mnyamatayo kotero kuti anali wogontha khutu limodzi. Sayansi idapita mtsogolo: Bryullov adakula kukhala waluso kwambiri. Chojambula chake "Tsiku Lomaliza la Pompeii" chidawonekera kwambiri ku Italiya kotero kuti unyinji wa anthu adaponya maluwa kumapazi ake m'misewu mpaka ku Bryullov, ndipo wolemba ndakatulo Yevgeny Baratynsky adatcha kuwonetserako kujambula ku Italy tsiku loyamba kujambula ku Russia.
K. Bryullov. "Tsiku lomaliza la Pompeii"
6. “Ndilibe luso. Ndimagwira ntchito molimbika, ”nthawi ina Ilya Repin adayankha kuyamikiridwa ndi mnzake. Sizingatheke kuti wojambulayo anali wochenjera - adagwira ntchito moyo wake wonse, koma luso lake ndilodziwikiratu. Ndipo anazolowera kugwira ntchito kuyambira ali mwana - si aliyense ndiye akanakhoza kupeza ruble 100 penti mazira Isitala. Atachita bwino ("Barge Haulers" idakhala chisangalalo padziko lonse lapansi), Repin sanatsatire zitsogozo za anthu, koma modekha anatsatira malingaliro ake. Anatsutsidwa chifukwa chothandizira kusinthaku, kenako chifukwa chofuna kuchitapo kanthu, koma Ilya Efimovich anapitiliza kugwira ntchito. Adayitanitsa kulira kwa owerengera manyowa otchipa, omwe sangalowe ngakhale pakupanga kwa nthaka, koma adzabalalika ndi mphepo.
Zojambula za Repin nthawi zambiri zimakhala zodzaza
7. Peter Paul Rubens anali waluso osati pazithunzi zokha. Wolemba zojambula 1,500 anali kazembe wabwino kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zochita zake zinali zamtundu wina kotero kuti tsopano atha kutchedwa "kazembe wazovala zankhondo" - anzawo nthawi zonse amakayikira kuti Rubens anali kugwira ntchito yanji komanso ndi ndani. Wojambulayo, makamaka, adabwera ku La Rochelle yozunguliridwa kukakambirana ndi Kadinala Richelieu (panthawiyi zochitika za buku la "The Musketeers Atatu" zinali kupanga). Rubens amayembekezeranso kukumana ndi kazembe waku Britain, koma sanabwere chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa Duke wa Buckingham.
Rubens. Kudzijambula
8. Mtundu wa Mozart wojambula utha kutchedwa waluso waku Russia Ivan Aivazovsky. Ntchito ya zojambulajambula zam'madzi zodziwika bwino zinali zosavuta - pamoyo wake adalemba zojambula zoposa 6,000. Aivazovsky anali wodziwika m'magulu onse amtundu wa Russia, anali woyamikiridwa kwambiri ndi mafumu (Ivan Alexandrovich amakhala zaka zinayi). Pokhapokha ndi easel ndi burashi, Aivazovsky sanangopanga chuma chambiri, komanso adakwera kukhala khansala wathunthu (meya mumzinda waukulu, wamkulu wamkulu kapena wamkulu kumbuyo). Kuphatikiza apo, udindowu sunaperekedwe malinga ndi kutalika kwa ntchito.
A. Aivazovsky adalemba za nyanja yokha. "Gulf ya Naples"
9. Lamulo loyambirira lomwe Leonardo da Vinci adalemba - kujambula nyumba imodzi ya amonke ku Milan - adawonetsa, kunena pang'ono, kusokonekera kwa waluso. Atagwirizana kuti amaliza ntchitoyo kwakanthawi kochepa mkati mwa miyezi 8, Leonardo adaganiza kuti mtengo wake ndiwotsika kwambiri. Amonkewa adachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa zolipiritsa, koma osati monga momwe wojambulayo amafunira. Chithunzicho "Madonna of the Rocks" chidapangidwa utoto, koma da Vinci adadzisungira yekha. Milanduyi idatenga zaka 20, nyumba ya amonkeyo idagwirabe chinsalucho.
10. Atapeza kutchuka ku Siena ndi Perugia, Raphael wachichepere adaganiza zopita ku Florence. Kumeneku adalandira zikhumbo ziwiri zamphamvu zopanga. Poyamba adakanthidwa ndi "David" wa Michelangelo, ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono adawona Leonardo akumaliza Mona Lisa. Raphael adayeseranso kutengera chithunzichi pamtima, koma sanakwanitse kufotokoza kukongola kwa kumwetulira kwa Gioconda. Komabe, adalandira chilimbikitso chachikulu chogwira ntchito - patapita kanthawi Michelangelo adamutcha "chozizwitsa chachilengedwe".
Raphael anali wotchuka pakati pa akazi ku Italy
11. Wolemba zingapo zingapo zapamwamba, Viktor Vasnetsov, mwachilengedwe anali wamanyazi kwambiri. Anakulira m'banja losauka, adaphunzira ku seminare yachigawo ndipo, atafika ku St. Petersburg, adachita chidwi ndiulemerero wa mzindawo komanso kulimba kwa azibambo omwe adamuyesa mayeso olowera ku Academy of Arts. Vasnetsov anali wotsimikiza kuti sangalandiridwe kotero kuti sanayambe ngakhale kupeza zotsatira za mayeso. Ataphunzira kwa chaka chimodzi pasukulu yopanga zaulere, Vasnetsov adadzidalira ndipo adabweranso kukayeso lolowera ku Academy. Apa mpamene adadziwa kuti atha kuphunzira chaka chimodzi.
Viktor Vasnetsov kuntchito
12. Wolemba mbiri ya zithunzi zokhazokha zolembedwa pakati pa ojambula akulu ndi, mwina, Rembrandt. Wachidatchi wamkulu uyu adatenga burashi yake nthawi zoposa 100 kuti adzitenge yekha. Palibe chizunzo m'mawonekedwe ambiri. Rembrandt adayamba kulemba zithunzithunzi zabwino kwambiri pophunzira zilembo ndi makonda. Anadzipenta yekha zovala za mamililala komanso wopanga zinthu zodzikongoletsera, sultan waku Asia komanso wolanda Dutch. Nthawi zina amasankha zithunzi zosiyana kwambiri.
Rembrandt. Zithunzi zanu, zachidziwikire
13. Mofunitsitsa, akuba amaba zojambula ndi wojambula waku Spain Pablo Picasso. Pazonse, akukhulupirira kuti zoposa ntchito za 1,000 zoyambitsidwa ndi Cubism zikuyenda. Pasanathe chaka kuti dziko lapansi siligwira kapena kubwerera kwa eni ntchito za wolemba "Nkhunda Yamtendere". Chidwi cha akuba chimamveka - zojambula khumi zokwera mtengo kwambiri zomwe zagulitsidwa padziko lapansi zikuphatikiza ntchito zitatu za Picasso. Koma mu 1904, pomwe wojambulayo anali atangofika ku Paris, amamuganizira kuti amaba Mona Lisa. Kugwetsa maziko a utoto pokambirana mokweza adati ngakhale Louvre idawotchedwa, sizingawononge chikhalidwe. Izi zinali zokwanira kuti apolisi amufunse mafunso wojambulayo.
Pablo Picasso. Paris, mu 1904. Ndipo apolisi akufuna "Mona Lisa" ...
14. Wolemba zojambula bwino kwambiri Isaac Levitan anali mnzake ndi wolemba wopanda chidwi Anton Chekhov. Nthawi yomweyo, Mlevi sanasiye kucheza ndi azimayi omuzungulira, ndipo nthawi zambiri amacheza kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, maubale onse a Alevi anali limodzi ndi ziwonetsero zofananira: kulengeza za chikondi chake, wolemba "Golden Autumn" ndi "Above Peace Eternal" adawombera ndikuyika seagull kumapazi a womusankhayo. Wolembayo sanasunge ubale, ndikupereka zibwenzi za mnzake "Nyumba yokhala ndi Mezzanine" ku "Kulumpha" ndi sewerolo "The Seagull" yokhala ndi zochitika zofananira, chifukwa chake ubale wapakati pa Levitan ndi Chekhov nthawi zambiri umasokonekera.
"Seagull", mwachiwonekere, akungoganiza. Alevi ndi Chekhov pamodzi
15. Lingaliro losintha zithunzi kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, lokhazikitsidwa m'makola a akasupe odziwika kumapeto kwa zaka za 20th, lidapangidwa ndi a Francisco Goya. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, wojambula wotchuka adalemba zithunzi ziwiri zofananira (amakhulupirira kuti mtunduwo anali ma Duchess a Alba), amasiyana mofanana ndi kavalidwe. Goya adalumikiza zithunzizo ndi kachingwe kapadera, ndipo mayiyo adavula ngati bwino.
F. Goya. "Maja wamaliseche"
16. Valentin Serov anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri ojambula kwambiri m'mbiri yaku Russia. Maluso a Serov amadziwikanso ndi anthu am'nthawi yake; wojambulayo analibe mathero. Komabe, iye samadziwa konse momwe angatengere ndalama zabwino kuchokera kwa makasitomala, ocheperako anzawo aluso mu burashi adalandira kasanu kapena kakhumi kuposa mbuye yemwe amafunikira ndalama nthawi zonse.
17. A Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres mwina atha kukhala katswiri woimba m'malo mongopereka zojambula zake zabwino kudziko lapansi. Ali akadali mwana, adawonetsa luso lapadera ndipo adasewera vayolini m'gulu la oimba la Toulouse Opera. Ingres adalumikizana ndi Paganini, Cherubini, Liszt ndi Berlioz. Ndipo nyimbo kamodzi zathandiza Ingres kupewa banja losasangalala. Anali wosauka, ndipo anali kukonzekera kutengapo gawo - chololedwa cha wokakamizidwa chimamuthandiza kukonza mavuto azachuma. Komabe, pafupifupi madzulo a chibwenzi, achinyamatawo anali ndi mkangano pa nyimbo, pambuyo pake Ingres adasiya zonse ndikupita ku Roma. M'tsogolomu, adakhala ndi maukwati awiri opambana, udindo wa director of Paris School of Fine Arts komanso udindo wa Senator waku France.
18. Ivan Kramskoy adayamba ntchito yake yopenta utoto m'njira yoyambirira. Mmodzi mwa omwe adakonza bungwe la Association of Travelling Exhibition kwa nthawi yoyamba adatenga burashi kuti abwezeretse zithunzi. Pakatikati mwa zaka za zana la 19, luso lojambula zithunzi lidalibe lopanda tanthauzo, ndipo kutchuka kwa kujambula kunali kwakukulu. Retoucher wabwino anali woyenera kulemera kwake ndi golide, chifukwa chake akatswiri aukadaulowu adakopeka ndi studio ya zithunzi. Kramskoy, ali ndi zaka 21, adagwira ntchito mu studio yotchuka kwambiri ku St. Petersburg ndi Master Denier. Ndipo pokhapokha wolemba wa "Wosadziwika" adayamba kujambula.
I. Kramskoy. "Zosadziwika"
19. Atafika ku Louvre adayesa pang'ono, atapachika chithunzi chimodzi ndi Eugene Delacroix ndi Pablo Picasso. Cholinga chake chinali kufananitsa chithunzi cha utoto kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20th. Kuyesaku kudafotokozedwa mwachidule ndi Picasso yemwe, yemwe adafuula pa chinsalu cha Delacroix "Ndi wojambula bwanji!"
20. Salvador Dali, ngakhale anali wokonda kuchita zankhanza, anali munthu wosachita bwino komanso wamantha. Mkazi wake Gala anali kwa iye kuposa mkazi komanso mtundu. Anakwanitsa kudzipatula kwathunthu ku zinthu zakuthupi. Dali sakanatha kupirira ndi zitseko zokha yekha. Sanayendetse galimoto. Mwanjira ina, pomwe mkazi wake analibe, amayenera kugula tikiti ya ndege yekha, ndipo izi zidapangitsa kuti akhale epic yonse, ngakhale woperekayo adamuzindikira ndipo anali wachifundo kwambiri. Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, Dali adalipira zowonjezera kwa omulondera, yemwenso anali woyendetsa wake, chifukwa anali atalawa kale chakudya chokonzedwa kwa wojambulayo.
Salvador Dali ndi Gala pamsonkhano wa atolankhani
