Mileme pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi imakhala moyandikana ndi anthu, koma, chodabwitsa, ayamba kuphunziridwa bwino posachedwa. Zokwanira kunena kuti mkatikati mwa zaka makumi awiri, pomwe asayansi m'magulu ena asayansi anali atagawanika ma atomu mwamphamvu komanso mwamphamvu ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma X-ray, anzawo amagwiritsa ntchito njira zophunzirira maluso a mileme pokoka zingwe panjira yapaulendo wawo ndi zisoti zamapepala zokhala ndi mabowo pamutu pake. ...
Maganizo aumunthu pazinyama zazing'onozi (kuchuluka kwake mpaka magalamu 10) zimakhala m'malo amantha, omwe amatha kukhala aulemu kapena pafupifupi nyama. Udindowu umaseweredwa osati mawonekedwe owoneka bwino kwambiri a zolengedwa zokhala ndi mapiko akuda, ndikumveka kwawo, komanso moyo wakusiku, komanso nthano zosangalatsa za mileme ya vampire.
Pali zinthu zochepa zosangalatsa pakati pa nyama zouluka zokha, koma zilibe chiwopsezo chilichonse chakufa. Vuto lalikulu lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi mileme - biology yamakono limatanthawuza dongosolo ili ngati mileme - kusamutsidwa kwa matenda opatsirana. Mbewa zomwezo zimakhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira, koma zimafalitsa matenda oyipa kuposa mayina awo osathawa. Palibe chifukwa choyembekezera chiwopsezo chachinyama kuchokera ku nyama zomwe zimadula udzudzu womwe udagwidwa ndikungodya zochepa zokha.
Mileme nthawi zambiri imakhazikika pafupi ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala kapena ngakhale momwemo - m'zipinda zam'mwamba, m'zipinda zapansi, ndi zina zambiri. Komabe, mosiyana ndi nthumwi zina za nyama ndi dziko lapansi lamapiko, mileme sikugwirizana ndi anthu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zomwe chidziwitso cha mileme chimakhala chochepa. Koma asayansi ndi ofufuza adakwanitsa kupeza zina zosangalatsa.
1. Potengera zomwe zatchulidwa ndi akatswiri asayansi, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo akupitilizabe kugawa mileme, nkhandwe, agalu ndi nyama zina zosawona zomwe zikuuluka mothandizidwa ndi ma echolocation ndi mapiko akuda. Zinthu zapaderazi, zachidziwikire, zodziwikiratu kwa aliyense wazachilengedwe, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga kusakhala ndi chala chakumapazi chachiwiri chamiyendo yakutsogolo, chigawo chofupikitsa cha chigaza, kapena kupezeka kwa tragus ndi antigus m'makutu akunja. Muyezo waukulu Pankhaniyi akadali anazindikira monga kukula ndi kulemera. Ngati mbalame yamtundu wina ikuuluka mozungulira iwe, ndi mileme. Ngati cholengedwa ichi chikuchititsa chidwi chosaneneka kuthawa ndi kukula kwake, ndiye kuti muli ndi mwayi kukumana ndi m'modzi mwa oimira mileme ya zipatso. Mapiko a mbalamezi amatha kufika mita imodzi ndi theka. Samaukira anthu, koma kukhudzika kwa gulu la agalu oyenda mozungulira mozungulira madzulo kuli kovuta kukokomeza. Nthawi yomweyo, mileme yazipatso imawoneka ngati mileme yokulitsidwa nthawi zambiri, yomwe pamlingo watsiku ndi tsiku imapereka chifukwa chomveka chowagwirizanitsira kuposa kuwasiyanitsa. Zowona, mosiyana ndi mileme yodya nyama, mileme yazipatso imangodya zipatso ndi masamba okha.
2. Kulingalira kuti mbewa zimakhala ndi malingaliro apadera omwe zimawalola kuti asagundane ndi zopinga ngakhale mumdima zidafotokozedwa ndi profesa wa University of Padua, Abbot Spallanzani kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Komabe, zaluso panthawiyo sizinalole kuti izi zitheke kuyesera. Pokhapokha ngati dokotala waku Geneva Zhurine aganiza kuti atseke makutu a mileme ndi sera ndikunena kuti ali opanda chochita ngakhale maso otseguka. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo Georges Cuvier adaganiza kuti popeza Mulungu sanapatse ziwalo zaumunthu kuti azindikire zomwe mileme imamva, lingaliro ili likuchokera kwa mdierekezi, ndipo ndizosatheka kuphunzira kuthekera kwa mileme (nachi, kukopa kosatsatira kwa zikhulupiriro zodziwika bwino kudzera mchipembedzo pa sayansi yaposachedwa). Ndikumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1930 pomwe zidatheka, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono, kutsimikizira kuti mbewa zimagwiritsa ntchito mafunde akupanga mwachilengedwe.
3. Ku Antarctica, kuli zolengedwa zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi mileme ikuluikulu. Amawatcha ma cryones. Wofufuza malo ozungulira ku America a Alex Gorwitz, omwe miyoyo yawo idachotsedwa ndi ma cryones, anali woyamba kuwafotokozera. Ma Horviti adawona matupi onse a amzake, pomwe mafupa adachotsedwa, ndi ma cryons eni, kapena kani, maso awo. Anakwanitsa kuopseza zinyama zazikulu ngati munthu, wokhala ndi thupi la mileme, ndikuwombera mfuti. Anthu aku America adatinso ma cryones amatha kukhala ndi kutentha kotsika kwambiri (-70 - -100 ° C). Kutentha kumawawopseza, ndipo ngakhale kutentha kwa -30 ° C amabisala ngati nyama zamagazi zikazizira. Pokambirana m'modzi ndi m'modzi ndi ofufuza aku Soviet polar, Horowitz adalandiranso mosapita m'mbali kuti moto wotchuka pa siteshoni ya Vostok mu 1982 unayambitsidwa ndi roketi yoyatsira rockon. Wotsirizirayo adathawa, ndipo roketi ya mbendera idagunda hangar yamagetsi, ndikupangitsa moto womwe udatsala pang'ono kupha ofufuza malo. Nkhaniyi idafanana ndi kanema waku Hollywood, koma sikuti palibe aliyense, kupatula Horvits, amene wawonapo mbewa za ku Antarctic polar cryon. Palibe amene adamuwona Gorvits ngakhale pamndandanda wamafukufuku aku America aku polar. Ofufuza aku Soviet polar, omwe adapulumuka modabwitsa nthawi yozizira ya 1982 ku station ya Vostok chifukwa chamoto, adaseka atamva zakupsa kwamoto kotereku. Mileme yayikulu ya ku Antarctic idangokhala yopanda ntchito ya mtolankhani yemwe samadziwika. Ndipo Antarctica ndiye dziko lokhalo komwe ngakhale mileme wamba sikukhala.
4. Aesop wakale wachi Greek adalongosola za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa mileme m'njira yoyambirira. Mu nthano yake ina, adalongosola mgwirizano wophatikizana pakati pa mleme, munga ndikumira. Ndi ndalama zobwerekedwa ndi mileme, njovu yakuda idagula zovala, ndipo kusambira kunagula mkuwa. Koma sitima yomwe atatuwo amasamutsira katunduyo idamira. Kuyambira pamenepo, kusambira pansi pamadzi nthawi zonse kumakhala kusambira posaka katundu yemwe wamira, blackthorn imamatira zovala za aliyense - agwira katundu wake m'madzi, ndipo mileme imangowonekera usiku, kuwopa omwe amabweza ngongole. Mu nthano zina za Aesop, mileme ndi yochenjera kwambiri. Ikagwidwa ndi weasel yemwe amati amadana ndi mbalame, cholengedwa chamapikocho chimatchedwa mbewa. Kamodzi akagwidwa, mileme amatchedwa mbalame, chifukwa munthawi yolowererapo, weasel wopusitsayo walengeza kuti alimbana ndi mbewa.
5. M'miyambo ina yaku Europe komanso ku China, mleme unkatengedwa ngati chizindikiro cha moyo wabwino, kuchita bwino m'moyo, chuma. Komabe, azungu adazichitira izi zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri - kukulitsa kupembedza kwa mileme, iyenera kuphedwa kaye. Kuti apulumutse akavalo ku diso loyipa, a Mati adakhomera mleme pakhomo lolowera khola. M'mayiko ena, khungu kapena ziwalo za mileme zidasokedwa m'zovala zakunja. Ku Bohemia, diso lakumanja la mileme lidayikidwa m'thumba kuti muwonetsetse kuti sizimadziwika ndi zochitika zosayenera, ndipo mtima wa nyamawo udatengedwa, ndikugwira makhadi. M'mayiko ena, mtembo wa mileme unaikidwa m'manda pansi pakhomo. Ku China chakale, sikunyozedwe kwa nyama yophedwa yomwe idabweretsa mwayi, koma chithunzi cha mileme, komanso chodzikongoletsera chofala kwambiri ndi nyama iyi chinali "Wu-Fu" - chithunzi cha mileme isanu yolukanalukana. Amayimira thanzi, mwayi, moyo wautali, kufanana komanso chuma.
6. Ngakhale kuti mileme yakhala ikugwiritsa ntchito ultrasound posaka osachepera makumi a mamiliyoni a zaka (akukhulupilira kuti mileme idakhala Padziko Lapansi nthawi imodzi ndi ma dinosaurs), njira zosinthira za omwe angathe kuwazunza sizigwira ntchito pankhaniyi. Machitidwe othandiza a "nkhondo yamagetsi" ndi mileme apanga kokha mwa mitundu ingapo ya agulugufe. Zakhala zikudziwika kwa nthawi yayitali kuti akupanga ma siginolo amatha kupanga agulugufe ena. Apanga chiwalo chapadera chomwe chimapanga phokoso la akupanga. Wotumiza wotereyu ali pachifuwa cha gulugufe. Kale m'zaka za zana la 21, kuthekera kopanga ma sign a akupanga kunapezeka m'mitundu itatu ya njenjete za hawk zomwe zimakhala ku Indonesia. Agulugufewa alibe ziwalo zapadera - amagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zawo zoberekera kuti apange ultrasound.
7. Ngakhale ana amadziwa kuti mbewa zimagwiritsa ntchito ma radar akupanga poyang'ana mlengalenga, ndipo izi zimawoneka ngati chowonekera. Koma, pamapeto pake, mafunde akupanga amasiyana ndi mawu okha komanso kuwunika kokha pafupipafupi. Chodabwitsa kwambiri si njira yomwe chidziwitso chimapezedwera, koma kuthamanga kwake. Aliyense wa ife adakhala ndi mwayi wopyola pagulu la anthu. Ngati izi zikuyenera kuchitidwa mwachangu, kugundana sikungapeweke, ngakhale aliyense pagululo ali aulemu kwambiri komanso othandiza. Ndipo timathetsa vuto losavuta kwambiri - timayenda pandege. Ndipo mileme imayenda m'malo ophulika, nthawi zina imadzazidwa ndi mbewa zikwi zambiri, sikuti zimangopewa kugundana, komanso zimafikira mwachangu zomwe zikufuna. Poterepa, ubongo wa mileme yambiri umalemera pafupifupi magalamu 0.1.
8. Kuwona kwakukulu, mwa mazana zikwi ndi mamiliyoni a anthu, mileme yawonetsa kuti anthu oterewa ali ndi zoyambira pang'ono zamagulu onse anzeru. Izi zimawonekera kwambiri pakuwuluka mosabisa. Choyamba, gulu la "scouts" la anthu angapo limawasiya. Kenako kuyendetsa misa kumayamba. Amamvera malamulo ena - apo ayi, pochoka nthawi imodzi, mwachitsanzo, mileme zikwizikwi, padzakhala kuwopseza kupha anthu ambiri. M'njira yovuta kumvetsa komanso yopanda kuphunzira, mileme imapanga mtundu winawake wozungulira, pang'onopang'ono ikukwera mmwamba. Ku United States, ku National Carlsbad Caves National Park, kuli bwalo lamasewera lomwe malo omwe mileme imanyamula anthu ambiri akufuna kusilira ndegeyo usiku. Amakhala pafupifupi maola atatu (anthu pafupifupi 800,000), pomwe theka la iwo amatuluka tsiku lililonse.
9. mileme ya Carlsbad imakhala ndi mbiri yakusuntha kwakutali kwambiri kwakanthawi. M'dzinja, amayenda chakumwera, ndikuyenda mtunda wamakilomita 1,300. Komabe, ofufuza a ku mileme aku Moscow akuti nyama zomwe adatsuka zidagwidwa ku France, 1,200 km kuchokera ku likulu la Russia. Nthawi yomweyo, mileme yambiri m'nyengo yozizira modekha ku Moscow, ikubisala m'misasa yotentha - ndimayendedwe awo onse, mileme imangokhala komanso imasamuka. Zifukwa zakugawikaku sizinafotokozedwebe.
10. M'malo otentha kwambiri, mileme yazipatso imayenda ikatha kucha. Njira yomwe milemeyi imasamukira imatha kukhala yayitali kwambiri, koma siyokhota kwambiri. Potero, tsoka la mileme yomwe mileme idakumana nawo panjira ndichomvetsa chisoni. Anthu am'deralo amabweza mileme - nyama yawo imawerengedwa kuti ndiyabwino, ndipo masana mileme imakhala yopanda chochita, imapezeka mosavuta. Chipulumutso chawo chokha ndi kutalika - amayesetsa kumamatira ku nthambi za mitengo yayitali kwambiri pakugona masana.
11. Mileme imakhala mpaka zaka 15, yomwe ndi yayitali kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula ndi moyo wawo. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa anthu sikuchulukirachulukirachulukira, koma chifukwa chakuchepa kwa anawo. Njira yoberekera imathandizanso. Amphaka amakwatirana kugwa, ndipo wamkazi amatha kubala mwana mmodzi kapena awiri mu Meyi kapena Juni, ali ndi pakati miyezi inayi. Malinga ndi lingaliro loyenera, thupi la mkazi pokhapokha atachira ku tulo komanso kukhala ndi zonse zofunika kuti akhale ndi pakati, limapereka chizindikiritso, pambuyo pake kuchedwa kwa pakati kumayambira. Koma kubereka kotereku kumakhalanso ndi zovuta zake. Pambuyo pochepetsa kwambiri manambala - chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa kapena kuchepa kwa chakudya - anthu akuchira pang'onopang'ono.
12. Mileme ya ana amabadwa yaing'ono kwambiri komanso yopanda thandizo, koma imakula msanga. kale pa tsiku lachitatu - lachinayi la moyo, makanda amakhala m'magulu amtundu wa nazale. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, akazi amapezanso ana awo ngakhale atakhala m'magulu a makanda ambiri obadwa kumene. Kwa sabata limodzi, kulemera kwa anawo kumachulukirachulukira. Pofika tsiku la 10 la moyo, maso awo amatseguka. Sabata yachiwiri, mano amatuluka ndipo ubweya weniweni umawonekera. Pakutha sabata lachitatu, makanda amayamba kuwuluka. Pa tsiku la 25 - 35, ndege zodziyimira pawokha zimayamba. Pakadutsa miyezi iwiri, molt yoyamba imachitika, pambuyo pake mwana wakhanda sangathe kusiyanitsidwa ndi wokhwima.
13. mileme yambiri idya masamba kapena nyama zazing'ono (chitsanzo cha madera aku Russia ndi udzudzu). Mbiri yoopsa ya amampires a nyama iyi imapangidwa ndi mitundu itatu yokha yomwe imakhala ku Latin ndi South America. Oimira mitundu iyi amadyetsa magazi okhaokha otentha a mbalame zamoyo ndi zinyama, kuphatikizapo anthu. Kuphatikiza pa ma ultrasound, mileme ya vampire imagwiritsanso ntchito radiation ya infrared. Mothandizidwa ndi "sensa" yapadera pankhope, amazindikira mawanga owonda kapena otseguka muubweya wa nyama. Atalumidwa mpaka 1 cm kutalika mpaka 5mm kuya, ma vampires amamwa supuni yamagazi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imafanana ndi theka la kulemera kwake. Malovu a Vampire amakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa magazi kuundana ndi kuchiritsa kwa kudula. Chifukwa chake, nyama zingapo zimatha kuledzera kamodzi. Ndi mchitidwewu, osati kutaya magazi, ndiye ngozi yayikulu yomwe amampires amachita. Mileme ndi yomwe imatha kunyamula matenda opatsirana, makamaka chiwewe. Ndi munthu aliyense watsopano womamatira pachilondacho, mwayi wopezeka ndi kachilombo umakula mopitilira muyeso. Ponena za kulumikizana kwa mileme ndi amampires, omwe tsopano akuwoneka kuti akubwerera m'mbiri, adayamba kuyankhula ku Europe pokhapokha atatulutsa "Dracula" wolemba Bram Stoker. Nthano zonena za mileme yomwe imamwa magazi aanthu ndi mafupa oluma idalipo pakati pa Amwenye aku America ndi mafuko ena aku Asia, koma pakadali pano sanadziwike kwa azungu.
14. Mileme nthawi imodzi inali patsogolo pa malingaliro aku America pomenya nkhondo ndi Japan mu 1941-1945. Pa iwo, kafukufuku ndi maphunziro, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, adagwiritsa ntchito madola 2 mpaka 5 miliyoni. Mileme, kuweruza ndi chidziwitso chodziwikiratu, sichinasanduke chida chowopsa chokha chifukwa cha bomba la atomiki - idadziwika kuti ndi yothandiza kwambiri. Zonsezi zidayamba ndikuti dotolo wamano waku America a William Adams, akuyendera mapanga a Karslsbad, amaganiza kuti mleme uliwonse ungasanduke bomba lowotcha lolemera magalamu 10 - 20. Mabomba zikwizikwi oterewa, omwe aponyedwa m'mizinda yosanja mapepala ku Japan, angawononge nyumba zambiri komanso zina zambiri omwe angakhale ankhondo komanso amayi amtsogolo. Lingalirolo linali lolondola - pakuyesa, aku America adatentha bwino ma hangars akale akale komanso ngakhale galimoto ya wamkulu yemwe amayang'ana zolimbitsa mileme. Mbewa zokhala ndi zotengera za napalm zomangidwa zimakwera malo ovuta kufikako kotero kuti zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti zithe ndikuthana ndi moto m'matabwa. Wokhumudwitsidwa William Adams adalemba nkhondo itatha kuti ntchito yake itha kukhala yothandiza kwambiri kuposa bomba la atomiki, koma kuyiyambitsa kwake kudasokonekera chifukwa cha chidwi cha akazembe andale ku Pentagon.
15. Mimbulu siyimanga nyumba zawo. Amapeza mosavuta pobisalira pafupifupi kulikonse. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi moyo wawo komanso kapangidwe ka thupi. Mbewa zimalekerera kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa 50 °, chifukwa chake kutentha komwe kumakhala, ngakhale kuli kofunikira, sikofunikira. Mileme imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ma drafti.Izi ndizomveka - kuyenda kwa mpweya, ngakhale kutentha pang'ono, kumanyamula kutentha mwachangu kwambiri kuposa ngati kutentha kukufalikira mumlengalenga. Koma ndimikhalidwe yonse yazinyama izi, mwina sangathe kapena aulesi kuthana ndi zolembedwazo, ngakhale zitakhala izi muyenera kusuntha nthambi zingapo kapena miyala ing'onoing'ono. Asayansi omwe aphunzira momwe mileme ikuyendera ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha apeza kuti mileme imakonda kupilira kupunduka koopsa mdzenje, momveka bwino pafupi ndi anthu onse, kuposa kusamukira kudzenje lalikulu pafupi ndi kakalata kakang'ono.
16. Mitundu yayikulu ya mileme imadyetsa tizilombo, komanso tizilombo tomwe timavulaza mbewu. M'zaka za m'ma 1960 ndi 1970, asayansi ankakhulupirira kuti mileme imakhudza kwambiri tizilombo tina. Komabe, zomwe apeza pambuyo pake zidawonetsa kuti mphamvu ya mileme singatchulidwe kuti yoyang'anira. Ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa tizilombo todetsa nkhawa m'derali, kuchuluka kwa mileme kulibe nthawi yokwanira yokwanira kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa tizirombo. Tsambali limakhala losangalatsa kwambiri mbalame, zomwe zimawononga tizilombo. Komabe, palinso phindu kuchokera kwa mileme - munthu m'modzi amadya udzudzu makumi masauzande ambiri nyengo iliyonse.
