Mao Zedong (1893-1976) - Wosintha waku China, kazembe, mtsogoleri wazandale komanso wachipani wazaka za zana la 20, theorist wamkulu wa Maoism, yemwe adayambitsa boma lamakono lachi China. Kuyambira 1943 mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, adakhala wapampando wachipani cha China Communist Party.
Adachita kampeni zingapo zapamwamba, zotchuka kwambiri zomwe zinali "Great Leap Forward" ndi "Cultural Revolution", zomwe zidapha miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Munthawi yaulamuliro wake, China idazunzidwa, zomwe zidadzudzulidwa ndi mayiko ena.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Mao Zedong, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Zedong.
Mbiri ya Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong adabadwa pa Disembala 26, 1893 m'mudzi waku China wa Shaoshan. Anakulira m'banja lolemera.
Abambo ake, Mao Yichang, anali kuchita nawo zaulimi, kutsatira kwa Confucianism. Komanso, mayi wa wandale mtsogolo, Wen Qimei, anali M'buda.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Popeza mutu wabanja anali munthu wokhwimitsa zinthu komanso wopondereza, Mao amakhala nthawi yonse ndi amayi ake, omwe amawakonda kwambiri. Potsatira chitsanzo chake, adayambanso kupembedza Buddha, ngakhale adasankha kusiya Chibuda ali wachinyamata.
Analandira maphunziro ake a pulayimale ku sukulu wamba, pomwe chidwi chake chimaperekedwa kuziphunzitso za Confucius komanso kuphunzira zachikale zaku China. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ngakhale Mao Zedong amathera nthawi yawo yonse yaulere ndi mabuku, sanakonde kuwerenga zolemba zakale.
Zedong ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 13, adasiya sukulu, chifukwa chakukwiya kwambiri kwa mphunzitsi, yemwe nthawi zambiri amamenya ophunzira. Izi zidapangitsa kuti mnyamatayo abwerere kwawo.
Abambo anasangalala kwambiri kubwerera kwa mwana wawo wamwamuna, chifukwa anafuna olera. Komabe, Mao ankapewa ntchito zonse zakuthupi. M'malo mwake, amawerenga mabuku nthawi zonse. Patatha zaka zitatu, mnyamatayo adakangana kwambiri ndi abambo ake, osafuna kukwatira mtsikana amene adamusankha. Chifukwa cha zomwe zidachitika, Zedong adakakamizidwa kuthawa kwawo.
Gulu losintha la 1911, pomwe mafumu a Qing adagonjetsedwa, mwanjira ina adakhudza mbiri yina ya Mao. Anakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ali msilikali.
Kutha kwa kusinthaku, Zedong adapitiliza maphunziro ake pasukulu yabizinesi, kenako ku koleji ya aphunzitsi. Panthawiyi, anali kuwerenga ntchito za afilosofi otchuka komanso andale. Chidziwitsochi chidakhudzidwa ndikukula kwakukula kwa umunthu wa mnyamatayo.
Pambuyo pake, Mao adayambitsa gulu lokonzanso miyoyo ya anthu, lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa pamalingaliro a Confucianism ndi Kantianism. Mu 1918, motsogozedwa ndi mphunzitsi wake, adapeza ntchito mulaibulale ina ku Beijing, komwe adapitiliza kuchita maphunziro ake.
Posakhalitsa, Zedong adakumana ndi woyambitsa chipani cha China Communist Party Li Dazhao, chifukwa chake adaganiza zolumikiza moyo wake ndi chikominisi ndi Marxism. Izi zidamupangitsa kuti afufuze ntchito zingapo zotsutsana ndi chikominisi.
Nkhondo yosintha
M'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, Mao Zedong adapita kumadera ambiri achi China. Adadziwonera yekha mopanda chilungamo komanso kuponderezedwa kwa anzawo.
Anali Mao yemwe adazindikira kuti njira yokhayo yosinthira zinthu inali kudzera pakusintha kwakukulu. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, Russia Revolution (1917) yotchuka inali itadutsa kale ku Russia, zomwe zidakondweretsa mtsogoleri wamtsogolo.
Zedong adayamba kugwira ntchito yopanga maselo osagwirizana ku China mmodzimmodzi. Pasanapite nthawi anasankhidwa kukhala mlembi wa chipani chachikomyunizimu cha China. Poyamba, achikominisi adakhala pafupi ndi chipani cha Kuomintang, koma patadutsa zaka zingapo CCP ndi Kuomintang adasanduka adani.
Mu 1927, mkati mwa mzinda wa Changsha, Mao Zedong adakonza chiwembu choyamba ndikulengeza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic of Communist. Amatha kupempha thandizo kwa alimiwo, komanso amapatsa amayi ufulu wovota ndi kugwira ntchito.
Udindo wa Mao mwa anzawo udakula mwachangu. Patatha zaka 3, kugwiritsa ntchito udindo wake wapamwamba, adachita koyamba. Otsutsa achikomyunizimu komanso omwe adatsutsa mfundo za Joseph Stalin adagonjetsedwa.
Atachotsa onse osagwirizana, Mao Zedong adasankhidwa kukhala wamkulu wa 1 Soviet Republic of China. Kuyambira pamenepo mu mbiri yake, wolamulira mwankhanza adadziyika yekha cholinga chokhazikitsa dongosolo la Soviet ku China.
Kukwera kwakukulu
Zosintha zotsatirazi zidabweretsa nkhondo yayikulu yapachiweniweni yomwe idatenga zaka zoposa 10 mpaka kupambana kwa achikominisi. Otsutsa a Mao ndi omutsatira ake anali okonda dziko lawo - chipani cha Kuomintang motsogozedwa ndi Chiang Kai-shek.
Panali nkhondo zowopsa pakati pa adani, kuphatikizapo za ku Jinggan. Koma atagonjetsedwa mu 1934, Mao Zedong adakakamizidwa kuchoka m'derali limodzi ndi gulu lankhondo lamakominisi 100,000.
Mu nthawi ya 1934-1936. kuguba kwodziwika bwino kwa asitikali achikominisi aku China kudachitika, komwe kudachitika zoposa 10,000 km! Asirikaliwo amayenera kudutsa m'mapiri ovuta kufikako, akukumana ndi mayesero ambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti panthawiyi, oposa 90% ya asitikali a Zedong amwalira. Atakhala m'chigawo cha Shanxi, iye ndi anzawo omwe adatsala nawo adapanga dipatimenti yatsopano ya CCP.
Kapangidwe ka PRC ndi kusintha kwa Mao Zedong
Atapulumuka nkhondo yankhondo yaku Japan yolimbana ndi China, pankhondo yomwe magulu achikomyunizimu ndi Kuomintang adakakamizidwa kuti agwirizane, adani awiriwo analumbiranso. Zotsatira zake, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 40, gulu lankhondo la a Chiang Kai-shek lidagonjetsedwa pankhondoyi.
Zotsatira zake, mu 1949, People's Republic of China (PRC) idalengezedwa ku China konse, motsogozedwa ndi Mao Zedong. M'zaka zotsatira, "Great Helmsman," monga anthu amtundu wake amamutcha Mao, adayamba kulumikizana momasuka ndi mtsogoleri wa Soviet, Joseph Stalin.
Chifukwa cha izi, USSR idayamba kuthandiza achi China mosiyanasiyana pama landlord ndi asitikali. M'nthawi ya Zedong, malingaliro achiMaoism, omwe adamuyambitsa, adayamba kupita patsogolo.
Maoism adatengera Marxism-Leninism, Stalinism komanso nzeru zachikhalidwe zaku China. M'boma mudayamba kulemba mawu osiyanasiyana omwe adakakamiza anthu kuti afulumizitse chitukuko cha zachuma kumayiko otukuka. Ulamuliro wa Great Helmsman udakhazikitsidwa pakupanga katundu wina aliyense.
Malinga ndi Mao Zedong, ma communes adayamba kupangidwa ku China momwe zonse zinali zofala: zovala, chakudya, katundu, ndi zina zambiri. Pofuna kukwaniritsa kutukuka kwapamwamba, wandale adawonetsetsa kuti nyumba iliyonse yaku China ili ndi ng'anjo yaying'ono yopangira chitsulo.
Zitsulo pansi pazinthu zoterezi zinali zotsika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ulimi udayamba kuwola, zomwe zidadzetsa njala yambiri.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zenizeni zomwe zidachitika m'boma zidabisidwa ku Mao. Dzikoli lidalankhula zakula bwino kwa achi China komanso mtsogoleri wawo, pomwe zenizeni zinali zosiyana.
Kudumpha Kwakukulu Patsogolo
Great Leap Forward inali kampeni yazachuma komanso zandale ku China pakati pa 1958-1960 yomwe cholinga chake chinali kutukuka kwachuma ndikubwezeretsa chuma, zomwe zidabweretsa mavuto.
Mao Zedong, yemwe adayesetsa kukonza zachuma kudzera pakuphatikizira komanso chidwi cha anthu ambiri, zidapangitsa kuti dziko licheke. Chifukwa cha zolakwitsa zambiri, kuphatikizapo zisankho zolakwika m'gawo la zaulimi, anthu 20 miliyoni adamwalira ku China, ndipo malinga ndi malingaliro ena - anthu 40 miliyoni!
Akuluakulu adapempha anthu onse kuti awononge makoswe, ntchentche, udzudzu ndi mpheta. Chifukwa chake, boma lidafuna kuwonjezera zokolola m'minda, posafuna "kugawana" chakudya ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana. Zotsatira zake, kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mpheta kunadzetsa mavuto.
Mbewu yotsatira idadyedwa yoyera ndi mbozi, zomwe zidasokoneza kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, Great Leap Forward idadziwika kuti ndi tsoka lalikulu kwambiri mzaka za zana la 20, kupatula Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse (1939-1945).
Nkhondo yozizira
Pambuyo pa imfa ya Stalin, ubale pakati pa USSR ndi China unasokonekera kwambiri. Mao amatsutsa poyera zomwe Nikita Khrushchev adachita, akuwadzudzula kuti apatuka panjira ya chikominisi.
Poyankha izi, mtsogoleri waku Soviet akukumbukira akatswiri onse ndi asayansi omwe adagwira ntchito zokomera China. Nthawi yomweyo, Khrushchev adasiya kupereka thandizo ku CPC.
Nthawi yomweyo, Zedong adalowa nawo mkangano waku Korea, pomwe adagwirizana ndi North Korea. Izi zimabweretsa mikangano ndi United States kwazaka zambiri.
Mphamvu ya nyukiliya
Mu 1959, mokakamizidwa ndi anthu, Mao Zedong adasiya udindo wa wamkulu wa boma kwa Liu Shaoqi ndikupitiliza kutsogolera CPC. Pambuyo pake, chuma chamwini chidayamba ku China, ndipo malingaliro ambiri a Mao adathetsedwa.
China ikupitilizabe kulimbana ndi America ndi USSR. Mu 1964, achi China adalengeza zakupezeka kwa zida za atomiki, zomwe zidadzetsa nkhawa kwa Khrushchev ndi atsogoleri amayiko ena. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nkhondo zankhondo nthawi ndi nthawi zimachitika kumalire a Sino-Russia.
Popita nthawi, mkangano udathetsedwa, koma izi zidapangitsa boma la Soviet kulimbikitsa mphamvu zake zankhondo pamalire onse ndi China.
Kusintha kwachikhalidwe
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, dziko lidayamba kuimirira, koma Mao Zedong sanagawane malingaliro a adani ake omwe. Anali ndi ulemu wapamwamba pakati pa anthu akwawo, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 60 adaganiza zotsatiranso zabodza zachikomyunizimu - "Cultural Revolution".
Zinatanthawuza zochitika zingapo zandale (1966-1976), motsogozedwa ndi Mao. Ponamizira kutsutsa "kubwezeretsa kwa capitalism" ku PRC, zolinga zonyoza ndikuwononga otsutsa andale zidakwaniritsidwa kuti akwaniritse mphamvu ya Zedong ndikusamutsa mphamvu kwa mkazi wake wachitatu Jiang Qing.
Chifukwa chachikulu cha Kusintha Kwachikhalidwe ndikulekana komwe kudatuluka mu CCP pambuyo pa kampeni ya Great Leap Forward. Anthu ambiri aku China adagwirizana ndi Mao, yemwe amawadziwa ndi malingaliro amgululi.
Panthawiyi, anthu mamiliyoni angapo adaponderezedwa. Magulu a "opanduka" adaphwanya chilichonse, ndikuwononga zojambula, mipando, mabuku ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zaluso.
Posakhalitsa Mao Zedong adazindikira tanthauzo la gululi. Zotsatira zake, adafulumira kusintha udindo wonse pazomwe zidachitikira mkazi wake. Kumayambiriro a 70s, adayandikira America ndipo posakhalitsa adakumana ndi mtsogoleri wawo Richard Nixon.
Moyo waumwini
Kwazaka zambiri za mbiri yake, Mao Zedong anali ndi zochitika zambiri zachikondi, komanso anali wokwatiwa mobwerezabwereza. Mkazi woyamba anali msuweni wake wachiwiri Luo Igu, yemweyo bambo ake adamusankhira. Posafuna kukhala naye, mnyamatayo adathawa panyumba usiku waukwati wawo, zomwe zidanyoza Chilamulo.
Pambuyo pake, Mao adakwatirana ndi Yang Kaihui, yemwe amathandizira mwamuna wake pankhani zandale komanso zankhondo. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi anyamata atatu - Anying, Anqing ndi Anlong. Pa nthawi yankhondo ndi gulu lankhondo la Chiang Kai-shek, mtsikanayo ndi ana ake aamuna adagwidwa ndi adani.
Atazunzidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, Yang sanapereke kapena kusiya Mao. Zotsatira zake, adaphedwa pamaso pa ana ake omwe. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mkazi wake, Mao adakwatirana ndi He Zizhen, yemwe anali wamkulu zaka 17. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wandale adachita chibwenzi ndi Iye pomwe adakwatirana ndi Yang.
Pambuyo pake, okwatiranawo anali ndi ana asanu, omwe amayenera kupatsa alendo chifukwa chakumenyera nkhondo. Moyo wovuta udakhudza thanzi la He, ndipo mu 1937 Zedong adamutumiza ku USSR kuti akalandire chithandizo.
Kumeneko adamugoneka m'chipatala cha amisala kwa zaka zingapo. Atamasulidwa kuchipatala, mayi wachichaina adatsalira ku Russia, ndipo patapita kanthawi adapita ku Shanghai.
Mkazi womaliza wa Mao anali wojambula waku Shanghai Lan Ping, yemwe pambuyo pake adasintha dzina lake kukhala Jiang Qing. Adabereka mwana wamkazi wa "Great Helmsman", nthawi zonse kuyesera kukhala mkazi wachikondi.
Imfa
Kuyambira 1971, Mao adadwala kwambiri ndipo samakonda kupezeka pagulu. M'zaka zotsatira, adayamba kudwala matenda a Parkinson. Mao Zedong adamwalira pa Seputembara 9, 1976 ali ndi zaka 82. Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, adadwala matenda amtima kawiri.
Thupi la wandale lidakonzedwa ndikuikidwa m'manda. Zedong atamwalira, kuzunzidwa kwa mkazi wake ndi anzawo kudayamba mdzikolo. Ambiri mwa omwe adatsagana ndi Jiang adaphedwa, pomwe mayiyo adathandizidwa pomuyika mchipatala. Ali komweko adadzipha zaka zingapo pambuyo pake.
Mamiliyoni a ntchito zake adasindikizidwa nthawi ya Mao. Mwa njira, buku la Zedong la quotation lidatenga malo achiwiri padziko lapansi, pambuyo pa Baibulo, kuti lifalitsidwe makope 900,000,000.
Chithunzi ndi Mao Zedong
