Bertrand Arthur William Russell, Wachitatu Earl Russell (1872-1970) - Wanzeru zaku Britain, logician, masamu, wolemba, wolemba mbiri komanso wodziwika pagulu. Olimbikitsa zamtendere komanso kusakhulupirira kuti kulibe Mulungu. Anapereka gawo lofunikira pamalingaliro a masamu, mbiri ya filosofi ndi chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso.
Russell amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa Chingerezi neorealism ndi neo-positivism. Mu 1950 adapatsidwa Mphoto ya Nobel mu Literature. Amadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino kwambiri azaka za m'ma 2000.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Russell, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Bertrand Russell.
Mbiri ya Russell
Bertrand Russell adabadwa pa Meyi 18, 1872 m'boma la Welsh ku Monmouthshire. Anakulira ndipo adaleredwa m'mabanja apamwamba a John Russell ndi Katherine Stanley, omwe anali m'gulu lakale la andale komanso asayansi.
Abambo ake anali mwana wa Prime Minister waku England komanso mtsogoleri wachipani cha Whig. Kuphatikiza pa Bertrand, makolo ake anali ndi mwana wamwamuna Frank komanso mtsikana Rachel.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Achibale ambiri a Bertrand adasiyanitsidwa ndi maphunziro awo komanso udindo wapamwamba pagulu. Russell Sr. anali m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa pacifism, chiphunzitso chomwe chidapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 19 ndipo chidadziwika zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. M'tsogolomu, mnyamatayo azithandizira malingaliro a abambo ake.
Amayi a Bertrand adamenyera nkhondo ufulu wa amayi, zomwe zidabweretsa udani kuchokera kwa Mfumukazi Victoria.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pofika zaka 4, wafilosofi wamtsogolo adakhala mwana wamasiye. Poyamba, amayi ake adamwalira ndi diphtheria, ndipo patatha zaka zingapo bambo ake adamwalira ndi bronchitis.
Zotsatira zake, ana adaleredwa ndi agogo awo aakazi, a Countess Russell, omwe amatsatira malingaliro a Oyeretsa. Mkazi anachita zonse zofunikira kupereka zidzukulu zake maphunziro abwino.
Ngakhale adakali mwana, Bertrand adayamba kuchita chidwi ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a sayansi yachilengedwe. Mnyamatayo adakhala nthawi yayitali akuwerenga mabuku, komanso amakonda masamu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti ngakhale pamenepo adauza wopembedza kuti sakhulupirira kuti kuli Mlengi.
Atafika zaka 17, Russell adapambana bwino mayeso ku Trinity College, ku Cambridge. Pambuyo pake adalandira digiri ya Bachelor of Arts.
Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adachita chidwi ndi ntchito za John Locke ndi David Hume. Kuphatikiza apo, adaphunzira ntchito zachuma za Karl Marx.
Maganizo ndi ntchito zafilosofi
Atamaliza maphunziro, Bertrand Russell adasankhidwa kukhala kazembe waku Britain, koyamba ku France kenako ku Germany. Mu 1986, adafalitsa ntchito yoyamba "Germany Social Democracy", yomwe idamupangitsa kutchuka.
Atabwerera kunyumba, Russell adaloledwa kukamba nkhani zachuma ku London, zomwe zidamupangitsa kukhala wodziwika kwambiri.
Mu 1900 adalandira chiitano ku World Congress of Philosophy ku Paris, komwe adakumana ndi asayansi apadziko lonse lapansi.
Mu 1908, Bertrand adakhala membala wa Royal Society, bungwe lotsogola lotsogola ku Britain. Pambuyo pake, mogwirizana ndi Whitehead, adasindikiza buku la Principia Mathematica, lomwe lidamupangitsa kuti adziwike padziko lonse lapansi. Olembawo amati nzeru zimatanthauzira sayansi yachilengedwe yonse, ndipo malingaliro amakhala maziko a kafukufuku aliyense.
Asayansi onsewa anali ndi lingaliro loti chowonadi chitha kumvedwa mwamphamvu, ndiye kuti, kudzera muzochitika zam'malingaliro. Russell adayang'anitsitsa dongosolo la boma, ndikudzudzula capitalism.
Bamboyo adati magawo onse azamakampani akuyenera kuyendetsedwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito, osati ochita bizinesi komanso akuluakulu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anatcha mphamvu ya boma chifukwa chachikulu cha mavuto onse padziko lapansi. Pankhani ya zisankho, amalimbikitsa kufanana pakati pa abambo ndi amai.
Madzulo a Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse (1914-1918) Russell adadzazidwa ndi malingaliro azisangalalo. Ndi membala wa gulu - "Counteraction to recuction", zomwe zidadzetsa mkwiyo pakati pa boma lomwe lilipo. Mwamunayo analimbikitsa anthu akwawo kuti akane kulowa usilikali, chifukwa cha zomwe adamuimbira mlandu.
Khotilo lidagamula kuti alipire chindapusa kuchokera ku Bertrand, kulanda laibulale yake ndikumulepheretsa kupita ku America kukaphunzitsa. Komabe, sanasiye kundende, ndipo chifukwa chazinthu zomuzunza mu 1918 adamangidwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
M'chipindacho, a Russell adalemba buku la Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. Mpaka kumapeto kwa nkhondoyo, adapitilizabe kuchita zinthu zotsutsana ndi nkhondo, kulimbikitsa malingaliro ake mwachangu. Pambuyo pake, wafilosofiyo adavomereza kuti amasilira a Bolsheviks, zomwe zidadzetsa chisokonezo pakati pa akuluakulu aboma.
Mu 1920, Bertrand Russell adapita ku Russia, komwe adakhala pafupifupi mwezi umodzi. Amalumikizana ndi Lenin, Trotsky, Gorky ndi Blok. Kuphatikiza apo, amapatsidwa mwayi wokakamba nkhani ku Petrograd Mathematical Society.
Mu nthawi yake yopuma, Russell amalankhula ndi anthu wamba ndipo adakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri ndi Bolshevism. Pambuyo pake, adayamba kudzudzula chikominisi, nkumadzitcha wachisosholizimu. Nthawi yomweyo, adati, pamlingo winawake, dziko likufunikirabe chikominisi.
Wasayansi adagawana nawo zomwe adapita paulendo wopita ku Russia m'buku "Bolshevism and the West". Pambuyo pake, adayendera China, chifukwa chake ntchito yake yatsopano yotchedwa "Vuto la China" idasindikizidwa.
Pa mbiri ya 1924-1931. Russell waphunzitsa m'mizinda ingapo yaku America. Pa nthawi yomweyi, iye anayamba kukonda maphunziro. Woganizirayo adatsutsa dongosolo la maphunziro achingerezi, ndikupempha kuti ana apange chitukuko, komanso kuthana ndi chuvinism ndi bureaucracy.
Mu 1929, Bertrand adafalitsa Ukwati ndi Makhalidwe Abwino, pomwe adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel ya Zolemba mu 1950. Kupanga zida zanyukiliya kunapondereza kwambiri wafilosofi, yemwe m'moyo wake wonse adayitanitsa anthu kuti azikhala mwamtendere komanso mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe.
Cha m'ma 1930, a Russell adatsutsa poyera Bolshevism ndi fascism, ndikupereka zolemba zingapo pamutuwu. Njira yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi imamukakamiza kuti aganizirenso malingaliro ake pankhani yankhondo. Hitler atalanda dziko la Poland, pamapeto pake adasiya kukonda nkhondo.
Komanso, a Bertrand Russell adapempha Britain ndi United States kuti agwire nawo nkhondo. Mu 1940 adakhala Pulofesa wa Philosophy ku City College ku New York. Izi zidadzetsa mkwiyo pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo, omwe adawalimbana nawo ndikulimbikitsa kuti kulibe Mulungu.
Nkhondo itatha, Russell anapitiliza kulemba mabuku atsopano, kuyankhula pawailesi, komanso kuphunzitsa ophunzira. Cha m'ma 1950s, anali kutsatira mfundo za Cold War chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti zitha kuletsa Nkhondo Yachitatu Yapadziko Lonse.
Panthawiyi, wasayansiyo adatsutsa USSR ndipo adawona kuti ndikofunikira kukakamiza atsogoleri aku Soviet Union kuti apereke United States poopsezedwa ndi bomba la atomiki. Komabe, bomba la atomiki litawonekera ku Soviet Union, adayamba kulimbikitsa kuletsa kwathunthu zida zanyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi.
Zochita pagulu
Pakulimbana mwamtendere, Bertrand Russell adapempha anthu onse kuti asiye zida za nyukiliya, chifukwa pankhondo imeneyi sipadzakhala opambana, koma otaika.
Lamulo la Russell-Einstein Lotsutsa lidatsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa Pugwash Scientist Movement, gulu lomwe limalimbikitsa zida zankhondo ndikuletsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Zochita zaku Britain zidamupangitsa kukhala m'modzi mwamphamvu zankhondo zamtendere.
Pakutha kwa zida zankhondo zaku Cuba, a Russell adatembenukira kwa atsogoleri aku United States ndi USSR - a John F. Kennedy ndi Nikita Khrushchev, kuwalimbikitsa kufunika kwakulankhula mwamtendere. Pambuyo pake, wafilosofiyo adatsutsa kulowa kwa asitikali ku Czechoslovakia, komanso kutenga nawo mbali ku United States pankhondo ku Vietnam.
Moyo waumwini
Kwa zaka zambiri za mbiri yake, Bertrand Russell adakwatirana kanayi, komanso anali ndi akazi ambiri. Mkazi wake woyamba anali Alice Smith, yemwe ukwati wake sunayende bwino.
Pambuyo pake, mwamunayo adacheza pang'ono ndi atsikana osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza Ottolin Morrell, Helen Dudley, Irene Cooper Ullis ndi Constance Malleson. Nthawi yachiwiri Russell adapita pamsewu ndi wolemba Dora Black. Mgwirizanowu, banjali linali ndi mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi.
Posakhalitsa banjali linaganiza zochoka, popeza woganiza anayamba chibwenzi ndi Joan Falwell wachichepere, yemwe adatha pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Mu 1936, adapempha a Patricia Spencer, oyang'anira ana ake, omwe adavomera kukhala mkazi wake. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Bertrand anali wamkulu zaka 38 kuposa wosankhidwa wake.
Posakhalitsa okwatiranawo anali ndi mwana wamwamuna. Komabe, kubadwa kwa mwana wamwamuna sikunapulumutse ukwatiwu. Mu 1952, woganiza adasudzula mkazi wake, kuyamba kukondana ndi wolemba Edith Fing.
Onsewa adagwira nawo ntchito pamisonkhano, kupita kumayiko osiyanasiyana ndikumachita zankhondo.
Imfa
Bertrand Russell adamwalira pa February 2, 1970 ali ndi zaka 97. Zomwe zimamupha anali chimfine. Anaikidwa m'manda ku Gwyneth County, Welsh.
Lero, ntchito za Briton ndizodziwika kwambiri. M'mawu omwe adalemba pamsonkhano wokumbukira "Bertrand Russell - wafilosofi wazaka zapitazi" zidadziwika kuti zopereka za Russell pamalingaliro a masamu ndizofunikira kwambiri komanso zofunikira kuyambira nthawi ya Aristotle.
Chithunzi ndi Bertrand Russell
