Nkhalango ndizofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi. M'nkhalango mumakhala mafuta komanso mpweya wabwino, zimapangitsa kuti pakhale nyengo komanso chinyezi m'nthaka, komanso zimapulumutsa anthu mamiliyoni mazana ambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, nkhalango ngati gwero imabwezeretsedwa mwachangu mokwanira kotero kuti kuyikonzanso kwake kudawonekeranso m'moyo wam'badwo umodzi.
Kuthamanga koteroko kumasewera nthabwala yankhanza ndi nkhalango nthawi ndi nthawi. Anthu amayamba kuganiza kuti padzakhala nkhalango zokwanira zaka zana zawo, ndipo, atakulunga manja awo, amatenga ntchito. Pafupifupi mayiko onse omwe amadzitcha otukuka adutsa munthawi yochepa ya kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Choyamba, nkhalango zidawonongedwa kuti zidye - anthu adakula ndikufunikira malo owonjezera olimapo. Ndiye njala inalowa m'malo mwa kufunafuna ndalama, ndipo nkhalango sizinali zabwino konse. Ku Europe, America ndi Russia, mzu wake udabzalidwa mahekitala mamiliyoni ambiri a nkhalango. Iwo anayamba kuganiza za kubwezeretsa kwawo, ndipo ngakhale mwachinyengo kwambiri, kokha m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri, pamene kudula mitengo kunasamukira ku Latin America, Africa ndi Asia. Kunena zowona, anthu apeza njira zambiri zopangira phindu mwachangu m'nkhalango, nthawi zina osagwiranso nkhwangwa, koma sanavutike kuti apange njira yomweyo yobwezeretsa kuwonongeka komwe kunachitika.
1. Malingaliro ambiri amakono onena za mbiri yakale ya ku Europe, monga "khama lachibadwa", "kusakhazikika komwe kumayenderana ndi kusakhazikika", "kutsatira malamulo a m'Baibulo", ndi "machitidwe Achiprotestanti", zitha kuwonetsedwa m'mawu awiri: "Slide law". Kuphatikiza apo, zomwe zimafotokozedwera pamalingaliro achikale, pakuphatikizaku kunalibe funso m'matangadza (nyumba zomangira zombo), kapena zamalamulo potanthauza "lamulo, chilungamo". Mizinda yaku Germany yomwe ili pamitsinje yabwino kunyamula matabwa yalengeza kuti ndi "ufulu wothyola". Matabwa omwe adadulidwa ku Germany komanso ma duchies adayandikira ku Netherlands. Kumeneko ankangodyetsedwa mosaneneka - zombo, madamu, zomanga nyumba ... Komabe, rafting idadutsa m'mizinda, yomwe imangoletsedwa kudzera mu rafting - anali ndi "lamulo lothamangitsa". Anthu akhama pantchito a Mannheim, Mainz, Koblenz ndi mizinda ina khumi ndi iwiri yaku Germany adangokakamizidwa kugula matabwa pamtengo wotsika kuchokera kwa odula mitengo ndikumagulitsanso makasitomala omwe amachokera kumunsi kwa Rhine ndi mitsinje ina, osagunda chala. Si ndipamene mawu oti "khala pamitsinje" adachokera? Nthawi yomweyo, okhala m'mizinda sanaiwale kutenga misonkho pamakwerero kuti asunge njira yamtsinje ili bwino - pambuyo pake, zikadapanda iwo, njira yapa mtsinje wopita ku Netherlands ikadakhala yosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Sizovuta kuganiza kuti njira yonse kuchokera kumadzi am'madzi a Rhine kupita ku North Sea adachitidwa ndi sitima yomweyo, yomwe m'matumba awo mudali ndalama zochepa. Koma Baroque Cathedral of Mannheim, yomangidwa ndi ndalama kuchokera pachipongwechi, imadziwika kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri komanso yokongola kwambiri ku Central Europe. Ndipo maluso omwewo amafotokozedwa mwachidule munkhani ya a Wilhelm Hauff "Achisanu": Nkhalango Yakuda yakhala ikuwongolera mitengo ku Netherlands moyo wawo wonse, ndipo amapeza ntchito yawo molimbika kuti apeze chidutswa cha mkate, kutsegula pakamwa pawo pakuwona mizinda yokongola ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
2. Kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri ku Russia, nkhalango zimawonedwa ngati chinthu chodziwikiratu, chomwe chinali, chomwe chilipo komanso chomwe chidzakhale. Nzosadabwitsa - ndi anthu ochepa, malo amnkhalango amawoneka ngati chilengedwe chosiyana kwambiri, chomwe munthu sangakhudze nawo m'njira yoonekera. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa nkhalango ngati malo kunayamba nthawi ya Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (m'ma 17th century). M'kalata yake ya Cathedral, nkhalango zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri, koma ndizosamveka bwino. Nkhalango zidagawika m'magulu - amtundu, am'deralo, osungidwa, ndi zina zambiri, komabe, palibe malire omveka omwe akhazikitsidwa m'nkhalango zosiyanasiyana, kapena zilango zogwiritsa ntchito nkhalango mosaloledwa (kupatula zinthu monga uchi kapena nyama zotulutsidwa). Zachidziwikire, izi sizinakhudze akapolo, omwe anali ndi udindo wodula mosaloledwa molingana ndi nkhanza za boyar kapena abambo omwe adawagwira.
3. Malingaliro a Azungu pa nkhalango akuwonetsedwa kwathunthu m'buku lotchuka la Hansajorg Küster waku Germany "Mbiri Yankhalango. Onani kuchokera ku Germany ". M'ntchito yomalizirayi, mbiri ya nkhalango yaku Europe m'lingaliro lake lomaliza imatha chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi nkhani za olamulira kudula mitengo kuti ipindulitse, kusiya alimi ndi nthambi kuti azidyetsa ziweto zawo ndi malo owotchera nyumba zawo. M'malo mwa nkhalango, zidutswa zowopsa zidapangidwa - minda yayikulu yodzaza ndi mabulosi am'munsi mwa ziphuphu. Podandaula za nkhalango zomwe zasowa, Kuester adanenetsa kuti olemekezekawo pamapeto pake adazindikira kulima kwawo ndikudzala mapaki okhala ndi njira zowongoka zamakilomita ambiri. Ndiwo mapaki omwe amatchedwa nkhalango ku Europe lero.
4. Russia ili ndi nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe ili ndi makilomita 8,55 miliyoni. Chiwerengerochi ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuti tingaganizire popanda kuyerekezera. Ndi maiko 4 okha padziko lapansi (osawerengera, Russia, palokha) ali mdera lalikulu kuposa nkhalango zaku Russia. Dziko lonse la Australia ndi laling'ono kuposa nkhalango zaku Russia. Komanso, chiwerengerochi ndi 8.15 miliyoni2 anamaliza. Pofuna kuti nkhalango ku Russia zichepetsedwe kufika pa 8.14 miliyoni km2, ndikofunikira kuti nkhalango ziwotchedwe pamalo pafupifupi ofanana ndi dera la Montenegro.
5. Ngakhale ntchito zake zalamulo zimatsutsana, Peter I adapanga dongosolo logwirizana pankhani yosamalira nkhalango. Sanangoyang'anira kokha kudula nkhalango koyenera kumanga zombo ndi zofunikira zina zaboma, komanso adakhazikitsa bungwe lolamulira. Special Service of Waldmeisters (ochokera ku Germany Wald - nkhalango) anthu ogwirizana omwe pano akutchedwa nkhalango. Anapatsidwa mphamvu zokulirapo, mpaka kupereka chilango chaimfa kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mlandu wodula mitengo mosaloledwa. Chofunika cha malamulo a Peter ndi chophweka kwambiri - matabwa, omwe kulibe malo awo, amatha kudula kokha ndi chilolezo cha boma. M'tsogolomu, ngakhale panali zovuta zambiri motsatizana ndi mpando wachifumu, njira iyi yakutchire sinasinthe. Zachidziwikire, nthawi zina, pano, kuuma kwa lamuloli kumalipidwa chifukwa chosagwiritsa ntchito. Malire a nkhalango, chifukwa cha kudula nkhalango, amasunthira makilomita angapo kumpoto chaka chilichonse. Koma chonsecho, malingaliro omwe akuluakulu anali nawo pankhani ya nkhalango ku Russia anali osasinthasintha ndipo zidapangitsa kuti, mosadukiza kwambiri, ziteteze nkhalango m'maiko aboma.
6. M'nkhalango muli adani ambiri, kuyambira pamoto mpaka tizirombo. Ndipo ku Russia mzaka za zana la XIX eni malo anali adani owopsa a nkhalango. A Fellings adawononga mahekitala masauzande ambiri. Boma linali lopanda mphamvu - simukanatha kuyang'anira woyang'anira mitengo iliyonse yamitengo, ndipo eni malowo amangoseka pazoletsazo. Njira yotchuka "yokumbira" nkhuni zochulukirapo inali masewera amiseche, ngati nkhalango za eni nthaka zinali pafupi ndi maboma. Mwini malowo adadula nkhalango pamunda wake, ndipo mwangozi adatenga ma dessiatine mazana angapo (chakhumi pang'ono kuposa hekitala) ya mitengo yaboma. Milandu yotereyi sinawafufuze ndipo sanatchulidwe kawirikawiri m'malipoti a owerengetsa, zodabwitsazo zinali zazikulu kwambiri. Ndipo eni malowo amangodula nkhalango zawo ndi mkwatulo. Society for the Encouragement of Forestry, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1832, yakhala ikumvetsera malipoti onena za kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango ku Central Russia kwazaka ziwiri. Kunapezeka kuti nkhalango ya Murom, nkhalango ya Bryansk, nkhalango zakale m'mphepete mwa Oka, ndi nkhalango zambiri zosadziwika bwino zidawonongedwa. Wokamba nkhaniyo, a Count Kushelev-Bezborodko, ataya mtima: m'zigawo zachonde kwambiri komanso zokhala ndi anthu ambiri, nkhalango "zawonongedwa pafupifupi pansi".
7. Count Pavel Kiselev (1788-1872) adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu pakukhazikitsa ndikukhazikitsa Dipatimenti ya Zankhalango ku Russia ngati gulu lofunikira pakusamalira nkhalango ndikuwonjezera ndalama kuchokera kwa iwo. Mtsogoleriyu adakwanitsa kuchita bwino m'malo onse omwe mafumu atatu adamupatsa, chifukwa chake, kupambana pakuyang'anira nkhalango kuli mthunzi wa asitikali (wamkulu wa gulu lankhondo la Danube), kazembe (kazembe ku France) ndi oyang'anira (adasintha moyo wa anthu wamba). Pakadali pano, Kiselyov adapanga Dipatimenti ya Zankhalango pafupifupi ngati nthambi ya asitikali - nkhalango zimakhala moyo wankhondo, zilandila maudindo, kutalika kwa ntchito. Woyang'anira nkhalango anali wofanana ndi wamkulu wa regiment. Maudindo adapatsidwa osati okalamba okha, komanso ntchito. Kukhalapo kwa maphunziro kunali kofunikira pakukweza pantchito, chifukwa chake, pazaka za kulamula kwa Kiselev, asayansi aluso aza nkhalango adakulira ku Forest Service. Kapangidwe kamene kanapangidwa ndi Kiselyov, mwachidule, kakadali ku Russia mpaka lero.
8. Nthawi zambiri nkhalango zimakumbutsa anthu kuti anthu sayenera kukokomeza kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe. Njira ya chikumbutso chotere ndiyosavuta komanso yopezeka - moto wamnkhalango. Chaka chilichonse amawononga nkhalango pa mahekitala mamiliyoni ambiri, nthawi yomweyo akuwotcha midzi ndikupha anthu ozimitsa moto, odzipereka komanso anthu wamba omwe sanathe kutuluka m'malo owopsa munthawi yake. Moto wowopsa kwambiri ukuchitika ku Australia. Chikhalidwe cha kontinenti yaying'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi, kusowa kwa zotchinga zazikulu zamadzi pamoto komanso malo okhala mosalala zimapangitsa Australia kukhala malo oyenera moto wamoto. Mu 1939, ku Victoria, moto udawononga mahekitala 1.5 miliyoni a nkhalango ndikupha anthu 71. Mu 2003, chaka chachitatu m'boma lomweli, moto udalipo kwambiri m'deralo, komabe, udachitika pafupi ndi midzi. Mu tsiku limodzi lokha mu February, anthu 76 anaphedwa. Chofuna kwambiri pakadali pano ndi moto womwe udayamba mu Okutobala 2019. Moto wake wapha kale anthu 26 ndi nyama pafupifupi biliyoni imodzi. Ngakhale amathandizidwe apadziko lonse lapansi, motowo sukanakhalapo ngakhale m'malire a mizinda ikuluikulu.
9. Mu 2018, Russia inali malo achisanu padziko lapansi pankhani yazokolola matabwa, kumbuyo kwa USA, China, India ndi Brazil kokha. Onse okwana ma 228 miliyoni a cubic metres adagulidwa. m. matabwa. Uyu ndi munthu wolemba mbiri m'zaka za zana la 21, koma ndizotalikirana ndi 1990, pomwe matabwa a cubic metres 300 miliyoni adadulidwa ndikukonzedwa. Ndi 8% yokha yamatabwa omwe adatumizidwa kunja (mu 2007 - 24%), pomwe kutumizidwa kwa zinthu zopangira nkhuni kunakulanso. Ndikukula kwathunthu kwa magwiridwe antchito pachaka chilichonse cha 7%, kupanga kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kudakwera ndi 14%, ndipo fiberboard - ndi 15%. Russia yakhala ikutumiza kunja kwa zolemba. Zonse pamodzi, matabwa ndi zopangidwa kuchokera kumeneko zidatumizidwa $ 11 biliyoni.
10. Dziko lamatabwa kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi Suriname. Nkhalango zimaphimba 98.3% yamadera aku South America. Mwa mayiko otukuka, mitengo yambiri ndi Finland (73.1%), Sweden (68.9%), Japan (68.4%), Malaysia (67.6%) ndi South Korea (63.4%). Ku Russia, nkhalango zimakhala ndi 49.8% yamderali.
11. Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwamatekinoloje kwamasiku ano, nkhalango zikupitilizabe kupeza ndalama ndi mphamvu kwa anthu mabiliyoni ambiri. Pafupifupi anthu biliyoni amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nkhuni, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito popanga magetsi. Awa ndi anthu omwe amadula nkhalangoyi, kuyikonza ndikuisandutsa makala. Wood amapanga 40% yamagetsi omwe amatha kupangidwanso padziko lapansi. Dzuwa, madzi ndi mphepo zimapereka mphamvu zochepa kuposa nkhalango. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu pafupifupi 2.5 biliyoni amagwiritsa ntchito nkhuni kuphika ndi kutenthetsera zakale. Makamaka, ku Africa, magawo awiri mwa atatu a mabanja onse amagwiritsa ntchito nkhuni kuphika chakudya, ku Asia 38%, ku Latin America mabanja 15%. Pafupifupi theka la nkhuni zopangidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mphamvu m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
12. Nkhalango, makamaka nkhalango, sizingatchulidwe kuti "mapapu adziko lapansi" pazifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, mapapo, mwakutanthauzira, ndiye chiwalo chomwe chimapuma mthupi. Kwa ife, nkhalango iyenera kupereka gawo la mkango mumlengalenga, pafupifupi 90-95% ya mpweya. M'malo mwake, nkhalango zimapatsa 30% ya mpweya wonse wam'mlengalenga. Zina zonse zimapangidwa ndi tizilombo m'nyanja. Kachiwiri, mtengo umodzi umalemeretsa mpweya ndi mpweya, koma nkhalango yonseyo satero. Mtengo uliwonse, panthawi yowola kapena yoyaka, umatenga mpweya wochuluka monga momwe umatulutsira m'moyo wake. Ngati njira yakukalamba ndi kufa kwa mitengo imachitika mwachilengedwe, ndiye kuti mitengo yaying'ono imachotsa zakale, ndikutulutsa mpweya wambiri. Koma pakakhala kuwonongeka kwakukulu kapena moto, mitengo yaying'ono sikhala ndi nthawi yoti "ichotse ngongole". Kwa zaka zoposa 10, asayansi apeza kuti nkhalango yatulutsa kaboni wowirikiza kawiri kuposa momwe idalowerera. Gawo lofananalo limagwiranso ntchito ndi mpweya. Ndiye kuti, kulowererapo kwa anthu kumasintha ngakhale mitengo yathanzi kukhala chiopsezo ku chilengedwe.
13. Ndi njira yolimbitsira matabwa oyenda m'mbali mwa mitsinje, yomwe tsopano ndi yoletsedwa ku Russia, koma yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku USSR, zikwizikwi za ma cubic metres zidamira m'mbali mwa mitsinje komanso m'zigwa. Sizinali zowononga - kugulitsa matabwa, ngakhale ndi zotayika zotere zochokera kumadera akumpoto a USSR mzaka za m'ma 1930, zidapulumutsa anthu masauzande mazana ku njala. Pazinthu zowonjezera zopangira rafting, ndiye kuti panalibe ndalama kapena zothandizira anthu. Ndipo masiku ano, ngati simusamala chisokonezo cha akatswiri a zachilengedwe, kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwapakati pa madigiri 0,5 kokha mu beseni la Mtsinje wa Northern Dvina kudzatulutsa matabwa a cubic metres 300 miliyoni - ndizopitilira matabwa apachaka ku Russia. Ngakhale poganizira kuwonongeka kosapeweka, mutha kupeza za 200 cubic metres zamitengo yabizinesi.
14. Pazofanana zonse za mawu oti "nkhalango" ndi "nkhalango", amatanthauza zosiyana, ngakhale zokhudzana ndi nkhalango zokha, akatswiri. Woyang'anira nkhalango ndi mlonda wa m'nkhalango, munthu amene amasunga bata m'nkhalango yomwe wapatsidwa. Woyang'anira nkhalango ndi katswiri wodziwa bwino za kayendedwe ka nkhalango ndipo amayang'anira ntchito yokonza nkhalangoyo. Kawirikawiri, woyang'anira nkhalangoyi amaphatikiza udindo wa woyang'anira munda kapena nazale ndi ntchito yake. Komabe, chisokonezo chomwe chidakhalapo chidatsalira m'mbuyomu - kukhazikitsidwa kwa Forest Code mu 2007, lingaliro la "nkhalango" lidathetsedwa, ndipo onse ogwira ntchito m'nkhalango adathamangitsidwa.
15. Mufilimuyi "Malo Amisonkhano Sangasinthe" Khalidwe la Vladimir Vysotsky likuwopseza zigawengazo kuti zimutumize "mwina kudera lodula kapena ku Magadan dzuwa”. Magadan sanadzutse mafunso kuchokera kwa munthu waku Soviet, komanso kuti akaidi zikwizikwi nawonso akuchita nawo mitengo. Chifukwa chiyani "malo odulira" ndiwowopsa, ndipo ndi chiyani? Akadula mitengo, nkhalango zimazindikira madera oyenera kudula mitengo. Ziwembu zotere zimatchedwa "ziwembu". Amayesa kuziyika ndikuzikonza kuti njira yochotsera mitengoyo ikhale yoyenera. Komabe, mkatikati mwa zaka makumi awiri, ngakhale panali makina ochepa, mayendedwe oyambira a mitengo yayikulu anali ntchito yakalavulagaga. Malo odulako amatchedwa nkhalango pomwe mitengoyo idadulidwa kale. Ntchito yovuta kwambiri idatsalira - kuchotsa nthambi zazikulu ndi nthambi ndi kuziyika pamanja. Ntchito kuderali inali yovuta kwambiri komanso yowopsa m'misasa yodulira mitengo, ndichifukwa chake Zheglov adagwiritsa ntchito malo odulapo mitengo ngati choopseza.
16. Nkhalango Padziko Lapansi ndizosiyana kwambiri, koma zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana - awa ndi masango a mitengo ikuluikulu yomwe ili ndi masamba obiriwira (kupatula kosowa) masamba kapena singano. Komabe, pali nkhalango padziko lathuli zomwe ndizapadera kwambiri. Iyi ndi nkhalango Yofiira, yomwe ili kutali kwambiri ndi chomera cha nyukiliya cha Chernobyl.Mitengo ya larch yomwe imakula mmenemo idalandira cheza chokwanira, ndipo tsopano yafiira chaka chonse. Ngati pamitengo ina mtundu wachikasu wa masambawo ukutanthauza kudwala kapena kufota kwa nyengo, ndiye kuti mitengo ya ku Red Forest mtundu uwu ndi wabwinobwino.
17. Nkhalango yokhota imakula ku Poland. Mitengo ya mitengo yomwe ili mmenemo, pamtunda wochepa kuchokera pansi, imafanana ndi nthaka, kenako, yopindika, bwererani pamalo owongoka. Zomwe nkhalango zimabzala ndi Ajeremani munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi ndizodziwikiratu, koma chifukwa chake mitengo yolimidwa sizikudziwika. Mwina uku ndikuyesera kupanga zopindika zamatabwa zopangidwa kale. Komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti ndalama zogwirira ntchito popanga zosowa zotere ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa ndalama zogwirira ntchito zofunika kupeza zopindika kuchokera kumatabwa owongoka.
18. Ku Curonian Spit National Park m'chigawo cha Kaliningrad, mitengo yamapini imamera mbali iliyonse, koma osati mozungulira, ndikupanga Dancing Forest. Woyambitsa kuvina amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa agulugufe, omwe malasankhuli awo amaluma masamba a apical kuchokera ku mphukira zazing'ono za paini. Mtengo umalowetsa mphukira yayikulu pamtambo wotsatira, chifukwa chake thunthu limakhotera mbali zosiyanasiyana likamakula.
19. Nkhalango yamiyala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China si nkhalango konse. Uwu ndi mulu wamiyala yamiyala mpaka 40 mita kutalika, wowoneka ngati nkhalango moto watentha. Kukokoloka kwagwira ntchito pamakina a karst kwa mamiliyoni a zaka, kotero ngati mungakhale ndi malingaliro, mutha kuwona mitundu ingapo yamitengo yamiyala. Gawo la pafupifupi 400 km2 nkhalango yamiyala yasinthidwa kukhala paki yokongola yokhala ndi mathithi, mapanga, kapinga wokumba ndi madera a nkhalango yeniyeni.
20. Maganizo a anthu pazinthu zamatabwa ndi zamatabwa akuwonetsa kuti padakali zilumba zanzeru pamisala yamagulu ogula. M'mayiko otukuka, theka la mabuku onse amapangidwa kale kuchokera ku mapepala omwe adatengedwa. Ngakhale zaka 30 zapitazo, chiwerengero chofananira cha 25% chimawerengedwa kuti chikuwononga chilengedwe. Kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka matabwa odulira matabwa, mapanelo okhala ndi matabwa ndi mapanelo kulinso kochititsa chidwi. Mu 1970, kupanga matabwa "oyera" anali ofanana ndi fiberboard ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Mu 2000, magawowa adakhala ofanana, kenako fiberboard ndi tinthu tating'ono tinatsogolera. Tsopano kumwa kwawo kuli pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri ka mitengo yamatabwa wamba.
