Pa Epulo 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin adapanga ndege yoyamba yopanga malo ndipo nthawi yomweyo adayambitsa ntchito yatsopano - "cosmonaut". Kumapeto kwa 2019, anthu 565 achezera malo. Chiwerengerochi chimatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera tanthauzo la "astronaut" (kapena "astronaut", pankhaniyi, malingaliro ake ndi ofanana) m'maiko osiyanasiyana, koma dongosolo la manambala likhale lofanana.
Masemikisi amawu otanthauza anthu omwe akupanga maulendo apandege adayamba kusiyanasiyana ndiulendo woyamba. Yuri Gagarin anamaliza kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi. Kuthawa kwake kudatengedwa ngati poyambira, ndipo ku USSR, kenako ku Russia, cosmonaut amadziwika kuti ndi amene adapanga njira imodzi kuzungulira dziko lathu lapansi.
Ku United States, ndege yoyamba inali ya suborbital - John Glenn adangouluka wokwera komanso wautali, koma wotseguka. Chifukwa chake, ku United States, munthu amene wakwera makilomita 80 kutalika akhoza kudziona ngati wokayenda pamwezi. Koma izi, zachidziwikire, ndizoyenera. Tsopano cosmonauts / astronauts ali paliponse pomwe amatchedwa anthu omwe apanga ndege yotalikirapo kupitilira kamodzi mumlengalenga wokonzeka.
1. Mwa cosmonauts 565, 64 ndi akazi. Amayi a 50 aku America, oimira 4 a USSR / Russia, azimayi aku Canada aku 2, azimayi aku Japan ndi azimayi achi China komanso woimira m'modzi aliyense waku Great Britain, France, Italy ndi Korea adayendera malo. Onse pamodzi amuna, oimira mayiko 38 adayendera malo.
2. Ntchito ya chombo ndiyowopsa kwambiri. Ngakhale sitingaganizire miyoyo ya anthu yomwe idatayika pokonzekera, osati panthawi yakuthawa, kufa kwa akatswiri akuwona zikuwopsya - pafupifupi 3.2% ya oimira ntchitoyi adamwalira kuntchito. Poyerekeza, pantchito yowopsa kwambiri ya "asodzi" ya asodzi, chizindikiritso chomwecho ndi 0,04%, ndiye kuti, asodzi amafa pafupifupi 80 kangapo. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu amafa mosagwirizana kwambiri. Cosmonauts Soviet (anayi a iwo) anafa chifukwa cha mavuto luso mu 1971-1973. Anthu aku America, ngakhale atapanga maulendo apandege opita kumwezi, adayamba kuwonongeka munthawi yomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndiyoyenda bwino kwambiri yoyenda mlengalenga. US space shuttle Challenger ndi Columbia adapha anthu 14 chifukwa choti matailosi akuwonetserako matumba awo.
3. Moyo wa cosmonaut aliyense kapena wa mu chombo ndi wamfupi, ngakhale ndiwosangalatsa. Malinga ndi kuwerengera osati cholinga chachikulu, koma wolemba mbiri yakale wokhulupirira nyenyezi Stanislav Savin, omwe amayembekezeka kukhala ndi moyo wazaka zakuthambo ku Soviet ndi zaka 51, akatswiri azamlengalenga a NASA amakhala zaka zosachepera 3.
4. Zofunikira zenizeni zenizeni zidakhazikitsidwa paumoyo wa cosmonaut woyamba. Chidziwitso chaching'ono cha zovuta zomwe zingachitike ndi thupi lokhala ndi mwayi wa 100% zidatha kuthamangitsidwa kwa omwe akufuna kupita kumalo. Anthu 20 omwe adaphatikizidwa mgululi adasankhidwa koyamba kuchokera kwa oyendetsa ndege omenyera 3461, kenako 347. Pa gawo lotsatira, kusankha kunali kale mwa anthu 206, ndipo ngakhale 105 mwa iwo adasiya chifukwa chazachipatala (75 adadzikana okha). Ndizotheka kunena kuti mamembala oyamba a cosmonaut anali anthu athanzi koposa ku Soviet Union zowonadi. Tsopano akatswiri azakuthambo, nawonso, amayesedwa mozama ndi azachipatala ndipo amachita nawo masewera olimbitsa thupi, koma zofunika paumoyo wawo zakhala zosavuta. Mwachitsanzo, cosmonaut komanso odziwika bwino otchuka pa cosmonautics a Sergei Ryazansky alemba kuti mwa gulu lake onse opanga ma cosmonaut atatu adavala magalasi. Ryazansky pambuyo pake adasinthana ndi magalasi olumikizana nawo. Centrifuge yomwe imayikidwa ku Gorky Park imapereka zochulukirapo zofanana ndi ma centrifuge omwe amaphunzitsira cosmonauts. Koma zolimbitsa thupi thukuta lamagazi zimaperekedwabe patsogolo.
5. Ndi kulimba mtima kwa mankhwala apansi ndi danga nthawi yomweyo, kuphulika kwa anthu ovala zovala zoyera kumachitikabe. Kuyambira 1977 mpaka 1978, a Georgy Grechko ndi a Yuri Romanenko adagwira ntchito pamalo ophunzitsira a Salyut-6 kwa masiku 96. Ali panjira, adalemba zolemba zingapo, zomwe zidafotokozedwa kwambiri: koyamba kukondwerera Chaka Chatsopano mlengalenga, adalandira gulu loyambirira padziko lonse lapansi pasiteshoni, ndi zina zambiri. Pansi, madokotala anafufuza zotupa za Romanenko. Mlengalenga, matendawa afika pamitsempha ndikumva kuwawa kofananira. Romanenko mwamsanga anawononga mankhwala opha ululu, Grechko anayesa kuchiza dzino lake pa malamulo ochokera ku Dziko Lapansi. Anayesanso chida china cha ku Japan chomwe sichinachitikepo, chomwe chimachiritsa matenda onse ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zotumizidwa kumadera ena a auricle. Zotsatira zake, kuwonjezera pa dzino, khutu la Romanenko lidayamba kupweteka - zida zake zidawotcha kudzera mwa iye. Ogwira ntchito a Alexei Gubarev ndi Czech Vladimir Remek, omwe adafika pa siteshoni, adabwera ndi zida zazing'ono zamano. Atawona zopangitsa zonyezimira ndikumva kuti kudziwa kwa Remek za mano kumangochezera ola limodzi ndi dokotala pa Earth, Romanenko adaganiza zopirira mpaka atafika. Ndipo adapirira - dzino lake lidatulutsidwa panja.
6. Masomphenya a diso lakumanja ndi 0.2, lamanzere ndi 0.1. Matenda gastritis. Spondylosis (kuchepa kwa ngalande ya msana) ya msana wamtundu. Iyi si mbiriyakale yazachipatala, iyi ndi mbiri yazaumoyo wa cosmonaut No. 8 Konstantin Feoktistov. General Designer Sergei Korolev adalangiza adotolo kuti asanyalanyaze thanzi la Feoktistov. Konstantin Petrovich mwiniwake adakhazikitsa dongosolo lofikira la chombo cha Voskhod ndipo amayesa kuti adziyese yekha paulendo woyamba. Madokotala anayesanso kuwononga malangizo a Korolev, koma Feoktistov mwachangu adagonjetsa aliyense ndi mawonekedwe ake odekha komanso okoma mtima. Anauluka limodzi ndi Boris Egorov ndi Vladimir Komarov pa Okutobala 12-13, 1964.
7. Kufufuza malo ndi bizinesi yamtengo wapatali. Tsopano theka la bajeti ya Roscosmos imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamaulendo apandege - pafupifupi ma ruble 65 biliyoni pachaka. Ndizosatheka kuwerengera mtengo wokauluka m'mlengalenga m'modzi, koma pafupifupi, kuyambitsa munthu mumsewu ndikukhazikika pamenepo kumawononga ma ruble 5.5 - 6 biliyoni. Gawo la ndalamazo "limamenyedwa" popereka alendo ku ISS. M'zaka zaposachedwa, aku America okha alipira pafupifupi madola biliyoni imodzi kuti apereke "okwera mlengalenga" ku ISS. Anapulumutsanso zambiri - ndege yotsika mtengo kwambiri ya Shuttles idawononga $ 500 miliyoni. Kuphatikiza apo, ndege iliyonse yomwe inali pafupi inali yokwera mtengo kwambiri. Tekinoloje imakhala ndi msinkhu wokalamba, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kusamalira "Challengers" ndi "Atlantis" pansi kumawononga ndalama zochulukirapo. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito ku Soviet "Buran" yolemekezeka - zovuta zinali zoyambira sayansi ndi ukadaulo, koma kwa izo kunalibe ndipo kulibe ntchito zokwanira mphamvu zadongosolo ndi mtengo wapaulendo.
8. Chododometsa chosangalatsa: kuti mulowe mu cosmonaut Corps, muyenera kukhala ochepera zaka 35, apo ayi wopemphayo atakulungidwa pagawo lovomerezeka. Koma kale cosmonauts kuuluka pafupifupi mpaka pantchito. Cosmonaut waku Russia Pavel Vinogradov adakondwerera tsiku lake lobadwa la 60th ndi spacewalk - anali chabe pa ISS ngati gulu la ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo Italy Paolo Nespoli adapita mumlengalenga ali ndi zaka 60 ndi miyezi itatu.
9. Miyambo, miyambo komanso zamatsenga pakati pa oyenda m'mlengalenga zakhala zikuchuluka kwazaka zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, miyambo yoyendera Red Square kapena kujambula chithunzi pa chipilala cha Lenin ku Star City - Korolev ibwerera ku ndege zoyambirira. Ndale zakhala zikusintha kale, koma mwambowu udakalipobe. Koma kanema "White Sun of the Desert" wakhala akuwonera kuyambira ma 1970, kenako sanatulutsidwe kuti atulutsidwe konse. Ataziyang'ana, Vladimir Shatalov ankachita ndege yanthawi zonse. Georgy Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov ndi Viktor Patsaev kenako. Sanayang'anire kanemayo ndipo anamwalira. Asanayambirenso, adapereka mwayi wowonera "Dzuwa Loyera la M'chipululu", ndipo ndegeyo idayenda bwino. Mwambo wakhala ukusungidwa kwa pafupifupi theka la zana. Poyambira pomwepo, zikwangwani zayimirira ngati khoma: cholembedwa pachitseko cha hotelo ku Baikonur, nyimbo "Grass by the House", kujambula, kuyimilira pomwe adayimilira Yuri Gagarin. Miyambo iwiri yatsopano imavomerezedwa mosavomerezeka: opanga ma cosmonaut amawonera kanema wopatukana wopangidwa ndi akazi awo, ndipo wopanga wamkulu amaperekeza wamkulu wa sitimayo kukwera masitepe ndi kukankha kwakukulu. Ansembe a Orthodox nawonso amakopeka. Wansembe amadalitsa roketi mosalephera, koma akatswiri amatha kukana. Koma, chodabwitsa, palibe miyambo kapena miyambo mlengalenga asanafike.
10. Mascot ofunikira kwambiri othawa ndi chidole chofewa, chomwe aku America adayamba kutenga zombo zawo ngati chisonyezero chochepa. Kenako chikhalidwe anasamukira ku cosmonautics Soviet ndi Russian. Astronauts ali ndi ufulu wosankha zomwe akufuna kuthawa (ngakhale choseweretsa chiyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi akatswiri oteteza). Amphaka, ma gnomes, zimbalangondo, ma transformer amauluka mumlengalenga - kangapo. Ndipo ogwira ntchito a Alexander Misurkin kumapeto kwa 2017 adatenga chithunzi cha satellite yoyamba kupanga ngati choseweretsa - kuthawa kwake kunali zaka 60.
11. A astronaut ndi katswiri wokwera mtengo kwambiri. Mtengo wophunzitsira cosmonauts ndiokwera kwambiri. Ngati apainiya anali kukonzekera chaka chimodzi ndi theka, ndiye kuti nthawi yokonzekera idayamba kutambasuka. Panali milandu pamene zaka 5 - 6 zapita kuchokera kubwera kwa cosmonaut kupita kuulendo woyamba. Chifukwa chake, sikuti aliyense wapaulendo amangokhala paulendo umodzi wokha - kuphunzitsidwa kwa cosmonaut kamodzi kokha kulibe phindu. Otsika nthawi zambiri amasiya malo chifukwa cha mavuto azaumoyo kapena zosakhazikika. Pafupifupi nkhani yokhayokha - cosmonaut wachiwiri waku Germany Titov. Paulendo wamaola 24, adamva kuwawa kotero kuti sanangonena izi ku komitiyi atatha kuthawa, komanso adakana kupitiliza kukhala mgulu la cosmonaut, ndikukhala woyendetsa ndege.
12. Zakudya zam'mlengalenga m'machubu ndi dzulo. Chakudya chomwe chombo chimadya tsopano chili ngati chakudya chapadziko lapansi. Ngakhale, ndithudi, kulemera kwake kumafunikira zofunikira pazosiyanasiyana kwa mbale. Msuzi ndi timadziti timafunikirabe kumwa kuchokera muzotengera zomata, ndipo nyama ndi nsomba zimapangidwa mu zakudya. Anthu aku America amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zouma kwambiri, anzawo aku Russia amakonda ma schnitzels awo. Nthawi yomweyo menyu ya cosmonaut aliyense ali ndi mawonekedwe ake. Asananyamuke, amauzidwa za iwo Padziko Lapansi, ndipo zombo zonyamula katundu zimabweretsa mbale zofananira ndi dongosolo. Kufika kwa sitima yonyamula katundu nthawi zonse kumakhala chikondwerero, chifukwa "magalimoto" amatulutsa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba nthawi zonse, komanso mitundu yonse yazodabwitsa zophikira.
13.Astronauts pa ISS adatenga nawo gawo pamoto wothamanga wa Olimpiki Masewera asanakwane ku Sochi. Muuni unaperekedwa ndi gulu la Mikhail Tyurin. Astronauts adayang'ana naye mkati mwa siteshoni ndi kuthambo. Kenako ogwira ntchito obwerera adatsika naye ku Earth. Ndi pamoto uwu pomwe Irina Rodnina ndi Vladislav Tretyak adayatsa moto m'mbale yayikulu ya bwaloli la Fisht.
14. Tsoka ilo, nthawi yomwe ma cosmonaut adazunguliridwa ndi chikondi chodziwika bwino ndipo ntchito yawo idawunikidwa molingana ndi mulingo wapamwamba zatha. Pokhapokha dzina loti "Hero of Russia" likuperekedwabe kwa aliyense amene wapanga ndege. Kwa enawo, akatswiri azakuthambo amakhala ofanana ndi ogwira ntchito wamba omwe akugwira ntchito kuti apeze malipiro (ngati msirikali abwera kwa cosmonauts, ayenera kusiya ntchito). Mu 2006, atolankhani adalemba kalata yochokera kwa cosmonauts 23 kuwafunsa kuti awapatse nyumba zomwe kale lidafunidwa ndi lamulo. Kalatayo idalembedwa kwa Purezidenti wa Russia. V. Putin adapereka chigamulo chabwino kwa iye ndipo adauza akuluakuluwo kuti athetse vutoli osati "lotsogola". Ngakhale izi zitachitika, Purezidenti, maofesala adapereka ma cosmonaut awiri okha, ndipo ena 5 adawazindikira kuti amafunikira nyumba zabwino.
15. Nkhani yonena zakunyamuka kwa akatswiri opanga zakuthambo kuchokera pa eyapoti ya Chkalovsky pafupi ndi Moscow kupita ku Baikonur ndikuwonetsanso. Kwa zaka zambiri, kuthawa kumachitika nthawi ya 8:00 atadya mwambo wam'mawa. Koma alonda akumalire ndi oyang'anira kasitomala omwe amagwira ntchito pabwalo la ndege anali okondwa kusankha kosintha nthawi ino. Tsopano cosmonauts ndi anthu omwe akupita nawo amachoka koyambirira kapena mtsogolo - monga ofunafuna malamulo amafuna.
16. Monga momwe zimakhalira m'nyanja anthu ena amazunzika chifukwa chodwala chifukwa cham'nyanja, momwemonso m'mlengalenga ena oyenda mumlengalenga nthawi zina amavutika ndi matenda amlengalenga. Zomwe zimayambitsa ndi zizindikilo za matendawa ndizofanana. Zododometsa pakugwira ntchito kwa zida za vestibular, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndikunyanja ndikuchepera mlengalenga, zimayambitsa kunyoza, kufooka, kulumikizana bwino, ndi zina zambiri. Popeza kuti astronaut wapakati amakhala wamphamvu kwambiri kuposa wokwera sitima yapamadzi, matenda amlengalenga nthawi zambiri amapita mosavuta ndipo amadutsa mwachangu ...
17. Pambuyo paulendo wautali, oyenda m'mlengalenga amabwerera ku Earth ali ndi vuto lakumva. Chifukwa chakuchepa uku ndikumangokhalira kumva phokoso kusiteshoni. Pali zida ndi mafani ambiri omwe akugwira ntchito nthawi imodzi, ndikupanga phokoso lakumbuyo ndi mphamvu pafupifupi 60 - 70 dB. Ndi phokoso lofananalo, anthu amakhala pansi pa nyumba zoyandikira pafupi ndi malo okwerera sitima. Munthuyo amazolowera modekha phokoso limeneli. Kuphatikiza apo, kumva kwa cosmonaut kumalemba kusintha pang'ono pakamvekedwe ka phokoso lililonse. Ubongo umatumiza chizindikiro cha ngozi - china chake sichikugwira ntchito moyenera. Chovuta cha wokayenda m'mlengalenga aliyense ndikakhala chete pamalo okwerera. Zimatanthawuza kuzimazima kwa magetsi ndipo, chifukwa chake, ngozi yakufa. Mwamwayi, palibe amene adamvapo chete mkati mwa bwaloli. Malo oyang'anira mishoni nthawi ina adatumiza lamulo lolakwika ku station ya Mir kuti azimitse ambiri mafani, koma akatswiri akugona adadzuka ndikuwomba alamu ngakhale mafaniwo asanayime.
18. Hollywood mwanjira ina idasunthira mu chiwembu chofufuza zamapasa abale, akatswiri azaka zakuthambo Scott ndi Mark Kelly. Mwa njira zokulira kwambiri, mapasawa adalandira ukatswiri woyendetsa ndege zankhondo, kenako nkubwera ku gulu lankhondo. Scott adapita mumlengalenga koyamba mu 1999. Mark adazungulira zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake. Mu 2011, amapasa amayenera kukakumana pa ISS, pomwe Scott adakhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira Novembara chaka chatha, koma kuyambika kwa Endeavor motsogozedwa ndi Mark kudasinthidwa mobwerezabwereza. Scott adakakamizidwa kubwerera ku Earth osakumana ndi Mark, koma ndi mbiri yaku America ya masiku 340 mlengalenga pandege imodzi, ndi masiku 520 okwera okwanira. Anapuma pantchito mu 2016, zaka 5 pambuyo pa mchimwene wake. Mark Kelly adasiya ntchito yake yantchito kuti athandize mkazi wake. Mkazi wake, Congressman Gabrielle Giffords, adavulala kwambiri pamutu ndi wamisala Jared Lee Lofner, yemwe adapanga kuwombera supermarket ya Safeway mu 2011.
19. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zopangidwa ndi cosmonautics waku Soviet ndi ntchito ya Vladimir Dzhanibekov ndi Viktor Savinykh, yemwe mu 1985 adatsitsimutsa siteshoni yozungulira ya Salyut-7. Malo okwerera ma 14 mita anali atatayika kale, chombo chonyamula ndege chakufa chinali kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Kwa mlungu umodzi akatswiri a zakuthambo, omwe adagwira ntchito mosinthana pazifukwa zachitetezo, adabwezeretsanso kuyendetsa kwa siteshoni, ndipo pasanathe mwezi umodzi Salyut-7 idakonzedweratu. Ndizosatheka kunyamula kapena ngakhale kubwera ndi fanizo lapadziko lapansi la ntchito yomwe Dzhanibekov ndi Savinykh adachita. Kanemayo "Salyut-7", kwenikweni, sioyipa, koma ndi ntchito yongopeka, pomwe olemba sangathe kuchita popanda sewero kuti awononge zovuta zaukadaulo.Koma chonsecho, kanemayo amapereka malingaliro olondola amtundu wa ntchito ya Dzhanibekov ndi Savinykh. Ntchito yawo inali yofunika kwambiri malinga ndi chitetezo cha ndege. Ndege ya Soyuz-T-13 isanafike, ma cosmonauts anali, makamaka, kamikaze - ngati china chake chachitika, kunalibe komwe angadikire thandizo. Ogwira ntchito a Soyuz-T-13 atsimikizira, mwina mwa lingaliro, kuthekera kochita ntchito yopulumutsa munthawi yochepa.
20. Monga mukudziwa, Soviet Union idalimbikitsa kwambiri kulimbitsa ubale wapadziko lonse kudzera pazomwe zimatchedwa. maulendo apandege olowa. Ogwira ntchito mwa anthu atatu adayamba kuphatikizira oimira "People's Democracies" - waku Czech, Pole, Bulgaria, ndi Vietnamese. Kenako cosmonauts adawuluka kuchokera kumayiko ochezeka monga Syria ndi Afghanistan (!), Kumapeto, French ndi Japan anali atakwera kale. Zachidziwikire, anzathu akunja sanapempherere akatswiri athu, ndipo adaphunzitsidwa kwathunthu. Koma ndichinthu china dziko lanu likakhala ndi ndege zaka 30 kumbuyo kwake, ndichinthu china pamene inu, woyendetsa ndege, muyenera kuwuluka mumlengalenga ndi aku Russia, m'sitima yawo, ngakhale m'malo ena ochepa. Pali kuwombana kosiyanasiyana ndi alendo onse, koma chochitika chofunikira kwambiri chidachitika ndi Mfalansa Michel Tonini. Atasanthula malo apamtunda oyenda mlengalenga, adadabwitsidwa ndi kuchenjera kwa galasi lakumaso. Kuphatikiza apo, pamalinso zokopa. Tonini sanakhulupirire kuti galasi iyi imatha kupirira katundu kunja. Anthu aku Russia akambirana mwachidule: "Chabwino, tengani ndi kuwaswa!" Mfalansa adayamba pachabe kumenya pagalasi ndi chilichonse chomwe chimapezeka. Powona kuti mnzake wakunja anali pabwino, eni ake mwangozi adamuponyera chimbudzi (mwachidziwikire, ku Cosmonaut Training Center amakhala ndi sledgehammers mwamphamvu kwambiri), koma pokhapokha ngati atalephera, Tonini amatulutsa kogogoda yabwino kwambiri yaku France. Galasilo lidapulumuka, koma kogogo wathu sanawoneke bwino.
