Pakati pa atsogoleri achi Soviet theka lachiwiri la zaka makumi awiri, chithunzi cha Alexei Nikolaevich Kosygin (1904 - 1980) chimasiyana. Monga prime minister (pomwe udindo wake unkatchedwa "Chairman wa Council of Ministers of the USSR"), adatsogolera chuma cha Soviet Union kwa zaka 15. Kwa zaka zambiri, USSR yakhala mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri pachuma chachiwiri padziko lapansi. Ndikothekanso kulembetsa zomwe zakwaniritsidwa ngati mamiliyoni a matani ndi mita yayitali kwa nthawi yayitali, koma zotsatira zazikulu zakwaniritsidwa kwachuma m'ma 1960 - 1980s ndi malo omwe anali Soviet Union panthawiyo padziko lapansi.
Kosygin sakanakhoza kudzitama ndi chiyambi (mwana wa wotembenukira ndi mayi wapabanja) kapena maphunziro (Potrebkooperatsii technical school ndi 1935 Textile Institute), koma adawerengedwa bwino, anali ndi malingaliro abwino komanso malingaliro ambiri. Palibe amene akanalingalira pamsonkhano kuti Alexei sanalandire maphunziro ofunikira kwa wolamulira wamkulu. Komabe, pafupifupi zaka zomwezo, Stalin adagwirizana ndi seminare yomwe sinamalizidwe ndipo mwanjira inayake adakwanitsa ...
At Alexei Nikolaevich, anzawo adziwa luso lapadera pazinthu zovomerezeka. Sanasonkhanitse misonkhano kuti amvere akatswiri ndikuchepetsa malingaliro awo pamsonkhano umodzi. Kosygin nthawi zonse amatulutsa vuto lililonse, ndipo adasonkhanitsa akatswiri kuti akambirane njira zothetsera ndikusintha mapulani.
1. Kutsatsa kwakukulu koyamba kwa AN Kosygin wazaka 34 sizinali zopanda chidwi. Atalandira foni yopita ku Moscow, wapampando wa Leningrad City Executive Committee (1938 - 1939) m'mawa wa Januware 3, 1939 adakwera sitima yaku Moscow. Tisaiwale kuti 1939 yayamba kumene. Lavrenty Beria mu Novembala adalowa m'malo mwa Nikolai Yezhov m'malo mwa People's Commissar wa NKVD ndipo anali asanakhale ndi nthawi yolimbana ndi mafupa ochokera ku ofesi yayikulu. Mnzake wa Kosygin m'chipindacho anali wosewera wotchuka Nikolai Cherkasov, yemwe anali atangoyamba kumene kusewera makanema "Peter Woyamba" ndi "Alexander Nevsky". Cherkasov, yemwe anali ndi nthawi yowerenga nyuzipepala zam'mawa, adayamika Kosygin paudindo wake wapamwamba. Alexei Nikolaevich adadabwitsidwa, popeza samadziwa zifukwa zopita ku Moscow. Zinapezeka kuti lamulo lokhazikitsidwa ngati People's Commissar of the USSR Textile Industry lidasainidwa pa Januware 2 ndipo lidasindikizidwa kale munyuzipepala. Mu positiyi, Kosygin adagwira ntchito mpaka Epulo 1940.
2. Kosygin, ngakhale anali mwalamulo, chifukwa chotenga nawo gawo polanda Khrushchev, ndipo atha kuonedwa ngati membala wa gulu la Brezhnev, sanali woyenera kampani ya Brezhnev mwamakhalidwe ndi moyo. Sanakonde maphwando aphokoso, maphwando ndi zosangalatsa zina, ndipo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku anali wodzichepetsa mpaka kudzimana. Pafupifupi palibe amene ankamuyendera, monga momwe amapitilira kupita kwa aliyense. Anapuma kuchipatala cha Kislovodsk. Chipatalacho, inde, chinali cha mamembala a Central Committee, koma palibe china. Alonda anali pambali, ndipo mtsogoleri wa Council of Ministers mwiniyo anayenda m'njira yomweyo, yomwe inkatchedwa "Kosygin". Kosygin adapita ku Crimea kangapo, koma kayendetsedwe kachitetezo komweko kanali kokhwima, ndipo bwalolo lomwe linali ndi foni "yoyenda" linaima pagombe, kupumula kwamtundu wanji ...
3. Pamaliro a Purezidenti wa Egypt A Gamal Abdel Nasser A. Kosygin adayimira dziko la Soviet. Ndipo adatenga ulendowu ngatiulendo wabizinesi - nthawi yonse yomwe amayesa kufufuza nthaka yandale ku Egypt. Ankafunanso kuti adziwe chilichonse kuchokera kwa aliyense wolowa m'malo (yemwe sanatsimikizidwebe) wa Nasser Anwar Sadat. Powona kuti kuwunika kwa ogwira ntchito ku ofesi ya kazembe ndi akazitape - adazindikira Sadat ngati munthu wonyada, woimilira, wankhanza komanso wamaso awiri - atsimikiziridwa, Kosygin adagwirizana ndi malingaliro awo. Atatsala pang'ono kunyamuka, adakumbukira kuti amafunika kubweretsa zikumbutso kwa okondedwa ake, ndipo adapempha womasulira kuti agule kena ku eyapoti. Zogula zinali kuchuluka kwa mapaundi 20 aku Egypt.
4. Kosygin anali pafupi ndi atsogoleri omwe adawomberedwa ndikuwapeza olakwa pamlandu wawo. "Mlandu wa Leningrad" (kwenikweni, panali milandu ingapo, komanso milandu). Achibale anakumbukira kuti kwa miyezi ingapo Alexey anapita kuntchito, ngati kwamuyaya. Komabe, zonse zinagwira ntchito, ngakhale panali maumboni otsutsana ndi Kosygin, ndipo analibe otetezera ambiri.
5. Misonkhano yonse ndi misonkhano yamalonda A. Kosygin imachitika mouma, mochita bizinesi, mwanjira zina ngakhale mwankhanza. Milandu yonse yoseketsa kapena yotenga nawo mbali imatha kuwerengedwa ndi zala za dzanja limodzi. Koma nthawi zina Alexei Nikolaevich adadziloleza kuti awonjezere kamvekedwe ka bizinesi pamisonkhano. Kamodzi pamsonkhano wa Presidium wa Council of Ministers, pulani yomanga zikhalidwe ndi zachuma zoperekedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachikhalidwe chaka chamawa idaganiziridwa. Pofika nthawiyo, ntchito yomanga Great Circus ya Moscow inali itamangidwa kwa zaka zingapo, koma inali isanathe. Kosygin adazindikira kuti kuti amalize kumanga circus, munthu amafunika ma ruble miliyoni ndi chaka chogwirira ntchito, koma miliyoni iyi siyinaperekedwe ku Moscow. Unduna wa Zachikhalidwe Yekaterina Furtseva adalankhula pamsonkhanowu. Atagwira manja ake pachifuwa, adapempha miliyoni pamasewera. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chake choyipa, Furtseva sanali wotchuka kwambiri mu gulu la Soviet, chifukwa chake magwiridwe ake sanapangitse chidwi. Mosayembekezeka, Kosygin adatsika, ndikupempha kuti apereke ndalama zofunikira kwa mtumiki wamkazi yekhayo mwa omvera. Zikuwonekeratu kuti chigamulochi chidagwirizanitsidwa mwachangu. Kwa ulemu wa Furtseva, adakwaniritsa zomwe analonjeza - chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake, ma circus akulu kwambiri ku Europe adalandira omvera oyamba.
6. Zambiri zalembedwa pazokonzanso kwa Kosygin, ndipo pafupifupi palibe chomwe chidalembedwa pazifukwa zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zisinthazo zikhale zofunikira. M'malo mwake, amalemba, koma za zotsatirapo za zifukwa izi: kuchepa kwachuma, kuchepa kwa katundu ndi zinthu zina, ndi zina zambiri. Nthawi zina amatchula zodutsa "kuthana ndi zovuta zamatsenga." Izi sizikulongosola chilichonse - panali gulu loyipa, lomwe lidagonjetsa zotsatira zake, zonse ziyenera kukhala bwino. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi kusintha kumafunika. Bokosi laling'ono lofotokozera kusakhulupirika limatsegulidwa mophweka. Olemba ambiri, odziwitsa anthu ena komanso azachuma ndi mbadwa za omwe adasinthidwa ndi Khrushchev munthawi yake. Chifukwa cha izi, iwo ali othokoza kwa Nikita Sergeevich zoposa theka la zana. Akandikalipira nthawi zina, zingakhale zachikondi: adayambitsa chimanga ichi, koma adawatcha ojambula mawu oyipa. Koma, Khrushchev adawonongeratu gawo lofunikira kwambiri lomwe silaboma pachuma cha Soviet. Kuphatikiza apo, adaziwononga bwino - kuyambira ng'ombe zamphawi mpaka zaluso zomwe zimapanga mawailesi ndi mawayilesi. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, mabungwe wamba anali ndi 6 mpaka 17% ya GDP ya USSR. Kuphatikiza apo, awa anali magawo, akugwera molunjika mnyumba kapena pagome la ogula. Zojambulajambula ndi mabungwe ogwirira ntchito amapanga pafupifupi theka la mipando yaku Soviet, zoseweretsa zonse za ana, magawo awiri mwa atatu azitsulo zazitsulo, komanso pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a zovala zopangidwa. Pambuyo pobalalitsa zaluso, izi zidasowa, kotero panali kusowa kwa katundu, ndipo kusamvana kunayamba m'makampani. Ndicho chifukwa chake kusintha kwa Kosygin kunali kofunikira - sikunali kuyesetsa kuti ukhale wangwiro, koma sitepe kuchokera pamphepete mwa phompho.
7. Ngakhale asanatule pansi udindo wake ngati tcheyamani wa Council of Ministers, koma akudwala kwambiri, A. Kosygin adakambirana ndi wapampando wa komiti ya USSR Centrosoyuz chiyembekezo chokhazikitsa mgwirizano. Malinga ndi pulani ya Kosygin, mabungwe ogwirira ntchito atha kupereka mpaka 40% yazogulitsa mdziko muno ndikukhalanso pamtundu womwewo pantchito yothandizira. Cholinga chachikulu, sichinali kukweza gawo logwirira ntchito limodzi, koma kukonza katundu ndi ntchito. Pamaso perestroika fanfare anali ndi zaka zoposa zisanu.
8. Mwakutero, si malingaliro anzeru kwambiri kupatsa USSR Quality Mark kuzinthu zoyambirira zomwe zimaperekedwa kuzakudya. Commission yapadera ya anthu angapo idapereka Quality Mark, ndipo gawo lina la ntchitoyi linali kuyendera - imagwira ntchito mwachindunji m'mabizinesi, kugwetsa gulu lonse panjira yogwirira ntchito. Atsogoleriwo adang'ung'uza mopupuluma, koma sanayerekeze kutsutsana ndi "chipani". Mpaka pamsonkhano umodzi ndi Kosygin, director wa nthawi yayitali wa fakitole ya Krasny Oktyabr confectionery Anna Grinenko sanatchule mwachindunji ntchitoyi ndi Quality Mark pazinthu zopanda pake. Kosygin adadabwa ndikuyesera kukangana, koma patangopita tsiku limodzi, wothandizira wake adayimbira Grinenko nati ntchito ya Quality Mark pazogulitsa idathetsedwa.
9. Popeza A. Kosygin adadzazidwa ndi "aliyense amene ali ndi mwayi, timanyamula," mu 1945 adayenera kukonzekera lamulo lachigawo chakumwera kwa Sakhalin, womasulidwa kuukapolo waku Japan. Ndinafunika kuti ndiphunzire zikalata, umboni wakale, ngakhale kuyang'ana zopeka. Commission motsogozedwa ndi Kosygin idasankha mayina amizinda ndi zigawo 14 ndi mizinda 6 yoyang'anira zigawo. Lamuloli lidalandiridwa, mizinda ndi zigawo zidasinthidwa dzina, ndipo okhala ku Sakhalin kumapeto kwa 1960, paulendo wogwira ntchito wa Chairman wa Council of Ministers, adakumbutsa Alexei Nikolayevich kuti anali "godfather" wamzinda wawo kapena chigawo chawo.
10. Mu 1948, Alexey Nikolaevich kuyambira pa 16 February mpaka Disembala 28 adagwira ntchito ngati Minister of Finance wa USSR. Ntchito yochepa anafotokoza - Kosygin kuwerenga boma ndalama. Atsogoleri ambiri anali asanachotse njira "zankhondo" zoyendetsera chuma - mkati mwa zaka za nkhondo samalabadira ndalama, zimasindikizidwa momwe amafunikira. M'zaka pambuyo pa nkhondo, ndipo ngakhale atasintha ndalama, kunali koyenera kuphunzira momwe angagwirire ntchito mosiyana. Atsogoleriwo amakhulupirira kuti Kosygin anali kupinira ndalama pazifukwa zawo. JV Stalin adalandiranso chizindikiro chabodza muutumiki ndi Gokhran. Kuyang'anako kunatsogoleredwa ndi Lev Mehlis. Mwamuna uyu amadziwa momwe angapezere zolakwika kulikonse, zomwe, kuphatikiza ndi munthu wosasamala komanso wosamala, zidamupangitsa kukhala wowopsa kwa mtsogoleri wamtundu uliwonse. Mu Unduna wa Zachuma, Mehlis sanapeze zolakwika zilizonse, koma ku Gokhran kunali kusowa kwa 140 g golide. Mehlis "woopsa" adayitanitsa akatswiri azamankhwala kunyumba yosungiramo katundu. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti zoperewera zochepa (miliyoni za zana peresenti) zidachitika panthawi yopulumutsa golide ku Sverdlovsk ndikubwezeretsanso. Komabe, ngakhale panali zotsatira zabwino za kafukufukuyu, Kosygin adachotsedwa mu Unduna wa Zachuma ndikusankhidwa kukhala Minister wa Light Viwanda.
11. Zoyimira pamayendedwe a Kosygin zidalola oimira Pakistan M. Ayub Khan ndi India LB Shastri kuti asayine chikalata chamtendere ku Tashkent chomwe chidathetsa mkangano wamagazi. Malinga ndi 1966 Tashkent Declaration, maphwando omwe adayambitsa nkhondo m'malo opikisana a Kashmir mu 1965 adagwirizana kuti achotse asitikali ndikuyambiranso kulumikizana, zamalonda komanso zikhalidwe. Atsogoleri aku India komanso Pakistani adathokoza kukonzeka kwa Kosygin pazokambirana zapa shuttle - wamkulu wa boma la Soviet sanazengereze kuwachezera nyumba ndi nyumba. Ndondomekoyi idapambana. Tsoka ilo, mutu wachiwiri waboma lodziyimira palokha ku India a LB Shastri adadwala kwambiri ndipo adamwalira ku Tashkent patangopita masiku ochepa chikalatacho chikasainidwa. Komabe, pambuyo pa zokambirana za Tashkent, mtendere ku Kashmir udatsalira kwa zaka 8.
12. Ndondomeko ya ndalama ya Alexei Kosygin nthawi yonse yomwe anali Chairman wa Council of Ministers (1964-1980), monga anganene tsopano, idatsimikizika ndi njira yosavuta - kukula kwa zokolola pantchito kuyenera, pang'ono pang'ono, kupitilira kukula kwa malipiro wamba. Iyemwini adakhumudwitsidwa kwambiri ndi njira zake zosinthira chuma pomwe adawona kuti atsogoleri amabizinesi, atalandira phindu lochulukirapo, adakweza malipiro mopanda tanthauzo. Amakhulupirira kuti kuwonjezeka kumeneku kuyenera kutsatira kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola pantchito. Mu 1972, Soviet Union idasokonekera kwambiri. Atsogoleri ena ndi State Planning Commission adaganiza kuti mchaka cha 1973 chovuta ndizotheka kukweza malipiro ndi ndalama zomwezi ndikuwonjezera 1% pantchito. Komabe, Kosygin adakana kuvomereza zomwe zalembedwazo mpaka pomwe kukweza kwa malipiro kudatsitsidwa mpaka 0.8%.
13. Aleksey Kosygin anali woyimira yekhayo atsogoleri amilandu yayikulu kwambiri ku Soviet Union omwe adatsutsa mwamphamvu ntchitoyi yosamutsa mbali ina ya mitsinje ya Siberia kupita ku Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan. Kosygin amakhulupirira kuti kuwonongeka komwe kudachitika chifukwa chakusamutsa madzi ochulukirapo pamtunda wopitilira 2,500 km kungapitirire phindu lomwe lingakhalepo.
14. Jermen Gvishiani, mamuna wa mwana wamkazi wa A. Kosygin, adakumbukira kuti, malinga ndi apongozi ake, Nkhondo Yaikulu Yadziko Lonse isanachitike. Kosygin adati Stalin, monyodola kwambiri, adapempha asitikali kuti akonzekere osati kuthamangitsa mdani, yemwe amathawira mothamanga kudera lake, koma kunkhondo zazikulu. momwe mungafunikire kutaya gawo lankhondo komanso gawo la USSR. Kuchokera pazomwe zidatsatira, zikuwonekeratu kuti atsogoleri ankhondo adamvera mozama mawu a Stalin. Koma akatswiri wamba, omwe adatsogozedwa, kuphatikiza Kosygin, adatha kukonzekera nkhondo. M'masiku ake oyamba, gawo lalikulu lazachuma ku USSR lidasamutsidwa kummawa. Gulu la a Alexey Nikolaevich lidasamutsa mabizinesi opitilira 1,500 m'masiku ovuta ano.
15. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa Khrushchev, nthumwi za USSR kwa zaka zambiri zimayendera pafupifupi mayiko onse atatu padziko lapansi motsata zilembo, kutsimikizira atsogoleri awo zaubwenzi wawo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, Kosygin nayenso adachita ulendo wopita ku Morocco. Polemekeza alendo odziwikawa, a King Faisal adachita phwando kunyumba yawo yachifumu yabwino kwambiri panyanja. Prime Minister waku Soviet, yemwe amadziona ngati wosambira wabwino, adalowerera mosangalala m'madzi a Atlantic. Alonda omwe adatsagana ndi wapampando wa Council of Minerals of USSR paulendowu adakumbukira nthawi yayitali tsiku lomwe amayenera kugwira A. Kosygin m'madzi - zidapezeka kuti kuti atuluke panyanja, pamafunika luso linalake.
16. Mu 1973, Chancellor waku Germany a Willy Brandt adapatsa utsogoleri wa USSR magalimoto atatu a Mercedes amitundu yosiyanasiyana. L. Brezhnev adalamula kuyendetsa mtundu womwe adakonda ku garaja la Secretary General. Zopeka, magalimoto enawo awiri adapangira Kosygin ndi Nikolai Podgorny, Wapampando wa Supreme Soviet ya USSR, panthawiyo amamuwona ngati mutu waboma, "Purezidenti wa USSR". Potsatira Kosygin, magalimoto onsewa adasamutsidwa kupita ku "chuma cha dziko". M'modzi mwa oyendetsa Aleksey Nikolayevich pambuyo pake adakumbukira kuti ogwira ntchito ku KGB amapita ku "Mercedes".
17. Alexey Nikolaevich adakhala ndi mkazi wake Klavdia Andreevna (1908 - 1967) kwa zaka 40. Mkazi wake adamwalira pa Meyi 1, pafupifupi mphindi zofanana ndi Kosygin, ataimirira papulatifomu ya Mausoleum, akulandila chiwonetsero chachikondwerero cha ogwira ntchito. Tsoka, nthawi zina malingaliro andale amakhala pamwamba pa chikondi cholemekezeka kwambiri. Kosygin adapulumuka Klavdia Ivanovna zaka 23, ndipo zaka zonsezi adasunga chikumbukiro chake mumtima mwake.
18. Poyankhulana ndi bizinesi, Kosygin sanaweramire mwamwano chabe, koma ngakhale kutchula "inu". Chifukwa chake adayitanitsa anthu ochepa okha omwe ali pafupi komanso othandizira othandizira. Mmodzi mwa omuthandizira ake akukumbukira kuti Kosygin adamuyitana "iwe" kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale anali womaliza mwa anzawo. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, atamaliza ntchito zingapo zofunika, Alexey Nikolaevich adayamba kuyitanitsa wothandizira watsopanoyo kuti "iwe". Komabe, ngati kuli kotheka, Kosygin akhoza kukhala wolimba kwambiri. Nthawi ina, pamsonkhano wa ogwira ntchito yamafuta, wamkulu kuchokera kwa atsogoleri a dera la Tomsk, akufotokozera mapu onena zakupezeka kwa "akasupe" - zitsime zolonjeza - m'malo mwa dera la Tomsk, molakwitsa, adakwera ku Novosibirsk. Sanamuwonenso m'malo otsogolera.
naintini.Nikolai Baybakov, yemwe adadziwa Kosygin kuyambira nthawi isanachitike nkhondo, yemwe anali wachiwiri kwa Alexei Nikolaevich komanso wapampando wa State Planning Commission, amakhulupirira kuti mavuto azaumoyo a Kosygin adayamba mu 1976. Ndikukwera bwato, mwadzidzidzi Alexei Nikolaevich anakomoka. Bwato linatembenuka ndipo iye anamira. Zachidziwikire, Kosygin adatulutsidwa m'madzi mwachangu ndikupatsidwa chithandizo choyamba, koma amayenera kukhala mchipatala kwa miyezi yopitilira iwiri. Zitatha izi, Kosygin mwanjira ina adazimiririka, ndipo mu Politburo zinthu zake zidakulirakulirabe, ndipo sizinathandize kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino.
20. Kosygin adakana mwamphamvu ntchito zankhondo ku Afghanistan. Pozolowera kuwerengera ndalama iliyonse yaboma, adapereka kupereka Afghanistan chilichonse kapena chilichonse, koma osatumiza asitikali. Kalanga, mawu ake anali osungulumwa, ndipo pofika 1978, mphamvu ya Aleksey Nikolaevich pa mamembala ena a Politburo idachepetsedwa.
