Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853 - 1921) anali ndipo amakhalabe m'modzi mwa olemba achi Russia osapeputsidwa. Tolstoy, ndipo pambuyo pa imfa ya wolemba ntchito anataya ulemu zofunika kwambiri kwa mabuku a nyengo chosintha - sharpness. M'ntchito zambiri za Korolenko, ngwazi ndi ngwazi m'malemba okha, monga otchulidwa. Mabuku azaka za m'ma 1920, ndipo ngakhale pambuyo pake, amafunikira zilembo zosiyana.
Komabe, palibe amene angachotse ntchito za VG Korolenko zabwino ziwiri zazikulu: pafupifupi kulondola kwa moyo wazithunzi ndi chilankhulo chodabwitsa. Ngakhale nthano zake zimakhala ngati nkhani zonena za moyo weniweni, ndipo ngakhale ntchito ngati "zojambula zaku Siberia ndi nkhani" zimangopatsa zenizeni.
Korolenko adakhala moyo wosangalatsa kwambiri, adayendayenda mu ukapolo, kunja, mwadala adasiya chisangalalo cha moyo wamatawuni. Kulikonse komwe amapeza nthawi ndi mphamvu zothandizira ena, osadzisamalira. Zolinga zake, mwatsoka, zinali ngati zokonda kwa iye: palibe zochitika zina, mutha kulemba zina. Nayi ndemanga yomwe mungayesetse kuzama kwa malingaliro ndi chilankhulo cha wolemba:
"Kuwerenga umunthu kuli pafupifupi mitsinje poyerekeza ndi gawo lonse lamakontinenti. Woyendetsa sitimayo poyenda mbali iyi ya mtsinje ndiwodziwika kwambiri m'chigawo chino. Koma atangoyenda ulendo wa makilomita ochepa kuchokera kunyanja ... Pali dziko lina: zigwa zokulirapo, nkhalango, midzi yobalalika pamwamba pawo ... Pamwamba pa mphepo zonsezi ndi mabingu akugunda ndi phokoso, moyo umapitilira, ndipo palibe kamodzi kamene kamakhala ndi mawu abwinobwino a moyo uno osakanikirana ndi dzina la kaputeni wathu kapena wolemba "wodziwika padziko lonse lapansi".
1. Abambo Korolenko anali, chifukwa cha nthawi yawo, woona mtima. Mu 1849, pakupanga kusintha kwotsatira, adasankhidwa kukhala woweruza wachigawo mumzinda wazigawo. Udindowu umatanthauza, ndi luso linalake, kusintha mwachangu kupita kwa oweruza amchigawo ndikukwezedwa kwina. Komabe, a Galaktion Korolenko adakhalabe pamulingo wawo mpaka kumwalira kwawo. Vladimir adakumbukira zomwe zidachitika bambo ake atafuula kuti: "Chifukwa cha inu, ndidakhala wolandira ziphuphu!" Mkazi wamasiye wosauka anali akuimba mlandu pa cholowa - anali wokwatiwa ndi mchimwene wake wa mawerengero. Milandu ingapo ikufotokozedwa m'mabuku achi Russia - wodandaula nthawi zambiri samawala. Koma a Korolenko Sr. adagamula mlanduwo mokomera mayiyo, yemwe nthawi yomweyo adakhala wachuma kwambiri m'bomalo. Woweruzayo adakana zoyesayesa zonse zothokoza pazachuma. Kenako wamasiye wolemera uja adamuyang'ana iye akakhala kuti alibe, adabweretsa mphatso zambiri komanso zopatsa chidwi, ndikuwalamula kuti abweretse mnyumbamo nthawi yomweyo. Panali mphatso zambiri kotero kuti analibe nthawi yoti azichotsere pofika nthawi yomwe abambo anga amabwerera - nsalu, mbale, ndi zina zambiri, zidatsalira pabalaza. Chiwonetsero chochititsa chidwi cha ana chimatsatira, chomwe chimatha ndikangofika ngolo, pomwe mphatso zimanyamulidwa kuti zibwererenso. Koma mwana wamkazi wamng'onoyo, misozi ili m'maso mwake, anakana kusiya chidole chachikulu chomwe adalandira. Apa ndipamene bambo ake a Korolenko adafuula mawu onena za ziphuphu, pambuyo pake manyaziwo adatha.
2. Vladimir anali ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu komanso wocheperako komanso ang'ono ake awiri. Alongo ena awiri adamwalira ali aang'ono kwambiri. Kupulumuka kwa ana koteroko kumatha kuonedwa ngati chozizwitsa - Galaktion Korolenko adatha unyamata wake kuti asakhale ndi malingaliro onyenga aulemu. Chifukwa chake adatenga mtsikana wazaka zoyandikana naye kukhala mkazi wake - mayi wamtsogolo wa Vladimir Galaktionovich panthawi yaukwati anali ndi zaka 14 zokha. Zaka zingapo atakwatirana, Korolenko Sr. anali wamisala kwambiri, ndipo ziwalo zidathyola theka la thupi lake. Pambuyo pa tsoka, adakhazikika, ndipo Vladimir mwiniyo adamukumbukira ngati munthu wodekha, wokonda amayi. Chidziwitso chake chachikulu chinali nkhawa yazaumoyo wa ena. Nthawi zonse anali kuvala mafuta a nsomba, kenako ndi mavalidwe (mankhwala othandizira) manja, kenako ndi oyeretsa magazi, kenako ndi osambitsa singano, kenako ndi homeopathy ... amati anali ndi mankhwala ofooketsa tizilombo a arsenic. Izi sizinakhudze thanzi lake mwanjira iliyonse, koma malingaliro a homeopathic a Galaktion Korolenko adatsutsidwa.
3. Kuwerenga ntchito za Korolenko, ndizovuta kuganiza kuti iye adaphunzira kuwerenga kuchokera m'mabuku aku Chipolishi, adaphunzira ku Chipolishi pasukulu yogona, pomwe ana amayenera kulumikizana kunja kwa kalasi m'Chijeremani kapena Chifalansa. Kuphunzitsa kunali kosavuta mpaka kudabwitsidwa: iwo omwe amalankhula mawu kapena chilankhulo "cholakwika" patsikuli adapachika mbale yolemera pakhosi pawo. Mutha kuzichotsa - kuzipachika m'khosi mwa munthu wina. Ndipo, malinga ndi nzeru za akale, chilangocho chidachitika malinga ndi mfundo "Tsoka kwa omwe agonjetsedwa!" Pamapeto pa tsikulo, wophunzira yemwe anali ndi cholembera m'khosi mwake adalandiridwa mwamphamvu ndi dzanja ndi wolamulira.
4. Wolemba woyamba m'banja la a Korolenko anali mchimwene wake wa Vladimir Yulian. Banjali limakhala ku Rovno, ndipo Yulian mwachisawawa adatumiza zojambula zachigawo ku nyuzipepala "Birzhevye Vedomosti", yomwe inali itangoyamba kumene kufalitsidwa. Vladimir analembanso zolengedwa za mchimwene wake. Izi "za moyo" sizinangolembedwa, nthawi iliyonse kutumiza nambala kwa Julian, komanso kumalipira zolipira zazikulu. Kamodzi Julian analandira kutengerapo kwa rubles 18, ngakhale kuti akuluakulu analandira onse 3 ndi 5 rubles mwezi.
5. Zolemba za V. Korolenko zidayamba pomwe anali wophunzira ku Technological Institute. Komabe, ntchito yake m'magazini yotchedwa Russkiy Mir itha kutchedwa kuti "zolemba" m'malo mwake - Korolenko adalemba "zojambula zantchito zachigawo" zamagaziniwa mosasamala.
6. Ataphunzira ku Technological Institute kwa chaka chimodzi chokha, Korolenko adasamukira ku Moscow, komwe adalowa Sukulu ya Petrovskaya. Ngakhale linali ndi dzina lofuula, linali sukulu yophunzitsira yomwe imapereka chidziwitso chambiri, makamaka pantchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Makhalidwe abwino pasukuluyi anali aulele kwambiri, ndipo ndipamene wophunzira Korolenko adalandira chidziwitso chake choyamba cholimbana ndi akuluakulu aboma. Chifukwa chake chinali chopepuka - wophunzira wofunidwa adamangidwa. Komabe, omwe adagwira nawo ntchito adaganiza kuti izi zachitika mopitilira muyeso, ndipo a Korolenko adalemba adiresi (apilo) momwe adatcha oyang'anira sukuluyi kuti ndi nthambi yoyang'anira ma gendarme a Moscow. Anamangidwa ndikutumizidwa ndi apolisi ku Kronstadt, komwe amayi a Vladimir amakhala nthawi imeneyo.
7. Mwatsoka, zochitika za Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853 - 1921) zidaphimba zolemba zake. Anatoly Lunacharsky, a Bolshevik atalanda kale (kapena, ngati wina akufuna, alanda) mphamvu ku Russia pambuyo pa Boma Loyeserera, adaganiza kuti V. Korolenko ndiye woyenera kwambiri kutuluka thukuta la Purezidenti wa Soviet Russia. Kwa onse okonda kukwezedwa kwa Lunacharsky, malingaliro ake ayenera kumvetsera.
8. Mfundo ina yosangalatsa. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, anthu owunikiridwa ku Russia adakhulupirira kuti mwa olemba omwe anali amoyo, Tolstoy ndi Korolenko anali oyenera kutchulidwa. Kwina pafupi, koma kutsika, kunali Chekhov, wokwera akhoza kukhala ena mwa akufa, koma palibe amoyo pafupi ndi ma titans anali pafupi.
9. Kuwona mtima komanso kupanda tsankho kwa Korolenko kukuwonetsedwa bwino ndi nkhani ya khothi lolemekeza a Alexei Suvorin, lomwe lidachitika mchilimwe cha 1899 ku St. Suvorin anali mtolankhani waluso kwambiri komanso wolemba zosewerera ndipo ali mwana anali m'mabwalo owolowa manja. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika, mzaka zake zokhwima (panthawi yomwe anali ndi zaka zoposa 60) Suvorin adaganiziranso malingaliro ake andale - adakhala amfumu. Anthu owolowa manja ankamuda. Kenako, panthawi yamaphunziro otsatira otsatira, Suvorin adasindikiza nkhani yomwe adati ndizabwino kuti ophunzira aziphunzira mwakhama kuposa kulowerera ndale. Chifukwa cha kupandukaku, adapita naye kubwalo lamilandu la Writers 'Union. Anaphatikizapo V. Korolenko, I. Annensky, I. Mushketov ndi olemba ena angapo. Pafupifupi anthu onse, kuphatikiza Suvorin mwiniwake, anali akuyembekezera chigamulo cholakwa. Komabe, a Korolenko adatha kutsimikizira anzawo kuti, ngakhale kuti nkhani ya Suvorin inali yosasangalatsa kwa iwo, amafotokoza momasuka malingaliro ake achinsinsi. Kuzunzidwa kwa Korolenko nthawi yomweyo kunayamba. M'modzi mwa apilo, osainira 88 adamuuza kuti asiye ntchito zowerenga ndi zolemba. A Korolenko adalemba mu kalata kuti: "Ngati sichoncho 88, koma anthu 88 880 anali kuchita ziwonetsero, tikadali" olimbika mtima wamba "kunena zomwezo ..."
10. Vladimir Galaktionovich, chifukwa cha ntchito yake yaukadaulo, adawona maloya ambiri, koma chidwi chachikulu pa iye chidapangidwa ndi kulengeza kwa mlendo wolemekezeka ku ukapolo Levashov. Pomwe Korolenko anali ku ukapolo ku Biserovskaya volost (tsopano ndi dera la Kirov), adaphunzira kuti sikuti ndikangokhulupirika pazandale zokha, komanso kuti anthu osayenera adayamba kutengedwa ukapolo. Levashov anali mwana wa munthu wolemera kwambiri yemwe anakwiyitsa abambo ake ndi antics ake atatsala pang'ono kuvomerezeka. Bambowo anapempha kuti atumizidwe kumpoto. Mnyamatayo, yemwe adalandira thandizo kuchokera kunyumba, adatembenuka mwamphamvu. Chimodzi mwa zosangalatsa zake chinali kuyimira zofuna za anthu amtunduwu kukhothi. Adalankhula mosabisa zomwe zidavomereza kuti kasitomala wake anali wolakwa. Kuyankhula uku ndi anthu aku Russia adamvetsetsa m'mawu awiri lachitatu, momwe Votyaks. Mapeto ake, a Levashov adapempha khotilo kuti lichepetse chilango chifukwa cha chifundo. Woweruzayo nthawi zambiri amalolera, ndipo makasitomala amalira pachifuwa cha Levashov, zikomo chifukwa chomupulumutsa.
11. Mu 1902, zipolowe za anthu wamba zidayamba pafupi ndi Poltava. Kunali kupandukira kopanda tanthauzo komanso kupanda chifundo kwa Russia: maderawo adawonongedwa ndikuwonongedwa, oyang'anira adamenyedwa, nkhokwe zidayatsidwa moto, ndi zina zotero. Zisokonezozo zidafafanizidwa mwachangu ndi zikwapu zokha. Olimbikitsawo anayesedwa. Korolenko ndiye anali kale ndiudindo waukulu, ndipo maloya a anthu wamba adazengedwa mlandu kukafunsira m'nyumba mwake. Zomwe zidadabwitsa Korolenko, maloya omwe adachokera kumalikulu sanapite kukagwira ntchito kukhothi. Amangofuna kufotokozera motsutsa kusayeruzika, kulowa m'manyuzipepala, kukana kuteteza omwe akuwaneneza. Zounikira zamalamulo sizinasamale kuti alimi atha kugwira ntchito yolemetsa zaka zambiri. Ndizovuta kwambiri, wolemba ndi maloya a Poltava adakwanitsa kukopa maloya amzindawu kuti asasokoneze ntchitoyi. Maloya am'deralo adateteza womutsutsa aliyense pamilanduyo, popanda zandale, ndipo ena mwa anthuwo adamasulidwa.
12. Mwambo wokumbukira zaka 50 zakubadwa komanso chikondwerero cha 25 cha ntchito yolemba ya V. Korolenko idasandulika tchuthi chachikulu chazikhalidwe ku St. Kukula kwake kumawululira tanthauzo la umunthu wa wolemba komanso ntchito zake. Ali ku Poltava, Korolenko walandila mulu wonse wazabwino. Zoyankhula zapakamwa komanso zolembedwa sizinali zokwanira likulu. Chokwanira kungonena kuti magazini 11 ndi manyuzipepala azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana komanso malingaliro andale amatenga nawo mbali pokonzekera misonkhano yamisonkhano ndi makonsati.
13. Pakati pa nkhondo ya Russia ndi Japan komanso Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, malingaliro okonda dziko la Korolenko adachoka pakufuna kugonjetsa boma lachifumu pankhondo yoyamba ndikuthandizira Russia mchiwirichi. Pachifukwa ichi, wolemba adatsutsidwa mwankhanza ndi VI Lenin.
14. V. Korolenko adadziwana ndi Azef ndi Nikolai Tatarov - awiri mwa apolisi oyambitsa zachinsinsi pakati pa atsogoleri a Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Anakumana ndi Yevno Azef mwaufulu, ndipo adadutsa njira ndi Tatarov panthawi yomwe anali ku ukapolo ku Irkutsk.
15. Atayenda kudutsa Siberia yonse ku ukapolo, Korolenko adatsimikizira kuti sadzatayika mulimonse. Pafupi ndi gawo laku Europe la Russia, adadabwitsa anthu akumaloko ndi luso la wopanga nsapato - iye ndi mchimwene wake adagwirizana zaluso zamanja zosiyanasiyana akadali omasuka. Ku Yakutia, komwe luso lopanga nsapato silinafunikire, adasanduka mlimi. Tirigu wolimidwa ndi iye ndi maiko ena osamwali omwe adatengedwa ukapolo, adapereka zokolola za 1:18, zomwe panthawiyo zinali zosaganizirika ngakhale kumadera a Cossack a Don ndi Kuban.
16.Wolemba adakhala zaka pafupifupi 70, koma adalemba zolemba zawo zofunikira kwambiri pazomwe zimatchedwa. "Zaka khumi za Nizhny Novgorod". Mu 1885 Korolenko adabwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo. Analoledwa kukhala ku Nizhny Novgorod. Vladimir Galaktionovich adakwatirana ndi chikondi chake cha nthawi yayitali Evdokia Ivanova, atasiya ntchito zake zosintha ufulu wachibadwidwe ndipo adatenga mabuku. Anamupatsa mphoto zana - mofulumira kwambiri Korolenko anakhala mmodzi mwa olemba otchuka kwambiri komanso ovomerezeka ku Russia. Ndipo zonse zidapita monga kale: Petersburg, kusintha kwa magazini, nkhondo zandale, kuteteza achititsidwa manyazi ndi kunyozedwa, ndi zina zotero mpaka kumwalira kwake mu 1921.
17. Korolenko anali munthu wolingalira bwino komanso woganiza bwino, koma momwe zinthu zilili pakati pa anzeru komanso anthu opanga maluso kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zodabwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, pa Novembala 9, 1904, a Vladimir Galaktionovich amalankhula pamsonkhano waukulu wa olemba ndi atsogoleri a zemstvo ndi mawu omaliza otseka. Amakonda chilankhulo chake - m'modzi mwamakalata amasangalala pakuyitanitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Constitution ya Russia (ndipo dzikoli likulimbana ndi Japan masiku ano). Wolembayo akuwoneka kuti wayiwala kuti masiku atatu apitawa adapita kukakumana ndi watsopano (m'malo mwa Dmitry Pleve, wophedwa ndi zigawenga) Minister of Internal Affairs, Prince Svyatopolk-Mirsky, kuti asungane. Cholinga chakuchezera nduna ija chinali pempho loti awonetsetse kuti magazini ya "Chuma cha Russia" sinayesedwe - ndunayi imatha kupewetsa malamulo omwe alipo kale. Zachidziwikire, a Korolenko adalonjeza mtumikiyo kuti mabuku ndi olemba odalirika adzafalitsidwa m'magaziniyo. Ndipo patatha masiku atatu adayitanitsa Constitution, ndiye kuti, kusintha kwamachitidwe omwe alipo ...
18. Ndi ulemu wonse ku "Children of the Underground" ndi "Siberia Tales" ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ya V. Korolenko, mwina ndikuyenera kuzindikira "Kalata Yotseguka kwa Khansala Wadziko Filonov". Khansala wa boma, komwe Korolenko adatembenukira, adatumizidwa kukathetsa zipolowe za anthu wamba mdera la Poltava, komwe Korolenko anali kukhala panthawiyo. Pempho la wolemba kwa nthumwi yamphamvu kwambiri ku Russia lidalembedwa mchilankhulo chomwe, molimba mtima komanso mosasinthasintha, chimabweretsa chikalatacho pafupi ndi ntchito za olankhula achi Greek ndi Aroma akale. Kubwereza kwa matchulidwe oti "Ine" ndi "inu", omwe, makamaka, osazolowereka m'mabuku achi Russia, akuwonetsa kuzama kwa luso la Korolenko mchilankhulo cha Chirasha. Choonadi chodabwitsachi, wolemba adakhulupirira, chikhoza kuletsa kufalikira kwa nkhanza (khansala waboma Filonov, yemwe Korolenko adatembenukira, adagogoda alimi akumanja ndi olakwa kwa maola ambiri atagwada m'chipale chofewa, ndipo atayamba mantha m'mudzi wa Sorochintsy, a Cossacks adawombera anthuwo). Mwina, "Kalata yopita ku Filonov" ikadaphunziridwa mpaka pano m'maphunziro a zolemba, koma woperekayo adatumizidwa ku chiweruzo cha Mulungu ndi dzanja lina, lomwe silikudziwikabe. Filonov nthawi yomweyo adakhala wofera chikhulupiriro, ndipo wachiwiri kwa State Duma Shulgin adalengeza Korolenko ngati monarchist "wolemba wakupha".
19. Zomwe zachitika pamasankho a Duma a Vladimir Galaktionovich, mbali imodzi, zimadzutsa, kuyambira kutalika kwa zaka zapitazi, chifundo, ndi zina, titero, kuya kwa kugwa kwa zaka zathu, ulemu. Zikuwoneka zopusa kuwerenga momwe a Korolenko ndi omuthandizira ake adakopekera anthu wamba kuti avotere wophunzira yemwe sanali woyenera Duma, chifukwa chosankha "kuyenerera" kovutikira (koyenera kuwerengedwa ngati agrarian - oyang'anira adasankhidwa malinga ndi mndandanda wonse wamaphunziro) chaka chamalo a abambo awo.Mbali inayi, kukwiya kwa a Korolenko chifukwa chothamangitsidwa kwa wophunzira yemweyo ndi duma wachigawo pazifukwa zina zomveka akufotokozedwa moona mtima kotero kuti nthawi yomweyo amakumbukira ziwerengero zodziwika bwino zandale zaku Russia zomwe kwazaka zambiri sizinasamale zipika m'maso mwawo.
20. Zaka zomaliza za moyo wake V. Korolenko adakhala pafupi ndi Poltava, komwe adagula nyumba kalekale. Kwa wolemba, zaka zakusintha ndi Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni zidalumikizana kukhala zovuta zingapo, nkhawa ndi zovuta. Mwamwayi, anali kulemekezedwa ndi a Reds, a Whites, a Petliurites, ndi akalonga ambiri. Korolenko adayeseranso, momwe angathere, kuchonderera anthu omwe anali pachiwopsezo, kuti nawonso azidziwona. Patangopita zaka zochepa chabe, thanzi lake linasokonekera. Chithandizo chachikulu cha kusokonezeka kwamanjenje ndi mavuto amtima chinali mtendere. Koma pakakhala bata pang'ono mkati ndi kunja, zinali mochedwa kwambiri. Pa Disembala 25, 1921 V. Korolenko adamwalira ndi edema ya m'mapapo.
