Ndichizolowezi kunena za anthu ngati wolemba waku America a Jack London (1876-1916): "Adakhala moyo wawufupi koma wowala", kwinaku akugogomezera mawu oti "owala". Amanena kuti munthu analibe mwayi wokakumana ndi ukalamba mwakachetechete, koma mu nthawi yoikidwayo adatenga zonse pamoyo wake.
Sizokayikitsa kuti London yokha, ngati ikadapangidwira kuti izikhala moyo wachiwiri, ivomera kubwereza njira yake. Mwana wapathengo yemwe, chifukwa cha umphawi, samatha kumaliza sukulu yasekondale, adapambanabe. Kale ali mwana, atalandira moyo wabwino, London, chifukwa chogwira ntchito mwakhama, adaphunzira kusinthira zomwe adalemba. Adatchuka pouza owerenga osati zomwe akufuna kuwerenga, koma zomwe ayenera kuwauza.
Ndipo atatha wolemba "White Silence", "Iron Heel" ndi "White Fang" adakakamizidwa kulemba china chake, kuti asadzayambenso umphawi. Kubereka kwa wolemba - atamwalira ali ndi zaka 40, adakwanitsa kulemba ntchito zazikulu 57 ndi nkhani zambirimbiri - sizinafotokozeredwe ndi malingaliro ambiri, koma ndi chikhumbo chofuna kupanga ndalama. Osati chifukwa chachuma - kuti mupulumuke. Ndizodabwitsa kuti, ikuzungulira ngati gologolo m'gudumu, London idakwanitsa kupanga chuma chambiri chamabuku apadziko lonse lapansi.
1. Mphamvu ya mawu osindikizidwa a Jack London amatha kuphunzira kuyambira ali wakhanda. Amayi ake, Flora, sanali atsankho makamaka muubwenzi ndi abambo. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, malingaliro a anthu anali osiyana kwambiri ndi atsikana omwe amakhala kunja kwa banja. Izi zimangoyika azimayi otere pamzere wofooka kwambiri wolekanitsa maubwenzi aulere ndi uhule. Munthawi yomwe Jack adabadwa, Flora Wellman adasungabe ubale ndi amuna atatu, ndikukhala ndi Pulofesa William Cheney. Tsiku lina, pokangana, adadzipha. Siye woyamba, osati womaliza, koma atolankhani adadziwa za izi. Chochititsa manyazi mu mzimu wa "pulofesa wouma mtima adakakamiza mtsikana wachichepere wosazindikira kuti amuchotsere, zomwe zidamupangitsa kuti adziwombere yekha" adadutsa munkhani za maiko onse, kuwononga mbiri ya Cheney kwamuyaya. Pambuyo pake, adatsutsa abambo ake.
2. London - dzina la amuna ovomerezeka a Flora Wellman, omwe adamupeza ali wakhanda Jack ali ndi miyezi eyiti. John London anali munthu wabwino, wowona mtima, waluso, wosawopa ntchito iliyonse ndipo anali wokonzeka kuchitira chilichonse banja. Ana ake aakazi awiri, azilongo ake a Jack, amakulanso chimodzimodzi. Mlongo wachikulire wotchedwa Eliza, osamuwona Jack wamng'ono, adamutenga ndikusamalira moyo wake wonse. Mwambiri, London yaying'ono inali ndi mwayi wopambana ndi anthu. Kupatula chimodzi - amayi ake omwe. Flora anali ndi mphamvu zosasinthika. Nthawi zonse amabwera ndi zatsopano, kugwa komwe kumayika banja pamphepete mwa moyo. Ndipo chikondi chake cha umayi chidawonetsedwa pomwe Eliza ndi Jack adadwala kwambiri matenda a diphtheria. Flora anali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa ngati zingatheke kuika ana ang'onoang'ono mu bokosi limodzi - ndikotsika mtengo.
3. Monga mukudziwa, a Jack London, pokhala wolemba komanso mtolankhani, amalemba mosavuta mawu chikwi m'mawa uliwonse - buku lochititsa mantha kwa wolemba aliyense. Iyemwini adafotokozera mwamphamvu zamphamvu zake ngati prank kusukulu. Nthawi yoyimba kwaya, anali chete, ndipo aphunzitsi ataona izi, adamunena kuti samayimba bwino. Amati, akufuna kuwononga mawu ake. Ulendo wachilengedwe kwa wotsogolera udatha ndi chilolezo chobwezera mphindi 15 pa kwayala tsiku ndi tsiku. Zikuwoneka kuti makalasi sanali ofanana munthawi yake, koma London idaphunzira kumaliza nyimbozo asanamalize maphunziro awo, ndikupeza nthawi yopumula.
4. Kutchuka kwa Jack London pakati pa anthu am'masiku ano ndi mbadwa zake ndikofanana ndi kutchuka kwa nyenyezi zoyambilira. Mnyamata waku Canada Richard North, yemwe ankakonda London, nthawi ina adamva kuti pakhoma la nyumba ina ku Henderson Creek, panali cholembedwa chosema ndi fano lake. Kumpoto koyamba adakhala zaka zingapo akufunafuna postman Jack Mackenzie, yemwe adawona izi. Anakumbukira kuti adawona cholembedwacho, koma zaka zoposa 20 zapitazo. Kutsimikizira uku kunali kokwanira kumpoto. Amadziwa kuti London ikupanga Site 54 pa Henderson Creek. Atayenda mozungulira nyumba zochepa zomwe zidatsalira pazitsulo za galu, aku Canada osakhazikika adakondwerera kupambana: pakhoma la imodzi mwazo zidapangidwa: "Jack London, wofufuza, wolemba, Januware 27, 1897". Anthu omwe anali pafupi ndi London komanso kupenda zojambulajambula adatsimikizira kuti izi zidachitikadi. Nyumbayo inang'ambika, ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zake, makope awiri adamangidwa kuti akondweretse wolemba ku United States ndi Canada.
5. Mu 1904, London ikadatha kuwomberedwa ndi asitikali aku Japan. Adafika ku Japan ngati mtolankhani wankhondo. Komabe, Ajapani sanali ofunitsitsa kulola alendo akunkhondo kumenya nkhondo. Jack adapita ku Korea yekha, koma adakakamizidwa kuti azikhala mu hotelo - sanaloledwe kupita kutsogolo. Zotsatira zake, adayamba kukangana pakati pa wantchito wake ndi mnzake ndipo adamenya wantchito wina moyenera. Malo ankhondo, mlendo wokhumudwitsa akukangana ... Atolankhani ena adamva kuti china chake sichili bwino. M'modzi mwa iwo adanyansanso uthengawo kwa Purezidenti Roosevelt (Theodore) iyemwini. Mwamwayi, ngakhale asanalandire yankho, atolankhaniwo sanataye nthawi, ndipo mwachangu adakankhira London pa sitima yomwe idachoka ku Japan.
6. Nthawi yachiwiri London idapita kunkhondo mu 1914. Apanso, ubale pakati pa United States ndi Mexico wakula kwambiri. Washington idaganiza zotenga doko la Vera Cruz kuchokera koyandikira kumwera. Jack London adapita ku Mexico ngati mtolankhani wapadera wamagazini a Collers ($ 1,100 pamlungu ndi kubwezera ndalama zonse). Komabe, china chake m'magulu apamwamba amphamvu chayima. Ntchito yankhondo idathetsedwa. London idayenera kukhala yokhutira ndi kupambana kwakukulu poker (adamenya atolankhani anzawo) ndipo adadwala kamwazi. Muzinthu zochepa zomwe adakwanitsa kutumiza kumagaziniyi, London idalongosola kulimba mtima kwa asitikali aku America.
7. Kumayambiriro kwaulendo wawo wolemba mabuku, London idadzilimbikitsa ndi mawu oti "madola 10 pa chikwi", zamatsenga kwa iye panthawiyo. Izi zikutanthauza ndalama zomwe magazini amati amalipira olemba pamanja - $ 10 pamawu chikwi. Jack anatumiza ntchito zake zingapo, iliyonse yomwe inali ndi mawu osachepera 20,000, m'magazini osiyanasiyana, ndipo m'maganizo adayamba kulemera. Kukhumudwitsidwa kwake kunali kwakukulu pamene mu yankho lokhalo lomwe linabwera, panali mgwirizano wosindikiza nkhani yonse $ 5! Pogwira ntchito yonyansa kwambiri, London ikadalandira zochulukirapo munthawi yogwiritsira ntchito nkhaniyi. Ntchito yolemba wolemba yemwe akufuna idapulumutsidwa ndi kalata yochokera ku magazini ya Black Cat yomwe idabwera tsiku lomwelo, komwe London idatumizira nkhani ya mawu 40,000. M'kalatayo, adapatsidwa madola 40 kuti nkhaniyi ifalitsidwe ndi vuto limodzi - kuti adule pakati. Koma awo anali $ 20 pa mawu masauzande!
8. Nkhani yokongola "White Silence" ndi ina, "Kwa iwo omwe ali panjira", London idagulitsa magazini ya "Transatlantic Weekly" pamtengo wa madola 12.5, koma sanamulipire kwa nthawi yayitali. Wolemba anabwera ku ofesi ya mkonzi. Mwachiwonekere, London yamphamvu inachita chidwi ndi mkonzi ndi mnzake - onse ogwira nawo magaziniyo. Iwo anatulutsa matumba awo ndikupereka zonse ku London. Zolemba zolembera anthu awiri anali ndi ndalama zokwana $ 5 posintha. Koma madola asanu amenewo anali ndi mwayi. Zopeza ku London zidayamba kukwera. Patapita kanthawi, magazini yomwe ili ndi dzina lofananalo - Atlantic Monthly - inalipira London ndalama zokwana $ 120 pankhaniyi.
9. Pachuma, moyo wonse wolemba ku London wakhala mpikisano wosatha wa Achilles ndi kamba. Atalandira ndalama, adagwiritsa ntchito makumi, kulandira mazana - kugwiritsa ntchito masauzande, kupeza masauzande, ndikulowerera kwambiri m'ngongole. London idagwira gehena yambiri, adalipira bwino kwambiri, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, maakaunti a wolemba sanakhale ndi ndalama zochepa.
10. Ulendo waku London ndi mkazi wake Charmian kuwoloka Pacific pa bwato la Snark kukatenga zinthu zatsopano udachita bwino - mabuku asanu ndi ntchito zing'onozing'ono zambiri mzaka ziwiri. Komabe, kusamalidwa kwa sitima yapamadzi ndi ogwira nawo ntchito, kuphatikiza ndalama zomwe zidawonongeka, zidapangitsa kuti bizinesiyo ikhale yoyipa, ngakhale kuti ofalitsa amalipira mowolowa manja komanso chakudya kumadera otentha sichotsika mtengo.
11. Ponena za ndale, London pafupifupi nthawi zonse imadzitcha wachisoshalisti. Kuwonekera kwake pagulu nthawi zonse kunadzetsa chisangalalo m'magulu akumanzere ndi chidani kumanja. Komabe, socialism sinali kutsimikiza kwa wolemba, koma kuyitana kwa mtima, kuyesa kukhazikitsa chilungamo padziko lapansi, palibenso china. A Socialists nthawi zambiri amadzudzula London chifukwa chamalingaliro ocheperawa. Ndipo wolemba akalemera, zovuta zawo zidapitilira malire onse.
12. Kulemba kwathunthu kunabweretsa London pafupifupi madola miliyoni - ndalama zabwino kwambiri panthawiyo - koma analibe kanthu kotsalira mumtima mwake koma ngongole ndi nyumba yobwereketsa. Ndipo kugula kwa famuyi kumawonetsa luso la wolemba kugula. Famuyo idagulitsidwa $ 7,000. Mtengo uwu unakhazikitsidwa ndikuyembekeza kuti mwini watsopanoyo adzasodza nsomba m'mayiwewe. Wosunga ziweto anali wokonzeka kugulitsa ku London pamtengo wa zikwi 5. Wogulitsayo, kuwopa kukhumudwitsa wolemba, adayamba kumutsogolera modekha kuti asinthe mtengo. London idaganiza kuti ikufuna kuwonjezera mtengo, sanamvere, ndikufuula kuti mtengo wagwirizana, nthawi! Mwiniwake amayenera kutenga kwa iye zikwi 7. Nthawi yomweyo, wolemba analibe ndalama konse, amayenera kubwereka.
13. Ponena za mtima ndi chikondi chauzimu, panali akazi anayi m'moyo wa Jack London. Ali mwana, anali wachikondi ndi Mabel Applegarth. Mtsikanayo adamubwezera, koma amayi ake adatha kuwopseza ngakhale woyera mtima kuchokera kwa mwana wawo wamkazi. Pozunzidwa chifukwa cholephera kulumikizana ndi wokondedwa wake, London idakumana ndi Bessie Maddern. Posakhalitsa - mu 1900 - anakwatirana, ngakhale kuti poyamba kunalibe kununkhira kwa chikondi. Amangomva bwino limodzi. Mwa kuvomereza kwa Bessie, chikondi chidabwera kwa iye pambuyo paukwati. Charmian Kittredge adakhala mkazi wachiwiri wa wolemba mu 1904, yemwe wolemba adakhala naye zaka zonse zotsalazo. Anna Strunskaya analinso ndi mphamvu zambiri ku London. Ndi msungwana uyu, yemwe anali wochokera ku Russia, London adalemba buku lonena za chikondi "Makalata a Campton ndi Weiss".
14. M'chilimwe cha 1902 London idapita ku South Africa popita ku London. Ulendowu sunayende bwino, koma wolemba sanataye nthawi. Adagula zovala zachabechabe ndikupita ku East End kuti akafufuze pansi pa London. Kumeneko adakhala miyezi itatu ndikulemba buku la "People of the Abyss", ndikubisala nthawi ndi nthawi mchipinda chobwerekedwa ndi wofufuza payekha. Mu chithunzi cha woponderezedwa kuchokera ku East End, adabwerera ku New York. Mkhalidwe wa onse ogwira nawo ntchito ku Britain komanso abwenzi aku America pakuchita izi ukuwonetsedwa ndi mawu a m'modzi mwa anthu omwe adakumana, yemwe adazindikira nthawi yomweyo: kulibe chovala ku London, ndipo oyimitsa adasinthidwa ndi lamba wachikopa - kuchokera pakuwona waku America wamba, munthu wokhumudwa kwathunthu.
15. Zosawoneka kuchokera kunja, koma gawo lofunikira kwambiri mzaka khumi zapitazi za London zidaseweredwa ndi Nakata waku Japan. Wolembayo adamulemba ntchito ngati mwana wazanyumba paulendo wazaka ziwiri ku Snark. Wachichepere waku Japan anali ngati London wachichepere: adatenga chidziwitso ndi maluso ngati siponji. Posakhalitsa adakwanitsa kudziwa ntchito zosavuta za wantchito, kenako adakhala wothandizira wolemba, ndipo London itagula malowa, idayamba kuyang'anira nyumbayo. Nthawi yomweyo, Nakata adagwira ntchito zaluso zambiri kuyambira pakuthwa mapensulo ndikugula mapepala mpaka kupeza mabuku oyenera, timabuku ndi nkhani zanyuzipepala. Pambuyo pake, Nakata, yemwe London adamuyesa ngati mwana wamwamuna, adakhala dotolo wamano mothandizidwa ndi wolemba ndalama.
16. London idachita kwambiri zaulimi. Mu kanthawi kochepa, adakhala katswiri ndipo adamvetsetsa mbali zonse zamakampaniwa, kuyambira kufalikira kwa mbewu mpaka momwe zimakhalira mumsika waku America. Anasintha mitundu ya ziweto, nthaka yatha feteleza, malo olimapo omwe anali ndi tchire. Makola abwino a ng'ombe, ma silos adamangidwa, ndikupanga njira zothirira. Nthawi yomweyo, ogwira ntchito amalandila pogona, tebulo ndi malipiro a tsiku la maola asanu ndi atatu. Izi, zachidziwikire, zimafuna ndalama. Kutayika kwaulimi nthawi zina kumafikira $ 50,000 pamwezi.
17. Ubale pakati pa London ndi Sinclair Lewis udachita chidwi, panthawi yotchuka ku London ngati wolemba wosauka yemwe amafuna. Pofuna kupeza ndalama zochepa, Lewis adatumiza ziwembu zingapo ku London kuti akaphunzire zamtsogolo. Ankafuna kugulitsa ziwembuzi $ 7.5. London idasankha ziwembu ziwiri ndipo mokhulupirika idatumizira Lewis $ 15, pomwe adadzigulira chikhotho. Pambuyo pake, London nthawi zina idakumana ndi zovuta zakuyambitsa chifukwa chofunikira kulemba mwachangu komanso zambiri, adagula kwa Lewis ziwembu za "Bambo Wosakaza", "Mkazi Yemwe Adapereka Moyo Wake Kwa Mwamuna" ndi "Boxer mu Mchira" $ 5. Chiwembu cha "Mr. Cincinnatus" sichinapitirire kwa 10. Pambuyo pake, nkhani "Pamene dziko lonse linali laling'ono" ndi nkhani "Chilombo Choopsa" zinalembedwa kutengera nkhani za Lewis. Zomwe London ipeza posachedwa chinali chiwembu cholemba buku la Murder Bureau. Wolembayo samadziwa momwe angayandikire chiwembu chosangalatsa, ndipo adalemba za Lewis. Anatumiza mnzake wolemekezeka mndandanda wonse wa bukuli kwaulere. Tsoka, London idalibe nthawi yoti amalize.
18. Masiku otsiriza a moyo wa Jack London titha kuwerengera kuyambira Ogasiti 18, 1913. Patsikuli, nyumbayi, yomwe adakhala akumanga kwa zaka zopitilira zitatu, adawotcha milungu ingapo asadayikemo. Nyumba ya Wolf, monga London idatchulira, inali nyumba yachifumu yeniyeni. Malo ake onse anali 1,400 mita lalikulu. m. London idawononga $ 80,000 pomanga Wolf House. Pazinthu zandalama zokha, osaganizira mitengo yomwe yakwera kwambiri yazomangira ndi malipiro owonjezera a omanga, iyi ndi pafupifupi $ 2.5 miliyoni. Kulengeza kokha kokha kwa ndalamaku kunadzudzula mwankhanza - wolemba yemwe amadzitcha kuti ndi wachisosholizimu, adadzimangira nyumba yachifumu. Moto utatha ku London, chinaoneka ngati chikuswa. Anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito, koma matenda ake onse anaipiraipira nthawi yomweyo, ndipo sanasangalale ndi moyo.
19. Novembala 21, 1916 Jack London adamaliza kulongedza - amapita ku New York. Mpaka madzulo, amalankhula ndi mlongo wake Eliza, ndikukambirana za mapulani okweza ulimi pafamuyo. M'mawa wa Novembala 22, Eliza adadzutsidwa ndi antchito - Jack anali atagona atakomoka. Patebulo la pambali pa kama panali mabotolo a morphine (London adachepetsa kupweteka kwa uremia) ndi atropine. Zolankhula kwambiri zinali zolemba zochokera mu kope lokhala ndi mawerengedwe owopsa a ziphe. Madokotala anatenga njira zonse zopulumutsira panthawiyo, koma sizinaphule kanthu. Pa 19 koloko Jack London wazaka 40 adamaliza ulendo wake wovuta wapadziko lapansi.
20. Ku Emerville, tawuni yapafupi ndi Auckland, komwe adabadwira komanso pafupi ndi komwe amakhala nthawi yayitali ya moyo wake, mafani ake adabzala mtengo wa oak mu 1917. Mtengo uwu, wobzalidwa pakati pa bwaloli, ukukula. Otsatira aku London akuti akuchokera pamalo pomwe mtengo udabzalidwa pomwe a Jack London adalankhula chimodzi motsutsana ndi capitalism. Atatha kulankhula izi, adamangidwa koyamba pazifukwa zandale, ngakhale malinga ndi zomwe apolisi adalemba, adamangidwa chifukwa chosokoneza bata pagulu.
