Inde, sizomveka kunena kuti ndi chiwalo chiti chofunikira kwambiri m'thupi la munthu. Thupi la munthu ndi makina ovuta kwambiri, omwe mbali zake zimakonzedweratu wina ndi mzake kotero kuti kulephera kwa imodzi mwa izo kumabweretsa mavuto kwa thupi lonse.
Komabe, ngakhale ndi chenjezo ili, khungu limawoneka kuti ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'thupi la munthu. Choyamba, izi sizili chifukwa chowopsa cha matenda akhungu, koma chifukwa chakuti matendawa nthawi zambiri amawonekera kwa onse owazungulira. Wolemba zopeka ku America komanso, nthawi yomweyo, wotchuka wa sayansi Isaac Asimov adalongosola ziphuphu m'buku lake limodzi. Azimov amatcha ziphuphu kumaso kwa achinyamata ndi matenda oopsa kwambiri osati chifukwa cha kufa kapena kulumala, koma potengera zomwe zimakhudza psyche yaumunthu. Mnyamata kapena mtsikana akangolemba Asimov, ganizirani zakupezeka kwa amuna kapena akazi anzawo, ziwalo zowoneka za thupi lake, choyambirira, nkhope, zimakhudzidwa ndi ziphuphu zoyipa. Kuwonongeka kwawo kwathanzi sikokwanira, koma kuwonongeka kwamaganizidwe komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi ziphuphu ndi kwakukulu.
Popanda ulemu kuposa achinyamata, amathandizira khungu la mkazi. Khwinya lirilonse latsopano limakhala vuto, chifukwa cha yankho lomwe mabiliyoni amadola amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazodzola padziko lonse lapansi. Ndipo, nthawi zambiri, ndalamazi zimakhala zopanda pake - sikuti akatswiri azodzikongoletsera okha sangabwezeretse nthawi. Opaleshoni yapulasitiki imatha kuthandiza kwakanthawi, koma kwakukulu, kukalamba pakhungu ndi njira yosasinthika.
Khungu, ngakhale silili bwino kwambiri, ndiye chitetezo chofunikira kwambiri cha thupi la munthu pazowopseza zambiri. Amakutidwa ndi thukuta losakaniza ndi sebum, ndipo amateteza thupi kutenthedwa, kutentha thupi komanso matenda. Kutaya ngakhale kachigawo kakang'ono kakhungu ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu mthupi lonse. Mwamwayi, m'mankhwala amakono matekinoloje awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwezeretsa mwadzidzidzi madera akhungu kapena ochotsedwa, omwe amawalola kuti asunge mawonekedwe awo. Koma, zowonadi, ndibwino kuti tisamapitirire muyeso, koma kudziwa zomwe khungu limapangidwa, momwe limagwirira ntchito komanso momwe mungasamalire.
1. Zikuwonekeratu kuti matupi a anthu osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi kukula kosiyanasiyana, koma pafupifupi, titha kuganiza kuti dera la khungu la munthu lili pafupifupi 1.5 - 2 m2, ndipo kulemera kwake kupatula mafuta onenepa kwambiri ndi 2.7 kg. Kutengera malo omwe thupi limakhala, makulidwe akhungu amatha kusiyanasiyana nthawi 10 - kuchokera 0,5 mm pakope mpaka 0,5 cm pamapazi a mapazi.
2. Ndi khungu lamunthu lomwe lili ndi masentimita 72 pali mitunda 6 yamagazi, mafinya amafuta 90, tsitsi 65, mathero 19,000, matumbo a thukuta 625 ndi maselo 19 miliyoni.
3. Kupeputsa, amati khungu limakhala ndi magawo awiri: khungu ndi khungu. Nthawi zina amatchulidwanso mafuta amkati. Kuchokera pakuwona kwa sayansi, khungu lokhalo limakhala ndi zigawo zisanu (kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba): basal, prickly, granular, shiny ndi horny. Maselo amatuluka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera kwina kupita kwina kukafa. Mwambiri, njira yokonzanso kwathunthu kwa epidermis imatenga masiku pafupifupi 27. M'mimbamo, m'munsi mwake amatchedwa reticular, ndipo chapamwamba amatchedwa papillary.
4. Maselo ambiri pakhungu la munthu amaposa 300 miliyoni. Popeza kuchuluka kwa khungu, thupi limatulutsa maselo pafupifupi 2 biliyoni pachaka. Ngati muyeza maselo akhungu omwe munthu amataya moyo wake wonse, mumalandira pafupifupi 100 kg.
5. Munthu aliyense ali ndi timadontho-timadontho ndi / kapena zizindikiro zobadwa pakhungu lawo. Mtundu wawo wosiyanasiyana umawonetsera mtundu wina. Nthawi zambiri, timadontho tating'onoting'ono timakhala tofiirira. Awa ndimaselo amitundu yodzala ndi pigment. Ana obadwa kumene amakhala opanda timadontho. Pa thupi la munthu wamkulu aliyense, nthawi zonse mumakhala timadontho tambiri. Ziphuphu zazikulu (zoposa 1 cm m'mimba mwake) ndizoopsa - zimatha kusintha kukhala zotupa. Ngakhale kuwonongeka kwamakina kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha kubadwanso, chifukwa chake, ndibwino kuchotsa timadontho tambiri tomwe timakhala mthupi m'malo omwe ndi owopsa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka.
6. Misomali ndi tsitsi ndizotengera za epidermis, kusintha kwake. Amakhala ndi maselo amoyo m'munsi ndi maselo akufa pamwamba.
7. Kufiira khungu komwe kumachitika chifukwa chakulimbikira thupi kapena zinthu zam'mutu amatchedwa vasodilation. Chodabwitsa china - kukhetsa magazi pakhungu, kuchititsa pallor - kumatchedwa vasoconstriction.
8. Maimbidwe m'manja ndi m'mapazi a munthu ndi nyanga ndi ziboda za nyama ndi zochitika mofanana. Zonsezi ndizopangidwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa keratinization ya epidermis. Keratin ndi chinthu chowotcha, ndipo ikapakidwa mopitirira muyeso, khungu limataya kufewetsa kwake komanso kukhala pulasitiki. Zimakhala zopindika komanso zopanda pake, ndikupanga zophuka.
9. M'zaka za zana la 19, ma rickets amatchedwa matenda achingerezi. Avitaminosis mu zakudya za Britons olemera anali owopsa (palinso lingaliro loti kutsekemera ndikumveka kosazolowereka kwachilendo kwa alendo mu Chingerezi kudawonekera ndendende chifukwa chakusowa kwa mavitamini komanso matenda am'mimba, omwe mano amatuluka). Ndipo chifukwa cha utsiwo, anthu okhala m'matawuni aku Britain analibe dzuwa. Nthawi yomweyo, anali kufunafuna njira zothetsera ma rickets kulikonse, koma osati ku England. Pole Andrzej Snyadecki adazindikira kuti kuwunika kwa dzuwa kumangothandiza kupewa komanso kuthandizira ma rickets. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, kudapezeka kuti kuwala kwamtunduwu kumatha kusinthidwa ndi nyali ya quartz. Akatswiri azamakhalidwe mwachilengedwe adazindikira kuti khungu la munthu, motsogozedwa ndi anthu, limapanga chinthu china chomwe chimalepheretsa ma rickets. Dokotala waku America komanso wamankhwala Alfred Fabian Hess, akuwunika makoswe okhala ndi khungu loyera ndi lakuda, adapeza kuti makoswe akuda amatuluka maliketi, ngakhale kuwaunikira ndi kuwala kwa nyali ya quartz. Hess adapitilira - adayamba kudyetsa magulu owongolera makoswe oyera ndi akuda ndi nyali ya quartz yowala, kapena khungu "loyera". Atalandira khungu "lowala", makoswe akuda adasiya kudwala ma rickets. Chifukwa chake zidawululidwa kuti mothandizidwa ndi radiation ya ultraviolet, khungu limatha kupanga vitamini D. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku chinthu chotchedwa "styrene", chomwe chimatanthauza "mowa wolimba" m'Chigiriki.
10. Ofufuza odziyimira pawokha apeza kuti ma 82% amalemba azodzola zodzikongoletsera pakhungu amakhala ndi mabodza abodza, obisidwa ngati mawu olakwika komanso zonena zabodza. Kungakhale bwino kuthana ndi mawu omwe amawoneka ngati opanda vuto, monga azimayi 95% amasankha zonona za usiku "NN". Kupatula apo, nkhani zakomwe zimayambira 100% ya kirimu chomwecho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotetezeka, ndizabodza. Mafuta a lavenda ndi a zipatso, masamba a rhubarb, hazel ya ufiti, ndi ululu wa njoka zonse ndizopangira zachilengedwe, koma zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi kuti ndizovulaza. Mawu onena kuti zonona zodzikongoletsera amateteza kwathunthu kwa eni kuzinthu zowononga zakunja nawonso siolondola. Zitha kuchitika pokhapokha ngati mwiniwake wa zonona asiya kudya, kumwa ndi kupuma, ndikuyamba kuvala zovala zolimba zomwe zimaphimba thupi lonse.
11. Pali chongoyerekeza chambiri chokhudza kukhazikika kwa anthu padziko lapansi. Zimatengera kuthekera kwa khungu la munthu kutulutsa vitamini D motero kumateteza ma rickets. Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, posamuka kuchokera ku Africa kupita kumpoto, anthu omwe ali ndi khungu lowala anali ndi mwayi kuposa abale akhungu lakuda. okonda kunyanyala chifukwa chosowa vitamini D. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, anthu akhungu lakuda kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe adamwalira, ndipo anthu akhungu loyera adakhala mbadwa za anthu aku Europe. Koyamba, lingaliro lakuwoneka ngati lopusa, koma zifukwa ziwiri zazikulu zimayanja. Choyamba, anthu okhala ndi khungu loyera komanso tsitsi loyera anali ambiri makamaka ku Europe. Chachiwiri, anthu akhungu lakuda ku Europe ndi North America ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha ma rickets kuposa anthu akhungu loyera.
12. Mtundu wa khungu la munthu umadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa pigment yomwe ilipo - melanin. Kunena zowona, ma melanins ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri, ndipo mtundu wa khungu umakhudzidwa ndi ulemu wa mitundu iyi, yolumikizidwa mgulu la eumelanins, koma nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito ndi dzina loti "melanin". Imatenga kuwala kwa ma ultraviolet bwino, komwe kumawononga khungu komanso thupi lonse. Kusamba komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwala kofananako kwa ultraviolet sichizindikiro cha kupangidwa kwa melanin pakhungu. Kupsa ndi dzuwa ndikutupa kochepa pakhungu. Koma poyambirira khungu lakuda la anthu ndi umboni wa kuchuluka kwa khansa ya khansa. Melanin imadziwitsanso mtundu wa tsitsi la munthu.
13. Khungu la munthu limakhala ndi carotene pigment. Yafalikira ndipo imakhala yachikasu (mwina dzina lake limachokera ku mawu achingerezi "karoti" - "karoti"). Kuchuluka kwa carotene pamtundu wa melanin kumapangitsa khungu kukhala loyera lachikaso. Izi zimawonekera bwino pakhungu la anthu ena aku East Asia. Ndiponso, nthawi yomweyo, khungu la anthu aku East Asia omwewo limatulutsa thukuta ndi sebum yocheperako poyerekeza ndi ya ku Europe ndi America. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, ngakhale ochokera ku Korea otuluka thukuta kwambiri, fungo losasangalatsa silikumveka.
14. Khungu limakhala ndimatenda thukuta pafupifupi 2 miliyoni. Ndi chithandizo chawo, kutentha kwa thupi kumayendetsedwa. Khungu limapereka kutentha kumlengalenga popanda iwo, koma njirayi ndiyokhazikika. Kutuluka kwamadzi ndimachitidwe okwera mtengo kwambiri potengera mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, chifukwa chake thukuta lomwe limatuluka pakhungu limalola kutsika kwakanthawi kotentha kwa thupi la munthu. Khungu lakuda kwambiri, limakhala ndimatulutsa thukuta kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu akuda azitha kupirira kutentha.
15. Fungo losasangalatsa la thukuta ndiye fungo la sebum yowola. Amatulutsidwa ndimatenda osakanikirana, omwe amapezeka pakhungu pamwamba pamatenda otupa thukuta. Thukuta limakhala pafupifupi madzi amodzi opanda mchere wowonjezera. Ndipo sebum, ikamasulidwa kuchokera kumafinya, ilibe fungo lililonse - ilibe zinthu zosakhazikika. Fungo limachitika pamene thukuta ndi sebum zimayamba kuwononga mabakiteriya.
16. Pafupifupi munthu m'modzi mwa anthu 20,000 ndi achialubino. Anthu otere alibe melanin pang'ono pakhungu lawo ndi tsitsi. Khungu ndi tsitsi la Albino ndi zoyera mowala, ndipo maso awo ndi ofiira - m'malo mwa inki, mitsempha yamagazi yopyapyala imapereka utoto. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, maalubino amapezeka nthawi zambiri pakati pa anthu okhala ndi khungu lakuda kwambiri. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma albino pa munthu aliyense chili ku Tanzania - kumeneko ma albino amakhala 1: 1,400. Nthawi yomweyo, Tanzania ndi Zimbabwe yoyandikana ndiomwe amaonedwa kuti ndi mayiko oopsa kwambiri kwa maalubino. M'mayiko amenewa, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kudya nyama ya albino kumachiritsa matenda ndipo kumabweretsa mwayi. Madola masauzande ambiri amalipiridwa chifukwa cha ziwalo za albino. Chifukwa chake, makanda achialubino amatengedwa nthawi yomweyo kupita kusukulu zapadera zanyumba - amatha kugulitsidwa kapena kudyedwa ndi abale awo.
17. Mawu akale omwe amaseketsa kuti kusamba thupi ndizowopsa (mafumu ena ndi mfumukazi zimasambitsidwa kawiri m'miyoyo yawo, ndi zina zambiri), ndizomveka, zimakhala ndi maziko ena. Zachidziwikire, kutsimikizika kwawo pang'ono kudabwera pambuyo pake. Kunapezeka kuti tizilombo pa khungu kuti kuwononga mabakiteriya tizilombo. Kungoganiza kuti khungu ndilosabala kwathunthu, mabakiteriyawa amatha kulowa mthupi. Koma ndizosatheka kukwaniritsa kusakhazikika kwathunthu pakhungu posamba kapena kusamba, kuti musambe mopanda mantha.
18. Mwachidziwitso, matupi a anthu akhungu lakuda ayenera kuyamwa kutentha kwambiri kuposa matupi a anthu omwe ali ndi khungu loyera. Osachepera, kuwerengera kwathunthu kukuwonetsa kuti matupi a omwe akuyimira mtundu wa Negroid akuyenera kuyamwa kutentha kwa 37%. Izi, mwamaganizidwe, m'malo azanyengo komwe ziyenera kupangitsa kuti zizitentha kwambiri. Komabe, kafukufukuyu, monga momwe asayansi alembera, "sanapereke zotsatira zowonekeratu." Ngati matupi akuda atenga kutentha kotereku, amayenera kutulutsa thukuta lalikulu. Anthu akuda amatuluka thukuta kuposa anthu omwe ali ndi khungu loyera, koma kusiyana kwake sikofunikira. Mwachiwonekere, ali ndi njira yosungira thukuta yosiyana.
19. Anthu okhala ndi khungu labuluu amakhala padziko lapansi. Uwu si mpikisano wapadera. Khungu limatha kutembenukira buluu pazifukwa zingapo. Ku Andes aku Chile, kumbuyo kuma 1960, anthu adapezeka akukhala kumtunda wopitilira 6,000 metres. Khungu lawo limakhala ndi utoto wabuluu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin - hemoglobin yopanda mphamvu ndi mpweya imakhala ndi mtundu wabuluu, ndipo kumapiri chifukwa chothinana kwambiri mumakhala mpweya wochepa wopumira anthu. Khungu limatha kukhala labuluu chifukwa chosintha kosasintha kwa majini. Kwa zaka zana ndi theka, banja la a Fugates limakhala ku United States, onse omwe mamembala ake anali ndi khungu labuluu. Ana obadwira ku France adalowa m'mabanja ofanana, koma ana awo onse adatengera chikhalidwe chosowa cha makolo awo. Chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti ana a Fugate adayesedwa kwambiri ndi zamankhwala, koma palibe matenda omwe adapezeka. Pambuyo pake, pang'ono ndi pang'ono amaphatikizana ndi anthu omwe anali ndi khungu labwinobwino, ndipo zovuta zamtunduwu zimatha. Pomaliza, khungu limatha kusintha buluu kuti lisatenge siliva wa colloidal. Inali gawo la mankhwala ambiri odziwika. American Fred Walters, adasanduka wabuluu atadya siliva wa colloidal, ngakhale adawonetsa khungu lake kuti lipeze ndalama powonekera pagulu. Zowona, adamwalira ndi zotsatira za kutenga siliva wa colloidal.
20. Kuthina kwa khungu sikudalira kupezeka kwa kolajeni kapena kuchuluka kwake. Collagen imapezeka pakhungu lililonse, ndipo kulimba kwake kumadalira mtundu wa mamolekyulu a collagen. Khungu laling'ono, limakhala lopindika, kenako khungu limakhala lolimba. Mamolekyu a Collagen amapuma ndikukula. ngati "kutambasula" khungu, kulipangitsa kuti lisamayende bwino. Chifukwa chake, zodzikongoletsera za collagen, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayamikiridwa pakutsatsa zodzoladzola, zimangogwira ntchito munthawi yomwe zonona zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumaso zimalimbitsa khungu. Collagen sichilowerera pakhungu, ndipo atachotsa zonona, amabwerera momwe amakhalira kale. Mafuta odzola a petroleum amakhala ndi zotsatira zofananira ndi collagen. Zomwezo zimagwiranso ntchito pama resveratrol apamwamba, koma akagwiritsidwa ntchito kunja, alibe zovuta.
