Big Ben pambali, Stonehenge amatha kuonedwa ngati chizindikiro chachikulu cha England. Aliyense wawona mphete zamakedzana zikuluzikulu zitayima pamulu wotsika paphiri lobiriwira. Kuchokera patali, ngakhale pafupi, Stonehenge ndiwopatsa chidwi, wopatsa ulemu masiku omwe ma Atlante amaoneka kuti amakhala padziko lapansi.
Funso loyamba lachilengedwe lomwe limabwera kuchokera kwa ambiri koyamba pa Stonehenge - chifukwa chiyani? Kodi nchifukwa ninji miyala yonyansayi anaikonza motere? Ndi miyambo yachinsinsi yotani yomwe idachitika m'miyala yamiyala yomwe yamenyedwa nthawi yayitali?
Ponena za njira zoperekera miyala ndikumanga Stonehenge, ndiye kuti pali zosankha zochepa chifukwa cha njira zochepa (ngati sizingaganizire alendo ndi telekinesis). Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito kwa anthu omwe adamanga megalith - ku England komweko kunalibe mafumu kapena akapolo, chifukwa chake Stonehenge adamangidwa, motsogozedwa ndi zolinga zauzimu zokha. Nthawi pomwe funso likuti: "Kodi mukufuna kutenga nawo mbali pa ntchito yomanga yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi?" yankhani "Malipiro ake ndi ati?" ndiye sanabwerebe.
1. Stonehenge idamangidwa pazaka zambiri, kuyambira 3000 mpaka 2100 BC. e. Komanso, kale pafupifupi kumayambiriro kwa zaka 1 BC. akuwoneka kuti aiwala za iye. Ngakhale Aroma, omwe adalemba zonse mwachangu, sanatchule mawu amodzi onena za megalith yofanana ndi mapiramidi aku Egypt. Stonehenge "adabweranso" kachiwiri kokha mu 1130 mu ntchito ya Heinrich Huntingdon "Mbiri ya anthu aku England". Adalemba mndandanda wazinthu zinayi zodabwitsa ku England, ndipo ndi Stonehenge yekha pamndandandawu yemwe anali ntchito ya munthu.
2. Misonkhano yonse, kumanga kwa Stonehenge kumatha kugawidwa m'magulu atatu. Choyamba, zipilala zidatsanulidwa ndikukumba dzenje pakati pawo. Kenako megalith idamangidwa ndi matabwa. Pa gawo lachitatu, matabwa adalowedwa m'malo ndi miyala.
3. Stonehenge ili ndi zipilala ziwiri zokhala ndi ngalande pakati pake, Mwala wa Guwa, miyala iwiri yoyimirira (2 idapulumuka, ndipo idasunthidwa), mphete zitatu za mabowo, miyala 30 yoyimilira yopingasa yakunja, yolumikizidwa ndi olumpha (17 ndi 5 kulumpha kunapulumuka) , Miyala ya buluu 59 kapena 61 (9 adapulumuka), ndi ma triliths ena asanu (nyumba zooneka ngati U) mkatikati (3 adapulumuka). Mawu oti "kupulumuka" amatanthauza "kuyimilira" - miyala ina imakhala, ndipo pazifukwa zina sizinakhudzidwe pomangidwanso, ngakhale miyala ina yoyimilira idasunthika. Payokha, kunja kwa bwalolo, pamayima mwala wa Heel. Pamwambapa ndiye kuti Dzuwa limatuluka tsiku lanyengo yotentha. Panali zipata ziwiri za Stonehenge: yaying'ono, ndi zina zambiri. Avenue ndi msewu woyang'ana panja womangidwa ndi zipilala zadothi.
4. Mbiri yakale ya Stonehenge inanena kuti kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, Stonehenge anali atafika poti mpaka pano amayenera kumangidwanso. Pambuyo pa gawo loyamba lakumanganso (1901), pomwe mwala umodzi wokha udakwezedwa ndikuti udayikidwiratu, kudandaula kudabuka. Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse itangotha, ntchito yokonzanso yatsopano idayamba. Mwa njira, Ajeremani adapambana bomba ku London ndi mizinda ina ku England munkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, kotero padali china choti abwezeretse kumeneko. Koma adaganiza zobwezeretsa mulu wakufa ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Ntchitozi zinali zazikulu kwambiri, koma pambuyo pa nkhondo yamagazi anthu sanachite ziwonetsero. Pomaliza, gawo lalikulu kwambiri lakumanganso lidachitika mu 1958-1964. Apa zida zolemera, konkriti, zida zowonera, ma theodolite, ndi zina zambiri anali atagwiritsidwa kale ntchito.Ndipo atangotha kumene, buku la Gerald Hawkins "The Solution to the Secret of Stonehenge" lasindikizidwa, momwe amadzinenera kuti Stonehenge anali woyang'anira. Opanga chiwembu adalandira chakudya chochuluka chazifukwa komanso milandu. Koma mabuku a Hawkins adagulitsa kwambiri ndipo adapatsa Stonehenge kutchuka kwambiri.
5. Pofika chaka cha 1900, asayansi, ofufuza, mainjiniya ndi anthu achidwi okha adapereka malingaliro 947 onena za cholinga cha Stonehenge (wowerengedwa ndi Austrian Walter Musse). Makamu ambiri oterewa, amafotokozedwera osati ndi malingaliro osasinthika a olemba awo, komanso ndi njira zokhazikitsira kafukufuku wakale. M'masiku amenewo zinali zachilendo kuti mutha kuphunzira sayansi iliyonse osatuluka muofesi yanu. Ndikokwanira kungophunzira zolemba zomwe zilipo ndi umboni, kuti mumvetsetse ndikupeza mayankho olondola. Ndipo pamaziko a zolemba zochepa za pensulo ndi malongosoledwe achidwi a iwo omwe adayendera Stonehenge, titha kupereka malingaliro angapo.
6. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa malo a zakuthambo ndi malo a Stonehenge ndi a William Stukeley. M'ntchito yake ya 1740 Stonehenge: Kachisi Wobwerera ku Briteni Druids, adalemba kuti megalith imayang'ana kumpoto chakum'mawa ndipo imawonetsa nthawi yadzuwa. Izi zimapangitsa ulemu kwa wasayansi komanso wofufuza - monga tingawonere ngakhale pamutu wa buku lake, Stukeley anali wotsimikiza motsimikiza kuti Stonehenge ndiye malo opatulika a a Druid. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo anali wofufuza bwino m'munda, ankasamala za momwe nyumbayo ikuyendera, ndipo sanakhale chete ndi zomwe adawona. Kuphatikiza apo, Stukeley adapanga zokumba zingapo ndikuwona zofunikira zingapo.
7. Kale m'zaka za zana la 19, Stonehenge anali malo opita kokayenda m'mapiri komanso kuma picnic. A Sir Edmund Antrobus, omwe anali ndi malo ozungulira megalith, adakakamizidwa kulemba ntchito, mmawu amasiku ano, alonda kuti azisunga bata. Malinga ndi malamulo achingerezi, analibe ufulu woletsa anthu kupita kunja kwa Stonehenge ndi anthu akunja (kumbukirani momwe Jerome K. Jerome adanyozera zikwangwani zoletsa kupita kulikonse munkhaniyi Amuna Atatu M'bwato, Kupatula Galu). Ndipo alonda sanathandize kwambiri. Adayesa kukopa omvera kuti asayatse moto, osataya zinyalala komanso osadula miyala yayikulu kwambiri. Achifwamba analangidwa kwambiri polemba dzina ndi adiresi yawo. M'malo mwake, dzina ndi adilesi yomwe amamuyitanira - panalibe funso la makhadi pomwepo. Mu 1898, Sir Edmund I adamwalira, ndipo malowo adalandira cholowa ndi Sir Edmund II, mphwake wa womwalirayo. Young Antrobus anali atazungulira Stonehenge pomwepo ndikulipiritsa ndalama zolowera. Omvera anali okhumudwa, koma ma druid adalowererapo, poganizira Stonehenge malo awo opatulika. Apanso, malinga ndi lamulo, palibe amene ali ndi ufulu woletsa malo olambirira. Ndiye kuti, wachichepere yemwe adabwera ku Stonehenge ndi mtsikana ndi mkono wake komanso basiketi, kuti alandire kwaulere, zinali zokwanira kulengeza kwa nduna kuti anali druid. Posowa chiyembekezo, Antrobus adapatsa boma kuti ligule Stonehenge ndi mahekitala 12 a malo mozungulira mapaundi a 50,000 - pali bwalo la ndege ndi malo omenyera nkhondo pafupi nawo, bwanji osawakulitsa? Boma lakana mgwirizanowu. Antrobus Jr. adapita kunkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse ndipo adafera komweko, osasiya olowa m'malo.
8. Ku Stonehenge, malo omaliza a buku la a Thomas Hardy "Tess wa D'Urberville" amachitika. The protagonist, amene anapha, ndi mwamuna wake Claire amayesetsa kuthawa apolisi. Amayendayenda kumwera kwa England, akugona m'nkhalango komanso m'nyumba zopanda anthu. Amapunthwa pa Stonehenge pafupifupi mumdima, akumva mwala umodzi wakunja. Onse awiri Tess ndi Claire amaganiza kuti Stonehenge ndi malo operekerako nsembe. Tess amagona pa Guwa la Nsembe. Usiku, Tess ndi mwamuna wake azunguliridwa ndi apolisi. Kuyembekezera, popemphedwa ndi amuna awo, Tess kudzuka, amumanga.
9. Atatulutsidwa mu 1965, buku la Gerald Hawkins "Deciphered Stonehenge" kwenikweni linaphulitsa dziko lapansi la akatswiri ofukula zakale komanso ofufuza a megalith. Zidakhala kuti akhala akumangododometsa mwambi wa Stonehenge kwazaka zambiri, kenako wosakhala waluso, ngakhale waku America, adazitenga ndikusankha zonse! Pakadali pano, ngakhale panali zolakwika zambiri, Hawkins adabwera ndi malingaliro angapo osatsutsika. Malinga ndi Hawkins, mothandizidwa ndi miyala ndi mabowo a Stonehenge, zinali zotheka kuneneratu osati nthawi yamapiri okha, komanso kadamsana ndi dzuwa ndi mwezi. Kuti muchite izi, kunali koyenera kusunthira miyala pamabowo mosiyanasiyana. Zachidziwikire, zina mwazonena za Hawkins sizinali zolondola kwathunthu, koma chonsecho, lingaliro lake, lotsimikiziridwa ndi kuwerengera kwamakompyuta, likuwoneka logwirizana komanso logwirizana.
10. Atalimbikitsidwa ndi kulimba mtima kwa Hawkins, aku Britain adapempha katswiri wazakuthambo ndipo, munthawi yomweyo, wolemba zopeka za Fred Fredoy kuti akhazikitse malo oyambawo. Hoyle panthawiyo anali ndiulamuliro waukulu wasayansi. Ndi iye yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Big Bang" pofotokoza chiyambi cha chilengedwe. Kuyamika kwake, Hoyle, "sanakwaniritse lamuloli", koma adalemba ntchito yake, yomwe samangotsimikizira, komanso kuwonjezeranso kuwerengera kwa Hawkins. Mu "Dechenge wa Stonehenge," a Hawkins adalongosola njira yodziwiratu kadamsanayu, koma kadamsana wina sanagwere pansi pa njirayi. Hoyle, yemwe adasokoneza pang'ono njira yosunthira miyala pamabowo, zidapezeka kuti anthu akale amatha kuneneratu ngakhale kadamsana komwe sikuwonekere kudera lino lapansi.
11. Mwina Stonehenge anali mphatso yopitilira muyeso m'mbiri. Mu 1915 (inde, kwa ndani nkhondoyi, komanso kwa iye ndi Stonehenge), maere, omwe amadziwika kuti "malo opatulika owonera ndi kupembedza Dzuwa" adagulidwa pamsika ndi Cecil Chubb. Adabadwira m'banja lonyamula zida m'mudzi wapafupi ndi Stonehenge, koma adatha, monga akunena, kuti alowe mwa anthu, ndikukhala loya wopambana. M'moyo wabanja, Chubb adachita bwino pang'ono kuposa milandu - adafika pamsika pamalingaliro a mkazi wake, yemwe adamutumiza kukagula makatani kapena mipando. Ndinapita kuchipinda cholakwika, ndinamva za Stonehenge, ndipo ndinagula £ 6,600 ndi mtengo woyambira wa 5,000. Mary Chubb sanalimbikitsidwe ndi mphatsoyo. Patatha zaka zitatu, Chubb adapatsa a Stonehenge kuboma kwaulere, koma kuti kuvomereza ma druid azikhala aulere, ndipo aku Britain sangapereke ndalama zopitilira 1 shill. Boma lidavomereza ndikusunga mawu ake (onani mfundo yotsatira).
12. Chaka chilichonse pa Juni 21, Stonehenge amakhala ndi chikondwerero chanyimbo polemekeza nthawi yozizira, yomwe imakopa anthu masauzande ambiri. Mu 1985, mwambowu udaletsedwa chifukwa chamakhalidwe osayenera a omvera. Komabe, ndiye Britain Heritage Foundation, yomwe imayang'anira Stonehenge, idaganiza kuti ndizopanda phindu kuphonya phindu. Chikondwererochi chayambanso ndi tikiti yovomerezeka ya $ 17.5 kuphatikiza £ 10 pa basi yochokera m'mizinda yapafupi.
13. Kuyambira 2010, kafukufuku wofufuza zamabwinja pafupi ndi Stonehenge adachitidwa. Nyumba za miyala ndi matabwa 17 zidapezeka, ndipo manda ambiri ndi manda osavuta adapezeka. Mothandizidwa ndi maginito, kilomita kuchokera ku "mainhenge" wa Stonehenge, zotsalira zazing'ono zazing'ono zamatabwa zidapezeka. Mwachidziwikire, zomwe apezazi zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro loti Stonehenge anali malo achipembedzo akulu kwambiri, mtundu wa Vatican wa Bronze Age.
14. Miyala yayikulu ya mpanda wakunja ndi ma trilith amkati - sarsens - adapangidwa pafupi - makilomita 30 kumpoto kwa Stonehenge pali miyala yambiri ikuluikulu yomwe idabweretsedwamo ndi madzi oundana. Kumeneku, matabwa ofunikira anali kudulidwapo. Adapukutidwa kale pamalo omangapo. Kuyendetsa mabatani matani 30 kunali, kovuta, makamaka chifukwa cha malo olimba. Mwachidziwikire, adakokedwa pamodzi odzigudubuza opangidwa ndi zipika pamatumba opangidwanso, kuchokera pazipika. Zina mwanjira zitha kuchitika pamtsinje wa Avon. Tsopano yakhala yosaya, koma zaka 5,000 zapitazo, pamene nthawi ya ayezi idabwerera posachedwa, Avon ikadatha kukhala yokwanira. Kuyenda kwa chipale chofewa ndi ayezi kukadakhala koyenera, koma kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti nyengoyo inali yofatsa nthawi imeneyo.
15. Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kulingalira zonyamula miyala yamtambo. Ndi opepuka - pafupifupi matani 7 - koma gawo lawo lili kumwera kwa Wales, pafupifupi makilomita 300 molunjika kuchokera ku Stonehenge. Njira yayifupi kwambiri imakulitsa mtunda wopita makilomita 400. Koma apa njira zambiri zitha kuchitika panyanja ndi mumtsinje. Gawo lakumtunda ndi makilomita 40 okha. N'zotheka kuti miyala ya buluu inaperekedwa mumsewu wotchedwa Stonehenge wochokera ku Bluhenge - megalith yachikale yamiyala yabuluu yoyikidwa pansi. Poterepa, phewa lobereka limangokhala makilomita 14 okha. Komabe, kubweretsa zida zomangira kumafunikira anthu ochulukirapo kuposa zomangamanga zenizeni za Stonehenge.
Njira yokhazikitsira sarsens, mwachiwonekere, imawoneka motere. Mwalawo adakokedwa nawo dzenje lomwe adakumba kale. Mwalawo ukamakwezedwa ndi zingwe, mbali yake imodzi imatsikira mdzenjemo. Kenako dzenje linali lokutidwa ndi dothi ndi miyala yaying'ono komanso tamped. Mtanda wopingasawo unakwezedwa mothandizidwa ndi sekera lopangidwa ndi mitengo. Izi zimafunikira mitengo yokwanira, koma sizokayikitsa kuti mitanda ingapo idakwezedwa nthawi yomweyo pomanga.
17. Ntchito yomanga Stonehenge ndiyokayikitsa kuti ingachitike ndi anthu opitilira 2 - 3 zikwi nthawi imodzi. Choyamba, ambiri aiwo alibe komwe angatembenukire. Kachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu ku England konseku akuyerekeza anthu 300,000. Pakubweretsa miyala, mwina, adakonza zoyambitsa pang'ono panthawi yomwe kunalibe ntchito yakumunda. Gerald Hawkins akuti adatenga masiku 1.5 miliyoni kuti munthu amange Stonehenge. Mu 2003, gulu la akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale Parker Pearson adapeza mudzi wawukulu wamakilomita atatu kuchokera ku Stonehenge. Nyumbazi ndizosungidwa bwino. Kufufuza kwa Radiocarbon kunawonetsa kuti zidamangidwa pakati pa 2,600 ndi 2,500 BC. - pomwe ntchito yomanga miyala ya Stonehenge idamalizidwa. Nyumbazo sizinali zoyenera kukhalamo - zinali ngati nyumba zotsika mtengo, pomwe anthu amangobwera kudzangogona. Onse pamodzi, gulu la Pearson lidakumba nyumba pafupifupi 250 zomwe zimatha kukhala anthu 1,200. Wofukula za m'mabwinja iye mwini akuwonetsa kuti zinali zotheka kufinya anthu ochulukirapo kuwirikiza. Chofunikira kwambiri ndikuti mafupa okhala ndi zotsalira za nyama adapezeka, koma palibe zotsalira zachuma: masheya, nkhokwe, ndi zina zotheka. Parker adapeza malo ogona oyamba padziko lapansi.
18. Njira zatsopano zofufuzira zotsalira za anthu zaulula mwatsatanetsatane - anthu ochokera ku Europe konse adabwera ku Stonehenge. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi mano, enamel omwe, mwanjira iyi, amalemba mbiri yonse ya moyo wamunthu. Peter Parker yemweyo, atapeza zotsalira za amuna awiriwo, adadabwa kudziwa kuti amachokera kugombe la Mediterranean. Ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka 3,000, ulendowu unali wovuta komanso wowopsa. Pambuyo pake, zotsalira za anthu obadwira m'dera lamakono la Germany ndi Switzerland zidapezeka. Khalidwe lake, pafupifupi onse "alendo" adavulala kwambiri kapena olumala. Mwina ku Stonehenge adafuna kuchiritsa kapena kuthetsa mavuto awo.
19. Kutchuka kwa Stonehenge sikungafanane ndi makope, zotsanzira komanso zofananira. Ku United States, makope a megalith odziwika padziko lonse lapansi adapangidwa kuchokera mgalimoto, malo ogulitsira mafoni, mabwato ndi mafiriji. Kope lolondola kwambiri lidapangidwa ndi a Mark Kline. Sanangopanga miyala ya Stonehenge kuchokera ku polystyrene yowonjezera, komanso adaiyika momwemo momwe adayikidwira poyambirira. Pofuna kuteteza midadada kuti isawombedwe ndi mphepo, Kline anazibzala pa mapaipi achitsulo omwe anakumba pansi. Mukakhazikitsa, aku America adafunsa ndi omwe akuwongolera oyang'anira a Stonehenge oyambira.
20. Mu 2012, akatswiri ofukula zakale aku Britain adasanthula miyala yonse ya Stonehenge pogwiritsa ntchito sikani ya 3D. Ambiri mwa omwe adalandawo anali zolembedwa zamasiku ano - mpaka kumapeto kwa ma 1970, alendo adaloledwa kutola miyala, ndipo koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20 nthawi zambiri amabwereka chisel. Komabe, pakati pazomwe zimawonongeka pazithunzizo, zinali zotheka kuwona zojambula zakale, makamaka zosonyeza nkhwangwa ndi mipeni, zomwe ndizodziwika bwino pazithunzi zamiyala nthawi imeneyo ku Europe.Chodabwitsa chachikulu cha akatswiri ofukula mabwinja, chimodzi mwazilembazo chinali ndi chithunzi cha munthu yemwe, popanda kukanda makoma, adadzitcha dzina lake osati Chingerezi chokha, komanso zomangamanga zapadziko lonse lapansi. Zokhudza Sir Christopher Rene. Kunapezeka kuti katswiri wa masamu, physiologist, koma koposa zonse, wopanga mapulani (pali ngakhale kalembedwe kamangidwe kotchedwa "Renov classicism"), palibe munthu yemwe analinso mlendo.
