Mu toast yopangidwa ndi m'modzi mwa ngwazi za kanema "Prisoner of the Caucasus or Shurik's New Adventures" - kumbukirani: "... chifukwa adawerengera ndere zomwe zili mchikwama, ndi madontho angati m'nyanja", ndi zina zambiri, mutha kuwonjezera mawu okhudza kuchuluka kwa mapaini padziko lathuli. Mitengo ya payini imapezeka ku Northern Hemisphere m'malo ochepa (malinga ndi dera la hemisphere) madera. Komabe, izi siziteteza kuti mtengowu usakhale woyamba padziko lapansi pankhani ya kufalikira, ngati tilingalira za dera lomwe likukula, ndipo, chachiwiri, chachiwiri pamitengo yonse (akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti pali mitengo yambiri ya larch pankhaniyi). Zizindikiro zonse ziwirizi ndizofanana - ndani angawerenge molondola osati mitengo ingapo, komanso dera lomwe amakula ndikulondola kwa osachepera zana ma kilomita m'madzi obiriwira amtchire?
Mtengo wopanda pake wa paini umatha kuzalidwa m'malo omwe sangafanane kwambiri ndi chilengedwe chake: dothi lowoneka bwino lamiyala, kusowa kwa chinyezi komanso kusowa mpikisano kuchokera ku udzu wamtali ndi pansi pake. Baron von Falz-Fein adabzala mitengo yamphesa panthaka yakuda mita ziwiri kum'mwera. Mtengo wofanana wa paini umakongoletsabe malo akale a Prokofiev ku Donbass. Minda yayikulu ya pine idachitika mkati mwa pulani ya Stalin yosintha chilengedwe. Pafupifupi palibe amene amakumbukira dongosololi, ndipo nkhalango zapaini zodzikongoletsera zimaperekabe chisangalalo cha chilengedwe kwa mamiliyoni a anthu.
Pakadapanda gawo lachilengedwe, pine ikadakhala mtengo wabwino pakapangidwe kake. Mtengo uwu ulibe tizirombo tachilengedwe - ma resin ambiri ndi ma phytoncides amakhala ndi mitengo ya paini ndi singano. Chifukwa chake, mitundumitundu ya mitengo ya paini ndi yoyera komanso yowonekera modabwitsa, ndipo kukhala mmenemo (ngati, Mulungu sakutayika) ndichisangalalo chachikulu. Ndipo kuchokera pamawonekedwe ogwiritsa ntchito, paini ndi chinthu choyenera kuphatikizira, zomangamanga komanso zamagetsi zamakono.
1. Kuchokera pazipembedzo zonse, zikhulupiriro, miyambo, komanso matsenga, paini ndi mtengo womwe umaimira zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Muyenera kuyesetsa mwakhama kuti mupeze mtundu wabwino womwe paini sangaimire. Iye ndi chizindikiro cha moyo wosafa, moyo wautali, kukhulupirika muukwati, kukolola kwambiri, ana olemera a ziweto ndi zina zabwino, kuphatikiza, nthawi yomweyo, ndi unamwali. Zikondwerero za Khirisimasi pamtengo wa pine zimayimiranso zinthu zabwino. Zizindikiro za Khrisimasi zidabwera ku kontinenti ku Europe kuchokera ku Scandinavia.
2. Pankhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lanu, paini adapulumutsa miyoyo pafupifupi mazana masauzande. Kulephera kwakukulu kwa vitamini C kunamveka kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Inde, palibe amene angayang'anire kusowa uku - ngati kulibe chakudya choyambira, ndi anthu ochepa omwe amasamala mavitamini - amatha kudya bwino. Boma la Soviet silinasiye vutoli mwangozi. Kale mu Epulo 1942, msonkhano unachitikira ku Rostov Wamkulu, pomwe adaganiza zoyambitsa kupanga mavitamini ndi zowonjezera mavitamini kuchokera ku singano za paini posachedwa. Zipangizo zamakono zinapangidwa kuti zikolole, kusungira, kukonzekera koyambirira kwa singano, komanso njira yeniyeni yopezera shuga ndi vitamini C kuchokera mmenemo. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mzaka zankhondo zovuta kwambiri kunalibe nthawi yokomera mankhwala kapena ukadaulo. Tekinoloje yosavuta komanso yokongola ya batri yosinthira singano zapaini idapangidwa. Pomaliza, kuwawako kunachotsedwa ndi kupesa. Umu ndi momwe zakumwa za zipatso zidapezedwera, 30 - 50 magalamu omwe amapatsa vitamini C tsiku lililonse, komabe, sikuti madzi onsewo anali ndi thovu. Zipatso zakumwa zoyera zimaphatikizidwa ku kvass kapena phala (inde, popanda nsomba, ndiye kuti, popanda mavitamini, ndipo phala linali lothandiza, chifukwa chake lidapangidwa m'malo opangira maboma aboma ndi akatswiri). Kumapeto kwa nkhondo, adaphunzira kukonzekera kukonzekera. Magalamu 10 a concentrate anali okwanira kumwa tsiku lililonse vitamini C.
3. Kwa munthu yemwe sanawonepo taiga, ndi paini yomwe idzakhale mgwirizano woyamba ndi lingaliro ili. Komabe, ngakhale mitengo ya paini ndi yambiri, sinali yolimba m'nkhalangoyi. Zowonadi, pine taiga imatha kuganiziridwa mdera la Urals. M'madera ena, imaposa mitengo ina. Kumpoto kwa Europe, taiga imayang'aniridwa ndi spruce, ku America, nkhalango za spruce zimasungunuka kwambiri ndi larch. M'madera ambiri a Siberia ndi Far East, larch imakhazikika. Pine imapezeka pano pokhapokha ngati mkungudza wamtengo wapatali - mtengo wawung'ono wa banja la paini. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, mkungudza wamtengo wapatali nthawi zina umatchedwa shrub. Imakula kwambiri kwakuti munthu amatha kutsetsereka pamwamba pamunsi mwa elfin yokutidwa ndi chipale chofewa.
4. Ngati cheka chapangidwa pamtengo wa paini, utomoni umatuluka nthawi yomweyo, umatchedwa kuyamwa - chilonda chochiritsa. Anthu sazindikira zamtsogolo kuti agwiritse ntchito utomoni popanga rosin, turpentine ndi zinthu zozikidwa pa iwo. M'malo mwake, utomoniwu umakhala ndi 70% rosin ndi 30% turpentine popanda zodetsa. Koma ndikofunikira kuyika utomoni pansi pamavuto ndikudikirira zaka makumi mamiliyoni ambiri, ndipo mutha kukhala ndi amber wamtengo wapatali. Zowopsa, magawidwe ndi kukula kwa ma amber ku Europe akuwonetsa momwe pine idaliri ku Upper Cretaceous. Pachaka, pagombe la nyanja ndiye amaponyera matani 40 amber. Kupanga m'madipoziti akulu kumakhala matani mazana pachaka.
5. Mitengo ya paini nthawi zambiri imakutidwa ndi khungwa lofiirira. Koma Bunge pine imakutidwa ndi khungwa loyera lachilendo. Mumtengowu, wopatsidwa dzina la wofufuza malo waku Russia Alexander Bunge, yemwe anali woyamba kufotokoza za paini, mamba osenda a khungwa amakhala ndi mtundu woyera wosazolowereka paini. Bunge silinangofotokoza mtengo wamapaini womwe pambuyo pake unadzatchedwa dzina lake, komanso unabweretsa mbewu ku Russia. Mtengowo sunali wololera bwino kuzizira, koma unazunguliridwa bwino ku Caucasus ndi Crimea. Kumeneku angapezeke ngakhale pano. Okonda kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi amalima bwino mitengo ya Bunge monga bonsai.
6. Pine wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama popanga zombo nthawi zonse. Zowona, si mitundu yonse ya paini yomwe ili yoyenera kupanga zombo. Zokwanira zimaphatikizidwa pansi pa dzina "ship pine". M'malo mwake, iyi ndi mitundu itatu. Chofunika kwambiri pa izi ndi chikasu chachikasu. Mitengo yake ndi yopepuka, yolimba komanso yotentha kwambiri. Makhalidwe amenewa amalola kugwiritsa ntchito pine wachikasu popanga masts ndi ma spar ena. Pini wofiira, monga mtundu wopangidwa bwino kwambiri komanso wokongoletsa kwambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa kunja ndi mkati ndi zinthu zopingasa zonyamula katundu monga sitimayo ndi yazokonza pansi. Pini yoyera imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zothandizira zomwe sizofunikira mphamvu yapadera.
7. Kumpoto kwa St. Petersburg kuli Udelny Park. Tsopano amadziwika makamaka ngati malo opumira. Koma idakhazikitsidwa ngati nkhalango ya payini ndi Peter I. Chowonadi ndichakuti, ndi chuma chonse cha nkhalango ku Russia, kunalibe nkhalango yambiri yoyenera kupanga zombo. Chifukwa chake, mfumu yoyamba yaku Russia idasamalira mwapadera kubzala nkhalango zatsopano ndi kuteteza nkhalango zomwe zilipo kale. Ngakhale kuti mtengo wa paini umakula mpaka kukula pamsika kwa zaka zosachepera 60, ndipo panthawi ya moyo wake mitengo ya paini sakanakhala ndi nthawi yopita kumalo okonzera sitimayo, Peter I adadzala mitengo yatsopano ya paini. Kuwonetseratu modabwitsa kwa mfumu yowononga! Umodzi wa mitengo iyi, malinga ndi nthano, umakula mu Udelny Park.
8. Pine ndi chinthu chotchuka popanga mipando. Zina mwazabwino, zachidziwikire, ndi kununkhira kwamafuta ofunikira omwe amapangidwa ndi mipando ya paini. Kuphatikiza apo, kupezeka kwa phytoncides kumapangitsa mipando ya paini, kapena kununkhira kwake, kukhala chinthu chabwino kwambiri chotsitsimutsa. Mipando yopangidwa ndi mitengo ya paini wapamwamba kwambiri ndiyabwino kusamalira zachilengedwe ndipo sachedwa kuwumba. Ikhoza kubwezeretsedwanso mosavuta: ming'alu ndi tchipisi zimapakidwa ndi sera. Mbali yazipangizo za ndalamazo: pali kuthekera kokulira kulowa mu mipando yopangidwa ndi matabwa osawuma bwino. Malo okhala ndi mipando ya paini amakhala ochepa pazinthu zingapo. Zipando zotere siziyenera kuikidwa m'malo owunikiridwa ndi dzuwa, pafupi ndi malo otentha, komanso komwe kuli kuwonongeka kwa makina - paini ili ndi matabwa osalimba. Monga mipando yolimba yamatabwa, mipando ya paini ndiyokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa mipando yopangidwa ndi chipboard, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
9. Zipatso za pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya paini ndizabwino, zopatsa thanzi komanso zopatsa thanzi. Mbeu zazikulu kwambiri zimaperekedwa ndi pine yaku Italiya, koma izi ndizotheka chifukwa chokhala ndi mitengo yabwino - dothi ku Italy silolemera kwambiri, koma ndi miyala, mitengo yaku Italiya imakula m'mapiri apakati, pomwe nyengo imakhala yotentha komanso yanyontho. Ndizovuta kuyembekezera zokolola zomwezo kuchokera ku mitengo ikukula ku Mediterranean Italy komanso mkhalidwe wovuta wa subpolar Urals kapena Lapland.
10. Mtengo wokongola komanso wosiyanasiyana, monga paini, umakopeka, komanso kangapo, chidwi cha ojambula. Kujambula ku Japan ndi China nthawi zambiri kumakhala kutengera zojambulajambula - zithunzi za mitengo yazipembedzo m'mitundu yambiri yazithunzi. Alexey Savrasov (zojambula zingapo ndi mitundu yambiri yamadzi), Arkhip Kuindzhi, Isaac Levitan, Sergey Frolov, Yuri Klever, Paul Cezanne, Anatoly Zverev, Camille Corot, Paul Signac ndi ena ambiri ojambula amawonetsa mitengo yamapaini m'mabwalo awo. Koma pambali, kumene, ndi ntchito ya Ivan Shishkin. Chithunzichi chodziwika bwino ku Russia adapereka zojambula zambiri pamipini. Kawirikawiri, ankakonda kujambula mitengo ndi nkhalango, koma ankasamala kwambiri mitengo ya payini.
