Poganizira kuti munthu wotchedwa Sherlock Holmes sanakhaleko konse, kutolera zowona za iye, kumbali ina, zamkhutu. Komabe, chifukwa cha Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, mosamala kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane m'ntchito zake, komanso gulu lalikulu la mafani ofufuza wamkulu yemwe adafufuza ndikusanthula izi, ndizotheka kulemba chithunzichi, komanso mbiri yodziwika bwino ya Sherlock Holmes.
Malinga ndi a Gilbert Keith Chesterton, Holmes ndiye yekhayo wolemba zolemba yemwe adalowa mu moyo wotchuka. Zowona, Chesterton adasungitsa "kuyambira nthawi ya Dickens," koma nthawi yangosonyeza kuti palibe chifukwa. Anthu mabiliyoni amadziwa za Sherlock Holmes, pomwe otchulidwa a Dickens adakhala gawo la mbiri yakale.
Conan Doyle adalemba za Holmes kwa zaka 40: buku loyambirira lidasindikizidwa mu 1887, lomaliza mu 1927. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti wolemba sanakonde kwambiri ngwazi yake. Amadziona ngati wolemba mabuku ovuta pamitu yolembedwa, ndipo adayamba kulemba za a Holmes kuti apeze ndalama zowonjezerapo pamtundu wapolisi wofufuza. Conan Doyle sanachite manyazi ngakhale poti chifukwa cha Holmes adakhala wolemba wolipidwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - Holmes adamwalira ali pachiwopsezo ndi mfumu ya kumidima, Pulofesa Moriarty. Kukwiya kochokera kwa owerenga, komanso maudindo apamwamba, kudagunda mwamphamvu kotero kuti wolemba adataya mtima ndikuwukitsa Sherlock Holmes. Zachidziwikire, zokondweretsa owerenga ambiri kenako owonera. Makanema ofotokoza nkhani za Sherlock Holmes ndi otchuka ngati mabuku.
Conan Doyle sangathe kuchotsa Sherlock Holmes
1. Anthu okondwerera adakwanitsa kupeza zinyenyeswazi zokha kuchokera ku mbiri ya Sherlock Holmes asanakumane ndi Dr. Watson. Tsiku lobadwa limadziwika kuti 1853 kapena 1854, kutanthauza kuti mu 1914, pomwe nkhani yoti "Kutsanzikana Kwake" ikuchitika, Holmes adawoneka wazaka 60. Januware 6 amawerengedwa kuti ndi tsiku lobadwa la a Holmes ataperekedwa ndi kilabu yaku New York ya omwe amawakonda, omwe adalamula kuti aphunzire nyenyezi. Kenako adatulutsa ndikutsimikizira kuchokera m'mabukuwo. Pa Januware 7, m'modzi mwa ofufuzawo adafukula, mu nkhani "Valley of Horror", Holmes adadzuka pagome osakhudza chakudya chake cham'mawa. Wofufuzayo adaganiza kuti chidutswacho sichinatsike pakhosi la sleuth chifukwa chobanika atatha chikondwerero cha dzulo. Zowona, wina angaganize kuti Holmes anali waku Russia, kapena Orthodox, ndipo adakondwerera Khrisimasi usiku. Pomaliza, William Bering-Gould, katswiri wodziwika bwino wa Sherlock, adapeza kuti Holmes adangotchulapo kawiri tsiku la 12 la Shakespeare, womwe ndi usiku wa Januware 5-6.
2. Potengera masiku enieni omwe owerengedwa ndi mafani a ntchito ya Conan Doyle, chinthu choyamba chomwe Sherlock Holmes ayenera kuchita ndikulingalira za mlandu womwe wafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi "Gloria Scott". Komabe, m'menemo, a Holmes, amangowerenga mawuwo, osafufuza. Zinali mpaka pano kuti akhale wophunzira, ndiye kuti zidachitika cha m'ma 1873 mpaka 1874. Mlandu weniweni woyamba, kuyambira koyambirira mpaka kumapeto, wofotokozedwa ndi a Holmes, akufotokozedwa mu "Rite of the House of Mesgraves" ndipo wabwerera mchaka cha 1878 (ngakhale akuti wapolisiyo anali kale ndi milandu ingapo pa akauntiyo).
3. Mwina nkukhala kuti nkhanza za a Conan Doyle kwa a Holmes zidatheka chifukwa chongofuna kumuwonjezera ndalama. Zimadziwika kuti nthawi yoyamba adalengeza kuti akufuna kupha wapolisiyo atalemba nkhani yachisanu ndi chimodzi (inali "Munthu Wokhala Ndi Mlomo Wogawanika"). Magazini a Strand, omwe amayendetsa mndandanda wa Sherlock Holmes, nthawi yomweyo adakweza chindapusa chilichonse kuchokera pa £ 35 kufika pa £ 50. Pensheni yankhondo ya Dr. Watson inali $ 100 pachaka, motero ndalamazo zinali zabwino. Kachiwiri chinyengo chophwekachi chinagwira ntchito atatulutsa nkhani iyi "Ziphuphu Zamkuwa". Nthawi ino moyo Holm anapulumutsidwa ndi ndalama za mapaundi 1,000 kwa nkhani 12, ndiye, mapaundi oposa 83 pa nkhani. Nkhani ya 12 inali "Mlandu Wotsiriza wa Holmes", pomwe wapolisiyo adapita pansi pa Reichenbach Falls. Koma atangofunika ngwazi yamphamvu komanso yozindikira kuti agwire ntchito yayikulu yokhudza galu yemwe amazunza anthu okhala munyumba yakale, Holmes nthawi yomweyo adaukitsidwa.
4. Chitsanzo cha Sherlock Holmes, makamaka pokhoza kuwona ndi kupeza mayankho, amalingaliridwa, monga mukudziwa, dokotala wachingelezi wotchuka Joseph Bell, yemwe Arthur Conan Doyle adagwirapo ntchito yolembetsa. Chachikulu, chopanda mawonekedwe aliwonse am'malingaliro, Bell nthawi zambiri amalingalira za malo okhala, malo okhala komanso matenda a wodwalayo asanatsegule pakamwa pake, zomwe sizidadabwitse odwala okha, komanso ophunzira omwe akuwona izi. Chidacho chidakulitsidwa ndi kaphunzitsidwe ka nthawiyo. Popereka zokambirana, aphunzitsiwo sanafunefune kulumikizana ndi omvera - omwe amamvetsetsa, achita bwino, ndipo iwo omwe samvetsa akuyenera kufunafuna gawo lina. M'makalasi othandiza, aprofesa sanali kufunafuna mayankho aliwonse, amangofotokoza zomwe akuchita ndi chifukwa chake. Chifukwa chake, kuyankhulana ndi wodwalayo, pomwe a Bell adanenanso mosavuta kuti anali atatumikira ngati sajini wa asitikali ku Barbados ndipo anali atangotaya kumene mkazi wake, zidawonekera ngati konsati.
5. Mycroft Holmes ndi wachibale yekhayo amene Holmes watchulidwa. Wofufuzayo akangokumbukira mwachisawawa kuti makolo ake anali eni malo ochepa, ndipo amayi ake anali abale ake ndi wojambula Horace Verne. Mycroft imapezeka munkhani zinayi. Holmes amamuwonetsa woyamba kukhala wogwira ntchito zaboma, ndipo m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri zikupezeka kuti Mycroft watsala pang'ono kusankha tsogolo la Britain.
6. Adilesi yodziwika bwino ya 221B, Baker Street, sinawonekere mwangozi. Conan Doyle ankadziwa kuti kunalibe nyumba ndi nambala imeneyo pa Baker Street - kuchuluka kwa zaka zake kunathera pa # 85. Koma ndiye msewu udakulitsidwa. Mu 1934, nyumba zingapo zokhala ndi manambala kuyambira 215 mpaka 229 zidagulidwa ndi kampani yazachuma komanso yomanga ya Abbey National. Anayenera kuyambitsa udindo wapadera wa munthu yemwe amasankha matumba a makalata kwa Sherlock Holmes. Mu 1990 kokha, Holmes Museum itatsegulidwa, adalembetsa kampani yokhala ndi "221B" m'dzina ndikupachika chikwangwani chofananira pa nyumba No. 239. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, kuchuluka kwa nyumba mumsewu wa Baker kunasinthidwa mwalamulo, ndipo tsopano ziwerengero zomwe zili mundawo zikufanana ndi nambala yeniyeni ya "Holmes House", yomwe imakhala ndi nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale.
Msewu wa Baker
7. Mwa ntchito 60 za Sherlock Holmes, awiri okha ndi omwe adanenedwa kuchokera kwa wapolisiyo, ndipo enanso awiri kuchokera kwa munthu wachitatu. Nkhani zonse ndi zolemba zina zalembedwa ndi Dr. Watson. Inde, ndizolondola kwambiri kumutcha "Watson", koma umu ndi momwe mwambowu udakhalira. Mwamwayi, Holmes ndi wolemba mbiri yake samakhala ndi Akazi Hudson, koma amatha.
8. Holmes ndi Watson adakumana mu Januwale 1881. Anapitilizabe kukhala pachibwenzi mpaka 1923. Munkhani ya "The Man on All Fours", akuti adalumikizana, ngakhale sanayandikire kwambiri, mu 1923.
9. Malinga ndi zomwe Watson adazindikira poyamba, a Holmes sadziwa zolemba ndi nzeru. Komabe, pambuyo pake a Holmes nthawi zambiri amatchula ndi kutchulapo mawu ena achidule ochokera m'mabuku. Nthawi yomweyo, samangolembedwa ndi olemba ndakatulo achi English komanso olemba ndakatulo, koma amatenga mawu a Goethe, Seneca, zolemba za Henry Thoreau komanso kalata ya Flaubert yopita kwa Georges Sand. Ponena za Shakespeare yemwe amatchulidwa kawirikawiri, omasulira aku Russia samangowona mawu ambiri osagwidwa mawu, molondola amalemba nkhaniyo. Zomwe Holmes analemba m'mabuku zikugogomezedwa ndi mawu ake ogwira mtima a m'Baibulo. Ndipo iyemwini adalemba cholembera pa wolemba Renaissance.
10. Pogwira ntchito a Holmes nthawi zambiri amayenera kulumikizana ndi apolisi. Pali 18 mwa iwo pamasamba a ntchito za Conan Doyle wokhudza ofufuza: oyang'anira 4 ndi oyang'anira 14. Odziwika kwambiri mwa awa ndi, Inspector Lestrade. Kwa wowerenga waku Russia komanso wowonera, lingaliro la Lestrade limapangidwa ndi chithunzi cha Borislav Brondukov kuchokera m'makanema apawailesi yakanema. Lestrade Broodukova ndi wamisala, koma wapolisi wonyada komanso wamwano kwambiri wonyada. Conan Doyle, mbali inayi, akufotokoza Lestrade wopanda choseketsa. Nthawi zina amakangana ndi a Holmes, koma chifukwa cha zomwe akufuna, a Lestrade nthawi zonse amalola. Ndipo womugwirizira Stanley Hopkins amadziona ngati wophunzira wa Holmes. Kuphatikiza apo, munkhani ziwiri, makasitomala amabwera kwa ofufuzawo atalangizidwa ndi apolisi, ndipo munkhani ya "The Silver" woyang'anira apolisi ndi womenyedwayo amabwera ku Holmes limodzi.
11. Holmes adapanga kachitidwe kake kogawa ndikusunga malipoti anyuzipepala, zolemba pamanja ndi zolemba. Pambuyo pa imfa ya mnzake, Watson adalemba kuti atha kupeza zida mosavuta kwa munthu yemwe ali ndi chidwi. Vuto linali loti kusungidwa kwa nkhokwe yotereyi kunatenga nthawi, ndipo nthawi zambiri kumabweretsedwa m'njira yovomerezeka pokhapokha kuyeretsa nyumbayo. Nthawi yonseyi, chipinda cha Holmes komanso chipinda chawo chochezera ndi Watson zidadzazidwa ndi mapepala osasunthika omwe anali atasokonekera.
12. Ngakhale Sherlock Holmes amadziwa kuti pali zinthu zomwe ndalama sizingagule, sanaphonye mwayi wolipira ndalama zabwino ngati kasitomala angakwanitse kulipira. Analandira ndalama zochuluka "zowonongera" kuchokera kwa kalulu wa ku Bohemia, ngakhale sanawononge ndalama pakufufuza kwa Irene Adler. Holmes sanangokhala ndi chikwama cholemera, komanso bokosi losungunulira golide. Ndipo mapaundi 6,000 omwe adalandiridwa posaka mwana wamwamuna wa a Duke mu "Mlandu ku Boarding School" anali ochulukirapo - Prime Minister adalandira zochepa. Nkhani zina zimanena kuti ntchito yokhala ndi mapaundi ochepa pa sabata imawonedwa kuti ndiyabwino. Jabez Wilson wogulitsa m'sitolo wa Union of Redheads anali wokonzeka kulembanso Encyclopedia Britannica pamtengo wa $ 4 pa sabata. Koma, ngakhale adalipira ndalama zambiri, a Holmes sanalimbane ndi chuma. Mobwerezabwereza adatenga zinthu zosangalatsa kwaulere.
"Mgwirizano wofiira". Chiwonetsero chomaliza
13. Maganizo a a Holmes kwa amayi amadziwika bwino ndi mawu oti "bata". Nthawi zina amamuwonetsa ngati wotsutsa akazi, koma sizili choncho. Ndiwulemu kwa akazi onse, amatha kuyamikira kukongola kwachikazi ndipo amakhala wokonzeka nthawi zonse kuthandiza mkazi wamavuto. A Conan Doyle amafotokozera a Holmes pafupifupi nthawi zonse pakufufuza, chifukwa chake sanena chilichonse chokhudza zomwe wapolisiyo amakhala kunja kwa iye. Chokhacho chinali "Zowononga ku Bohemia," komwe Sherlock Holmes amwazikana potamanda Irene Adler kunja kwa kafukufukuyu. Ndipo mtundu wazofufuza m'zaka zimenezo sizinatanthauze kuti ngwazizo zikankagoneka okongola pafupifupi patsamba lililonse. Nthawi iyi idabwera pambuyo pake, pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse.
14. Arthur Conan Doyle analidi wolemba luso, koma osati mulungu. Ndipo analibe intaneti pafupi kuti aone ngati zili zoona. Mwa njira, olemba amakono ali ndi intaneti, ndipo kodi izi zikuthandizadi pazomwe amapanga? Nthawi ndi nthawi wolembayo amalakwitsa, ndipo nthawi zina amabwereza zolakwika za sayansi ya nthawi imeneyo. Njokayo, yosamva mwachilengedwe, ikukwawa kuyimba likhweru mu "Ribbon Yokongola", yasanduka chitsanzo cha buku. Monga olemba ambiri aku Europe, a Conan Doyle sakanatha kulakwitsa pamene adatchula Russia. Holmes, zachidziwikire, sanakhale pansi pa cranberries wofalitsa ndi botolo la vodka ndi chimbalangondo. Anangoyitanidwa ku Odessa chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa Trepov. Panalibe kupha kwa meya (meya) wa St. Petersburg Trepov, panali kuyesa kupha kochitidwa ndi Vera Zasulich. Oweruzawo anamasula wachigawenga, ndipo anzawo amatanthauzira molondola chizindikirochi ndipo zigawenga zidafika ku Russia, kuphatikizapo kuwukira akuluakulu aboma ku Odessa. Panali phokoso lambiri ku Europe konse, koma a Conan Doyle okha ndi omwe amatha kulumikiza zonse mu chiganizo chimodzi.
15. Kusuta kumasewera gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wa Sherlock Holmes komanso m'malingaliro amu ntchito. M'mabuku 60 ofufuza, adasuta mapaipi 48. Awiri adapita kwa Dr. Watson, ena asanu adasuta ndi anthu ena. Palibe amene amasuta chilichonse munkhani 4 zokha. Holmes amasuta pafupifupi chitoliro, ndipo ali ndi mapaipi ambiri. Mycroft Holmes amasuta fodya, ndipo akupha okha monga Dr. Grimsby Roylott wochokera ku The Motley Ribbon amasuta ndudu m'nkhanizi. Holmes mpaka adalemba kafukufuku pamitundu 140 ya fodya ndi phulusa lawo. Amawunika zochitika mu kuchuluka kwa mapaipi omwe amafunika kusuta pamaganizidwe. Kuphatikiza apo, akugwira ntchito, amasuta mitundu yotsika mtengo komanso yamphamvu kwambiri ya fodya. William Gillette m'mabwalo amasewera ndi Basil Redbone m'makanema atayamba kuwonetsa a Holmes akusuta chitoliro chokhota chotalika, omwe amasuta nthawi yomweyo adazindikira zolakwika - mu chitoliro chazitali fodya amazizilitsa, ndipo palibe chifukwa chosuta mitundu yake yamphamvu. Koma zinali zabwino kuti ochita sewerowo azilankhula ndi chitoliro chachitali - chimatchedwa "chopindika" - m'mano awo. Ndipo chubu choterocho chinalowa m'malo ofufuza.
16. Holmes amadziwa zambiri kuposa mitundu ya fodya, zolemba zala ndi zilembo za typographic. Mmodzi mwa nkhanizo, iye akunenanso kuti iye ndiye mlembi wazinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimafufuzidwa zolemba za 160. Potchula zolemba, chidwi cha Edgar Poe ndichodziwikiratu, yemwe ngwazi yake idatanthauzira uthengawo pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula pafupipafupi kugwiritsa ntchito zilembo. Izi ndizomwe a Holmes amachita atamasulira gawo la The Dancing Men. Komabe, amadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazosavuta kwambiri. Mofulumira kwambiri, wapolisiyo amamvetsetsa uthenga wobisika mu "Gloria Scott" - muyenera kungowerenga liwu lililonse lachitatu kuchokera mwamtheradi wosamvetsetseka, koyamba, uthenga.
17. Wojambula Sidney Paget ndi wosewera komanso wolemba nkhani William Gillette adathandizira kwambiri pakupanga chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha Sherlock Holmes. Woyamba adakoka chiwonetsero chochepa thupi, chokhala ndi minofu mu kapu ya visor ziwiri, chachiwiri chimakwaniritsa chithunzicho ndi chovala chokhala ndi kapu ndikufuula "Elementary, wolemba!" Nkhaniyi, yofanana ndi njinga yamoto, akuti Gillette, akupita kumsonkhano woyamba ndi Conan Doyle, atavala momwe amaganizira a Holmes. Atakhala ndi galasi lokulitsira, adawonetsa wolembawo pantomime "Holmes pa Crime Scene". Conan Doyle adadabwa kwambiri mwangozi momwe Gillette adawonekera ndi malingaliro ake okhudza Holmes kotero kuti adalola wosewera yemwe amalemba sewerolo kuti akwatire Holmes. Pamasewera olumikizidwa ndi Conan Doyle ndi Gillette, wapolisi wofufuza adakwatirana ndi mayi ngati Irene Adler. Zowonadi, chifukwa cha zabwino adatchedwa Alice Faulkner. Iye sanali wofuna, koma mayi wa kalasi mfulu ndi kubwezera mlongo wake.
18. Chithunzi cha Holmes, chopangidwa ndi Conan Doyle ndi Sidney Paget, chinali champhamvu kwambiri kotero kuti Chingerezi choyambirira chidakhululukiranso zopanda pake: kapu yokhala ndi masomphenya awiri inali chovala chamutu chongopangidwira kusaka. Mumzindawu, zisoti zotere sizinkavala - zinali zoipa.
19. Zithunzi zamakanema ndi makanema pa TV a Sherlock Holmes ndioyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zazikulu zosiyana. Mafilimu opitilira 200 amaperekedwa kwa ofufuza - mbiri ya Guinness Book. Osewera opitilira 70 ali ndi chithunzi cha Sherlock Holmes pazenera. Komabe, ndizosatheka kulingalira za "zolembalemba" Holmes ndi mchimwene wake wa "kanema" wonse. Kale kuchokera pamafilimu oyamba, Holmes adayamba kukhala moyo wake, osasiyana ndi ntchito za Conan Doyle. Inde, zina zakunja nthawi zonse zimasungidwa - chitoliro, kapu, Watson wokhulupirika pafupi. Koma ngakhale m'mafilimu omwe ali ndi Basil Rathbone, omwe adajambulidwa mkatikati mwa zaka makumi awiri, malo, ndi nthawi yochitirapo, chiwembu, komanso otchulidwa akusintha. Sherlock Holmes wasintha kukhala chilolezo: onani zochitika zingapo, ndipo ngwazi yanu, ngakhale ku Mars, amatha kutchedwa Sherlock Holmes. Chinthu chachikulu ndikukumbukira chitoliro nthawi ndi nthawi.Kuchita bwino kwamakanema aposachedwa, momwe Holmes adasewera ndi Benedict Cumberbatch, Robert Downey Jr. ndi Johnny Lee Miller, adawonetsa kuti kanema Holmes ndi Holmes olemba adasiyaniranatu. Kalelo, wolemba waku America a Rex Stout adalemba nkhani yoseketsa momwe, potengera zolemba za Conan Doyle, adatsimikizira kuti Watson anali mkazi. Kunapezeka kuti inu simungakhoze kokha nthabwala za izi, komanso kupanga mafilimu.
20. Nkhani yomaliza ya Sherlock Holmes malinga ndi kuwerengera kwenikweni kwa nthawi ikufotokozedwa munkhaniyo "Uta wake wotsanzikana". Zimachitika mchilimwe cha 1914, ngakhale zikuwonetsedwa kuti kafukufukuyu adayamba zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Sherlock Holmes Archive, yomwe idasindikizidwa pambuyo pake, ikufotokoza momwe ofufuzawo adafufuza koyambirira.
