Ntchito, monga china chilichonse mdziko lathu lapansi, sizikhala zamuyaya. Zifukwa zakuti ntchitoyi kapena ntchitoyo yataya mawonekedwe ake ambiri kapena kutchuka kwake kungakhale kosiyana. Nthawi zambiri, izi ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko cha anthu. Fans yakhala yopanga zinthu zambiri, ndipo makina amphepo asowa m'migodi, ndikupereka mpweya kumaso ndi wokonda. Anamanga zimbudzi mumzinda - osula golide adasowa.
Golos wagolide akhala akupezeka m'mizinda iliyonse kwazaka zambiri
Nthawi zambiri, sikulondola kwenikweni kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kusoweka" pantchito mosasankha. Ambiri mwa ntchito zomwe timawona kuti zatha sikuti zikutha, koma akusintha. Kuphatikiza apo, kusinthaku ndikochulukirapo kuposa koyenera. Mwachitsanzo, woyendetsa galimoto amachita ntchito yofanana ndi yophunzitsa kapena kuphunzitsira - amapulumutsa okwera kapena katundu kuchokera pa point A mpaka pa point B. Dzinalo la ntchitoyi lasintha, zaluso zasintha, koma ntchitoyi sinasinthe. Kapenanso ntchito ina yomwe yatsala pang'ono kuzimiririka - tayipa. Tipita kuofesi iliyonse yayikulu. Mmenemo, kuwonjezera pa oyang'anira osiyanasiyana, nthawi zonse pamakhala mlembi wosachepera m'modzi, wolemba zikalata pakompyuta, tanthauzo la typist yemweyo. Inde, alipo ochepa kuposa omwe anali muofesi yamagetsi yomwe idafalikira zaka 50 zapitazo, ndipo imamenyedwa pang'ono, komabe pali masauzande masauzande nthumwi zamtunduwu. Mbali inayi, ngati typist si ntchito yakufa, nanga ntchito ya mlembi iyenera kutchedwa bwanji?
Kuofesi yolemba
Pali, kumene, zitsanzo zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, oyatsa nyali ndi anthu omwe amayatsa nyali zapamsewu. Pakubwera magetsi, adasinthidwa koyamba (mwa manambala ochepa) ndi magetsi omwe adayatsa magetsi m'misewu yonse. Masiku ano, pafupifupi kulikonse komwe kuyatsa mumsewu kumaphatikizapo masensa owala. Munthu amafunika kokha kuti azitha kuwongolera komanso kukonza. Zolemba - antchito achikazi omwe adachita masamu akulu - nawonso adasowa kwathunthu. Anasinthidwa kwathunthu ndi makompyuta.
Zosankha zotsatirazi zokhudzana ndi ntchito zachikale zimachokera pakunyengerera. Tiona ntchito yomwe yatha ntchito kapena yatha, kuchuluka kwa oimira omwe, poyamba, kwatsika ndi kulamula kwakukulu, ndipo chachiwiri, sikudzakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu mtsogolo. Pokhapokha ngati, zowopsa zapadziko lonse lapansi ngati msonkhano ndi asteroid kapena nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi zichitike mtsogolomo. Kenako opulumukawo adzayenera kukhala zishalo, ziphuphu, ndikuthyola ndi omwe amaumba.
1. Ntchito yonyamula ma barge inali ikupezeka m'malo akutali a Volga. Omwe akukoka ma barge anali akukoka mtsinje wa Rashiva - ang'ono, malinga ndi miyezo yathu, zombo zonyamula katundu. Ndi dzanja lowala la wamkulu Ilya Repin, yemwe adalemba chithunzi "Barge Haulers pa Volga", timaganiza ntchito ya ma barge boulers ngati ntchito yovuta kwambiri yomwe anthu amachita pomwe kulibe mwayi wina wopeza ndalama. M'malo mwake, uku ndikumverera kwabodza kuchokera pajambula waluso. Vladimir Gilyarovsky, yemwe adanyamula lamba, akufotokoza bwino za ntchito ya omwe akukweza ma barge. Panalibe chilichonse chovuta kugwira ntchito modabwitsa, ngakhale m'zaka za zana la 19. Inde, gwirani ntchito pafupifupi masana onse, koma mumlengalenga komanso chakudya chabwino - chimaperekedwa ndi mwiniwake wazinthu zomwe zatumizidwa, yemwe sanafunikire kunyamula ma barge ofooka komanso anjala. Ogwira ntchito m'mafakitore ankagwira ntchito kwa maola 16, ndipo otsala asanu ndi atatuwo adagona m'malo omwewo omwe ankagwirako ntchito. Ovekedwa okwera ma barge atavala nsanza - ndipo ndi ndani omwe ali ndi malingaliro abwino omwe angagwire ntchito zolimba zovala zatsopano? Omwe akukoka ma barge adalumikizana ndi zaluso ndipo amakhala moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Mwa njira, Gilyarovsky, analowa mu artel pokhapokha mwa mwayi - dzulo lake m'modzi mwa amisiri atamwalira ndi kolera, ndipo amalume Gilyai adatengedwa m'malo mwake. Kwa nyengo - pafupifupi miyezi 6 - 7 - oyendetsa barge amatha kuletsa mpaka ma ruble 10, yomwe inali ndalama zabwino kwambiri kwa anthu wamba osaphunzira. Burlakov, monga inu mungaganizire, analandidwa ntchito sitima.
Chojambula chomwecho cha Repin. Pomwe imalembedwa, panali kale ochepa oyendetsa ma barge.
2. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo poyambira kulira kwapadziko lonse lapansi kuti anthu adzafa chifukwa choti imakhudza kwambiri chilengedwe ndikupanga zinyalala zambiri, otola nsanza adasowa m'misewu yamizinda. Awa anali anthu omwe adagula ndikusanja zinyalala zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira nsapato zazing'ono mpaka magalasi. M'zaka za zana la 19, otola nsanza adasandutsa zinyalala zapakati. Ankayenda mozungulira mayendedwe awo, akugula zinyalala kapena kusinthana ndi kanthu kalikonse. Monga onyamula ma barge, onyamula nsanza nthawi zonse anali atavala nsanza, ndipo ngakhale kuchokera kwa iwo, chifukwa cha ntchito, kununkhira kofananira kumatuluka nthawi zonse. Chifukwa cha ichi, amawonedwa ngati otsika komanso osasamala pagulu. Pakadali pano, wonyamula masanza adapeza ma ruble osachepera 10 pamwezi. Penshioni chomwecho - ma ruble 120 pachaka - adalandiridwa ndi amayi a Raskolnikov a Crime and Punishment. Omwe adasankha ziguduli adapeza zambiri. Koma, zowonadi, ogulitsa adasenda zonona. Kuchulukitsa kwa bizinesi kunali kovuta kwambiri kotero kuti zinyalalazo zidaperekedwa pansi pa mapangano omwe adasaina ku Nizhny Novgorod Fair, ndipo kulemera kwa zinthuzo kumayerekezeredwa ndi ma povi makumi. Tryapichnikov idawonongeka chifukwa cha mafakitale, omwe amafunikira zinthu zabwino kwambiri, ndikupanga zinthu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa katundu ndi zinyalala kukhala zotsika mtengo. Zinyalala zimasonkhanitsidwa ndikusankhidwa tsopano, koma palibe amene adzazibweretse kunyumba kwanu.
Wonyamula nsanza ndi ngolo yake
3. Ntchito ziwiri nthawi imodzi zidatchedwa ku Russia mawu oti "kryuchnik". Mawuwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito kutchula anthu omwe adasankha zinyalala zomwe zidagulidwa zochuluka ndi ndowe (ndiye kuti, inali subspecies ya otola masanza) ndi mtundu wina wapadera wa operekera m'dera la Volga. Komatsu awa adagwira nawo ntchito yosamutsa katundu m'dera la Volga. Ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya ma kryuchniks inali ku Rybinsk, komwe kunali oposa 3,000. Kryuchniks ankagwira ntchito yothandizana ndi akatswiri amkati. Ena adapereka katunduyo kuchokera pakhomopo, ena, mothandizidwa ndi ndowe ndi anzawo, adaponya thumba kumbuyo kwawo ndikuwatengera ku sitima ina, komwe munthu wapadera - yemwe amatchedwa "batyr" - adawonetsa komwe angatsitse thumba. Pamapeto pake, sanali mwiniwake wa katundu amene adalipira ndowe, koma makontrakitala omwe adayang'anira kulembedwa kwa omwe akunyamula. Ntchito yosavuta, koma yolimbikira idabweretsa ma kryuchnik mpaka ma ruble a 5 patsiku. Kupeza koteroko kunkawapangitsa kukhala apamwamba pantchito. Ntchito ya ma hookers, kunena zowona, sinasoweke kulikonse - asandulika ogwira ntchito padoko. Ngakhale, zowonadi, ntchito ya omalizayi ndiyamakina ndipo siili yogwirizana kwambiri ndi zolimbitsa thupi.
Luso la kryuchnikov lantchito zachilendo - zinali zopindulitsa kwambiri kutsegulanso matumba kuchokera mchombo kupita ku chombo china, osati kugombe
4. Zaka mazana atatu zapitazo, imodzi mwa ntchito yotchuka komanso yolemekezeka kumwera kwa Russia inali ntchito ya Chumak. Kutumiza katundu, makamaka mchere, tirigu ndi matabwa, mwa njira zoyendera kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera ndi kubwerera, sikuti kumangobweretsa phindu. Sizinali zokwanira kuti Chumak akhale wamalonda wanzeru. M'zaka za m'ma XVI - XVIII, dera la Black Sea linali gawo lachilengedwe. Adayesa kubera apaulendo wamalonda aliyense yemwe amabwera kudzawona gululi. Ufulu kapena chipembedzo sichinachite mbali iliyonse. Adani osatha a Basurman, a Crimea Tatars, ndi a Cossacks-Haidamaks, omwe adavala mtanda, nawonso adayesa kupindula. Chifukwa chake, chumak alinso wankhondo, wokhoza kuteteza gulu lake kuti lisabedwe pakampani yaying'ono. Maulendo a Chumak adanyamula katundu wambirimbiri. Adakhala gawo la Little Russia ndi dera la Black Sea chifukwa cha ng'ombe. Ubwino waukulu wa nyama izi ndi mphamvu komanso kupirira. Ng'ombe zimayenda pang'onopang'ono - pang'onopang'ono kuposa woyenda pansi - koma zimatha kunyamula katundu wambiri pamtunda wawutali. Mwachitsanzo, ng'ombe ziwiri zokha zinkanyamula mchere wokwana matani imodzi ndi theka. Ngati atakwanitsa kupanga maulendo atatu munyengo, Chumak adapeza bwino kwambiri. Ngakhale a Chumaks osauka kwambiri, omwe anali ndi magulu 5-10, anali olemera kwambiri kuposa oyandikana nawo wamba. Kutuluka kwa bizinesi ya Chumak m'zaka za zana la 19 kunayesedwa m'madzi mazana zikwi mazana. Ngakhale kubwera kwa njanji, sikunawonongeke nthawi yomweyo, kugwira ntchito yofunikira tsopano pamayendedwe amderalo.
Galimoto ya Chumak idakumana ndi amuna onse m'mudzimo, ndipo azimayi amabisala - zamatsenga kwa a Chumaks
5. Mwalamulo la Peter I wa Marichi 2, 1711, Senate idalamulidwa kuti "ipereke ndalama pazinthu zonse." Patatha masiku atatu, tsar idapangitsa ntchitoyi kukhala konkriti kwambiri: zinali zofunikira kupanga, mwa njira zamakono, njira zowongolera kulandila ndalama mosungira chuma ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito. Izi zimayenera kuchitika ndi mzindawu komanso zandalama, zomwe zimayang'anira wamkulu wabizinesi. Ogwira ntchito zatsopano abomawa alandila mphamvu zazikulu. Simungadziwitse pomwepo zomwe zili bwino: kulandira theka la ndalama zomwe zandalama zibwerere ku chuma, kapena chitetezo chokwanira mukadzadzudzulidwa. Zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi kuchepa kwantchito kosatha kwa Peter I, anthu oyenera kukayikira, kuyika mofatsa, adalowa mgulu lazandalama. Poyamba, zochita zandalama zidapangitsa kuti zithandizire kubweza mosungiramo ndalama ndikubwezeretsanso omwe adaba ndalama. Komabe, anthu azachuma, omwe analawa magazi, adayamba kuimba mlandu aliyense ndi chilichonse, ndikupeza udani wapadziko lonse lapansi. Mphamvu zawo zidachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono, chitetezo chamankhwala chidathetsedwa, ndipo mu 1730 Mfumukazi Anna Ioannovna adathetsa kwathunthu bungwe lazachuma. Chifukwa chake, ntchitoyi idangokhala zaka 19 zokha.
6. Ngati mneneri Mose amaonedwa kuti ndi amene anayambitsa ntchito yanu, anzanu anali olemekezedwa kwambiri pakati pa Ayuda ndipo sanalipira misonkho ku Aigupto wakale, ndiye kuti mukugwira ntchito ya mlembi. Zowona, mwayi wa izi umakhala wopanda zero. Ntchito ya mlembi titha kunena kuti idazimiririka molondola kwambiri. Inde, anthu olemba bwino nthawi zina amafunikira. Pepala loitanira anthu kapena moni lolembedwa pamanja lolemba limawoneka lokongola kwambiri kuposa cholembedwa. Komabe, sizotheka kupeza munthu m'dziko lotukuka yemwe angapeze ndalama zake zokha pamanja. Pakadali pano, ntchito ya mlembi idayamba kale, ndipo oimira ake nthawi zonse amakhala ndi ulemu komanso mwayi. Ku Europe kumapeto kwa zaka chikwi chimodzi A.D. e. scriptoria adayamba kuwonekera - mawonekedwe amnyumba zamakono zosindikizira, momwe mabuku amapangidwiranso pamanja polemba. Choyipa chachikulu choyambirira pantchito ya mlembi chidachitidwa ndi typography, ndipo pomaliza chidamalizidwa ndi kutayipa kwa taipilaita. Alembi sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi alembi. Mu mayunitsi a Cossack mu Ufumu wa Russia, panali malo a mlembi wankhondo, koma iyi inali kale ntchito yayikulu, ndipo munthu amene anali nayo sanazilembere mapepala aboma. Panalinso alembi wamba ku Russia. Yemwe anali ndiudindowu anali woyang'anira zikalata zomwe zimayendetsedwa molingana ndi oyang'anira madera.
7. Atatha kumwa galasi yoyamba ya vodka m'nyumba ya mainjiniya ku Moscow, Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich Wowopsa kuchokera pamasewera a Mikhail Bulgakov kapena kanema "Ivan Vasilyevich Asintha Ntchito Yake", amafunsa mwininyumba ngati woyang'anira nyumba adapanga vodka. Kutengera ndi funso ili, wina angaganize kuti kudziwika kwa osunga nyumba kapena oyang'anira nyumba ndizakumwa zoledzeretsa. Komabe, sizili choncho. Wosunga kiyi kapena wosunga kiyi - dzina la ntchitoyi limachokera ku liwu loti "kiyi", chifukwa amasunga makiyi azipinda zonse mnyumbamo - ndiye kuti, wamkulu wa onse m'nyumba kapena mnyumba. Banja la eni ake lokha linali lokalamba kuposa wantchito. Woyang'anira nyumbayo anali ndiudindo wokha patebulo la zakumwa ndi zakumwa. Motsogozedwa ndi wosunga kiyi, zogula zidagulidwa ndikuperekedwa, chakudya chidakonzedwa ndikugawidwa patebulo. Zakudya ndi zakumwa zomwe zidakonzedwa moyenera zinali zapamwamba kwambiri. Funso "Kodi woyang'anira nyumba adapanga vodka?" sakanakhoza kufunsa mfumu. Monga njira, wosakhutira ndi kukoma kwa vodka, amatha kulongosola, akuti, kaya anali woyang'anira nyumba, osati wina aliyense. Pafupifupi kunyumba, paphwando - Ivan Vasilyevich sanapite kukacheza ndi wamba - mwachisawawa adatumikira vodka wopangidwa ndi wantchito. Kuzungulira zaka za zana la 17, osunga ma key adayamba kuzimiririka m'nyumba za olemekezeka. Gawo lachikazi la banja la eni ake lidayamba kutenga nawo mbali poyang'anira nyumbayo. Ndipo malo osunga nyumbayo adatengedwa ndi woperekera chikho kapena wosunga nyumbayo.
"Kodi wapakhomo adapanga vodka?"
8. Mizere iwiri kuchokera pachikondi chodziwika bwino "Coachman, osayendetsa akavalo. Palibenso kwina koti ndifulumire ”modabwitsa momveka bwino akufotokozera tanthauzo la ntchito ya wothandizira - amanyamula anthu okwera pamahatchi, ndipo ali ndi anthu oterewa. Zonsezi zinayamba ndikuthamangitsa - ntchito yapadera yaboma mwanjira ina. Cholinga chothamangitsira chidawoneka chonga ichi. Mkulu wa apolisi kapena wina aliyense anabwera m'mudzimo n'kunena kuti: “Mwafika, inu ndi awiriwa muli uko. Makalata kapena okwera ndege akangofika kuchokera ku Neplyuevka yoyandikira, muyenera kupita nawo pamahatchi anu kupita ku Zaplyuevka. Ndi mfulu! " Zikuwonekeratu ndi chidwi chomwe alimi adagwira ntchitoyi. Makalatawo adatayika ndi omwe adakwera kapena anali kugwedezeka mgalimoto kwa masiku, kapena kugundidwa poyenda mwachangu. M'zaka za zana la 18, adayamba kukonzanso zinthu, ndikusankha oyendetsa masewerawa m'kalasi yapadera. Anali ndi malo olimapo, ndipo amalipidwa potumiza makalata komanso okwera. Ophunzitsa amakhala m'mizinda yonse, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa misewu ya Tverskiye-Yamskaya ku Moscow, mwachitsanzo. Pamaulendo ataliatali, mahatchi amasinthidwa m'malo opumira. Ziwerengero za kuchuluka kwa akavalo omwe amayenera kukhala pa siteshoni sizinagwirizane ndi kufunikira kwenikweni kwa akavalo. Chifukwa chake madandaulo osatha akuti analibe akavalo m'mabuku achi Russia. Olembawo mwina sanazindikire kuti atapereka msonkho wokhazikika - ma kopecks 40 a dalaivala komanso kavalo aliyense ndi ma kopecks 80 oyang'anira masiteshoni - mahatchiwo adapezeka nthawi yomweyo. Ophunzitsawo analinso ndi zidule zina, chifukwa ndalama zomwe amapeza zimadalira njirayo, komanso kuti ndi okwera paulendo angati oyenda nawo, ndi maimelo angati omwe adanyamulidwa, ndi zina zambiri. Chabwino, ndikofunikira kusangalatsa okwera ndi nyimbo, chifukwa zimakhudza kulipira. Mwambiri, china chake ngati oyendetsa taxi kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Soviet - akuwoneka kuti akuyendetsedwa khobidi, koma amapeza ndalama zambiri. Kuthamanga kwamayendedwe (muyezo) kunali ma verst 8 pa ola limodzi masika ndi nthawi yophukira komanso ma 10 verst pa ola limodzi chilimwe ndi dzinja. Pafupifupi, mchilimwe, adayendetsa 100 kapena kupitirirapo, m'nyengo yozizira, ngakhale ma verst 200 amatha kuyenda pama sledi. Ma Coachmen adachepetsedwa theka lachiwiri la 19th, ndikupanga kulumikizana kwa njanji. Anagwiranso ntchito kumadera akutali koyambirira kwa zaka za 20th.
9. Mpaka 1897, mawu oti "kompyuta" samatanthauza kompyuta yamagetsi konse, koma munthu. Kale m'zaka za zana la 17, panafunika kufunika kwamawerengero ovuta a masamu. Ena mwa iwo adatenga milungu ingapo. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi ndani amene adayamba kukhala ndi lingaliro logawaniza ziwerengerozi ndikuzigawa kwa anthu osiyanasiyana, koma m'chigawo chachiwiri cha zaka za zana la 18, akatswiri azakuthambo anali nazo izi tsiku lililonse. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono zinaonekeratu kuti ntchito yowerengera imagwira bwino kwambiri ndi amayi. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zazimayi nthawi zonse zimalipira ndalama zochepa poyerekeza ndi za amuna. Maofesi apakompyuta adayamba kuwonekera, omwe ogwira ntchito awo amatha kulembedwa kuti agwire ntchito yanthawi imodzi. Ntchito zowerengera zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States kupanga bomba la atomiki ndikukonzekera maulendo apandege. Ndipo zowerengera zisanu ndi chimodzi ndizofunika kuzikumbukira ndi dzina. Fran Bilas, Kay McNulty, Marilyn Weskoff, Betty Jean Jennings, Betty Snyder ndi Ruth Lichterman adayika manja awo ndi ntchito yowerengera. Iwo anachita nawo mapulogalamu analogue woyamba wa makompyuta amakono - American makina ENIAC. Ndi pakubwera kwa kompyuta komwe ma calculator adasowa ngati kalasi.
10. Oyimira gulu la akubawo sanali oyamba "kuvutikira ndi tsitsi lawo". "Fen" idalankhulidwa ndi gulu lapadera la amalonda oyendayenda pakupanga ndi zinthu zina zamakampani, zotchedwa "offen". Palibe amene amadziwa ndipo sakudziwa komwe adachokera.Wina amawawona ngati olowa achi Greek, wina - omwe kale anali ma buffoon, omwe zigawenga zawo (ndipo panali angapo) zinabalalika m'zaka za zana la 17 movutikira kwambiri. Ofeni adawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 - 19. Amasiyana ndi omwe amagulitsa malonda nthawi zonse chifukwa adakwera kumidzi yakutali kwambiri ndipo amalankhula chilankhulo chawo. Chinali chilankhulo chomwe chinali chodziwikiratu komanso chodziwika bwino cha bungweli. Grammatic, anali wofanana ndi aku Russia, mizu ingapo idangobwereka, kotero kuti munthu wosakonzekera sangathe kumvetsetsa chilankhulo. Kusiyana kwina kofunikira ndikuti anali kugulitsa mwamphamvu mabuku, omwe anali osowa m'midzi ndi m'matawuni kutali ndi mizinda. A Ofeni adasowa moyo wakumudzi mwadzidzidzi momwe adawonekera. Zowonjezera, malonda awo adakhala opanda phindu chifukwa chokhala ndi ziweto pambuyo poti serfdom ithetsedwe. Alimi olemerawo anayamba kutsegula malo ogulitsira m'midzi yawo, ndipo kufunikira kwa amayi kunazimiririka.
