Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18 ndi theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 19, mabuku achi Russia adachita bwino kwambiri pakukula kwawo. Pazaka makumi angapo, lakhala lotukuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mayina a olemba Russian adadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Pushkin, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Gogol, Griboyedov - awa ndi mayina okha otchuka.
Zojambula zilizonse zimakhalapo kunja kwa nthawi, koma nthawi yomweyo zimakhala za nthawi yake. Kuti mumvetse ntchito iliyonse, simuyenera kungomva kokha nkhani yake, koma nkhani yazolengedwa zake. Pokhapokha mutadziwa kuti Kuukira kwa Pugachev ndi chimodzi mwazowopseza kukhalapo kwa dziko la Russia m'mbiri yake yonse, Mwana wamkazi wa Pushkin's Captain's angawoneke ngati sewero lokhumudwitsa. Koma potengera kuti boma likhoza kuyenda molakwika, ndipo miyoyo ya anthu ikhala yolimba nthawi yomweyo, zochitika za Pyotr Grinev zimawoneka mosiyana.
Popita nthawi, zinthu zambiri m'moyo zimasintha kapena kutayika. Ndipo olembawo sakonda "kutafuna" pazambiri zomwe zimadziwika kwa aliyense panthawi yolemba. China chake m'ntchito zaka mazana awiri zapitazo chitha kumveka pakupanga mafunso osavuta. Chowonadi chakuti "miyoyo" ndi aserafi kapena amene ali wamkulu: kalonga kapena kuwerengera kumatha kupezeka ndikudina kawiri. Koma palinso zinthu zina zomwe zimafunikira kuti mufufuze pang'ono kuti mufotokoze.
1. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ulemu wololezedwa ndi anthu wamba aku Russia komanso mabuku achi Russia adapezeka pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo. Zachidziwikire, ulemu ndi zolemba zakale zidalipo kale, koma kumapeto kwa 18th - theka loyamba la zaka za 19th pomwe zidayamba kufalikira makamaka. Chifukwa chake mwano wa anthu ena olemba ngati Taras Skotinin kapena Mikhail Semyonovich Sobakevich atha kufotokozedwa ndi kusazindikira kwawo kovuta kwa ulemu.
2. Kumayambiriro kwa nthabwala za a Denis Fonvizin "Wamng'ono" Akazi a Prostakova amadzudzula serf chifukwa chodyera bwino. Zovalazi, mwachiwonekere, zidasokedwa moyipa - ngakhale mbuye wawo yemwenso amavomereza izi, ndikupempha wolandila alendo kuti apite kwa telala yemwe amaphunzitsidwa kusoka. Amayankha - onse opanga matelowa adaphunzira kwa wina, ndi gawo lanji lachinyengo? Sazengereza kuyitanitsa zotsutsa za serf kuti "zabwino". Izi sizokokomeza wolemba. Otsatira onse achifalansa, ogwirira ntchito, opanga zovala, ndi zina zambiri, atha kuperekedwa ndi olemekezeka ochepa. Ambiri mwa olemekezeka omwe amakhala pansi amapangidwa ndi ma proxie, ma dunk ndi achule. Nthawi yomweyo, zofunikira kwa amisili okolola kunyumba zinali zazikulu. Ngati simukulembera - mwina ku khola pansi pa chikwapu.
3. Magawo angapo okakamizidwa kukwatirana omwe amafotokozedwa m'mabuku achi Russia, m'malo mwake, amakongoletsa zenizeni. Atsikana adakwatiwa osadziwa malingaliro awo, osakumana ndi mkwati, m'magulu. Ngakhale Peter I adakakamizidwa kupereka lamulo katatu loletsa kukwatiwa kwa achinyamata osakhala ndi zibwenzi. Mwachabe! Emperor, yemwe amatsogolera magulu ankhondo masauzande ambiri kunkhondo, pamaso pake ku Europe, anali wopanda mphamvu. Kwa nthawi yayitali m'mipingo, mafunso okhudza ngati achinyamata akufuna kukwatiwa komanso ngati chisankho chawo chinali chodzifunira adadzetsa chisangalalo m'makona akutali a kachisi. Nicholas I, poyankha kalata yochokera kwa mwana wake wamkazi Olga, yemwe adapempha kuti adalitsidwe ndi ukwatiwo, adalemba kuti: yekha ndiye ali ndi ufulu wosankha tsogolo lake molingana ndi kudzoza kwa Mulungu. Zinali pafupifupi kuganiza kwaulere. Makolo amawona ana awo aakazi ngati chuma chawo kapena ngakhale likulu - ukwati umaperekedwa ngati chipulumutso kwa makolo okalamba omwe asiyidwa opanda buledi. Ndipo mawu akuti “kuteteza unyamata” sanatanthauze nkhaŵa zopambanitsa za mwana wake wokondedwa. Amayi a mtsikana, wokwatiwa ali ndi zaka 15, adakhazikika ndi achichepere ndipo sanalole kuti amuna awo azigwiritsa ntchito ufulu wawo. Wosewera wotchuka ku Petersburg, Prince Alexander Kurakin, adadziwika ali ndi zaka 26. Atasankha kukhazikika, adalolera kukwatiwa ndi mwana wamkazi wa Mfumukazi Dashkova (mnzake yemweyo wa Mfumukazi Catherine, yemwe ndi maphunziro, Academy of Sciences, masewero ndi magazini). Popeza sanalandire chiwongola dzanja, kapena mkazi, Kurakin adapirira zaka zitatu, kenako anathawa.
Vasily Pukirev. "Ukwati Wosayenerera"
4. Chiwembu cha nkhani "Osauka Liza" yolembedwa ndi Nikolai Karamzin ndichachabechabe. Zolemba zapadziko lonse lapansi sizimasowa nkhani za atsikana omwe ali mchikondi omwe sanapeze chisangalalo mchikondi cha munthu wina wa kalasi lina. Karamzin anali mlembi woyamba m'mabuku achi Russia kuti alembe chiwembu chobedwa kuchokera pazokonda. Kuvutika kwa Lisa kumabweretsa mkuntho wachifundo kuchokera kwa owerenga. Wolemba anali ndi vuto kuti afotokozere molondola dziwe lomwe Lisa adamira. Dziwe lakhala malo opembedzera azimayi achichepere omvera. Kokha, kuweruza ndi mafotokozedwe amakono, mphamvu yakumva izi idakokomezedwa. Makhalidwe oyimilira olemekezeka amadziwika bwino kudzera muzochitika zomwezi za A.S.Pushkin kapena a m'nthawi yake, a Decembrists. Magulu apansi sanatsalire m'mbuyo. Pafupi ndi mizinda ikuluikulu komanso m'minda yayikulu, lendi sikadapitilira ma ruble 10-15 pachaka, kotero ma ruble angapo omwe amalandila kuchokera kwa njonda yomwe imafuna chikondi idathandiza kwambiri. Ndi nsomba zokha zomwe zimapezeka m'mayiwe.
5. Munthawi yandakatulo yolembedwa ndi Alexander Griboyedov "Tsoka la Wit", monga mukudziwa, pali timabuku tating'ono ting'ono tofananira. Mwachizolowezi, amatha kutchedwa "chikondi" (makona atatu a Chatsky - Sophia - Molchalin) ndi "azandale" (ubale wa Chatsky ndi dziko la Moscow). Ndi dzanja lowala la VG Belinsky, chidwi choyamba chimaperekedwa kwa wachiwiri, ngakhale kansaluyo ndi kosangalatsa m'njira yakeyake. Munthawi yolemba nthabwala, kukwatiwa ndi mtsikana wolemekezeka kwambiri kudakhala vuto. Abambo molimba mtima anawononga chuma chawo, osasiyira ana awo akazi chilichonse. Wodziwika bwino wa m'modzi mwa abwenzi a A. Pushkin, yemwe adatengedwa ndi kuwala. Atafunsidwa yemwe adakwatirana ndi mwana wamasiye NN, adayankha mokweza kuti: "Ma serf zikwi eyiti!" Chifukwa chake, kwa abambo a Sofia Famusov, vuto sikuti mlembi wolonjeza Molchalin amakhala usiku wake m'chipinda cha mwana wake wamkazi (ndiyenera kunena, mwamtendere), koma zikuwoneka ngati Chatsky, yemwe amadziwa komwe adakhala zaka zitatu, mwadzidzidzi adabwerera ndikusokoneza makhadi onse. Famusov alibe ndalama yololera yabwino.
6. Kumbali inayi, kuchuluka kwa akwatibwi mumsika wamaukwati sikunawapatse amuna mwayi wokhazikika. Pambuyo Patriotic War mu 1812, panali ngwazi zambiri. Koma mchitidwe wa Catherine, yemwe adawonjezera mazana, ngati si masauzande a miyoyo pamalipiro, adatha kalekale. Atapachikidwa ndi maudindo ndi zida zolemekezeka, atsamunda amatha kupeza ndalama mosavuta. Magawo adapereka ndalama zochepa, ndipo adabwerekanso ndalama. Chifukwa chake, makolo a "ma dowries" sanayang'ane kwenikweni magulu ndi madongosolo. General Arseny Zakrevsky, yemwe adadziwonetsa bwino munkhondo, kenako adagwira ntchito ngati wamkulu wazamisili komanso wachiwiri kwa General (General) Staff, akufuna kukwatira m'modzi mwa oimira ambiri a Tolstoy. Kwa mtsikana wina dzina lake Agrafena adapereka miyoyo 12,000, kotero kuti akwatire, zidafunikira kupanga masewerawa ndi Emperor Alexander I. Koma wamkulu wotchuka Alexei Ermolov, atalephera kukwatira msungwana wake wokondedwa chifukwa cha "kusowa chuma" Kuyesa kuyambitsa banja, ndikukhala ndi azikazi a ku Caucasus.
7. "Deromantization" ndi mawu anzeru opangidwa ndi otsutsa pofotokoza nkhani ya A. Pushkin "Dubrovsky". Nenani, wandakatuloyo mwadala adanyoza ngwazi yake, pofotokoza zakumwa kwake kosatha kwa Petersburg, makhadi, ma duel ndi zina zaku moyo wosalamulirika wa alonda. Nthawi yomweyo, prototype ya Troekurov idakopedwanso. Tula ndi mwini nyumba ya Ryazan Lev Izmailov kwazaka zopitilira 30 adazunza ma serf ake munjira iliyonse. Izmailov anali m'modzi mwa iwo omwe amatchedwa "mpando wachifumu" - ndi dzanja limodzi adalemba ma serf mpaka kufa, ndi dzanja lina adapanga gulu lankhondo ndi ma ruble ake miliyoni ndipo iye adakwera pansi pa zipolopolo ndi zipolopolo. Mdierekezi mwiniyo sanali m'bale wake kwa iye, osati monga mfumu - pomwe adauzidwa kuti Nicholas ndidamuletsa kulanga ma serfs ndi chitsulo, mwinimundayo adalengeza kuti amfumu ali omasuka kuchita chilichonse chomwe akufuna m'minda yawo, koma anali mbuye wawo. Izmailov adachitanso chimodzimodzi ndi omwe amakhala nawo pafupi - eni nyumba - adawamenya, kuwaponya mu nthenga, ndipo chinali chovuta kuchotsera mudziwo. Oyang'anira likulu ndi oyang'anira maboma omwe adagulidwa adakhala wankhanza kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngakhale zomwe mfumu idalamula zidasokonekera poyera. Nikolai atakwiya, palibe amene amaoneka kuti ali ndi zokwanira. Chilichonse chidatengedwa kuchokera ku Izmailov, ndipo abwanamkubwa nawonso adachipeza.
8. Pafupifupi onse ngwazi zantchito zomwe zidakwera, pamaso pa owerenga, patadutsa zaka makumi angapo, zimawoneka ngati achikulire kuposa momwe olemba adafunira. Tiyeni tikumbukire mwamuna wa Pushkin Tatiana, heroine wa Eugene Onegin. Tatiana anakwatiwa ndi kalonga, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti ndi munthu wokalamba. Sanapeze dzina, chifukwa chake, "Prince N", ngakhale m'bukuli muli mayina ndi mayina okwanira. Pushkin, podzipereka kwa mawu pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri kwa kalonga, sanatchulepo kuti anali wokalamba. Kubadwa mkulu, mkulu usilikali, kufunika - ichi ndi chimene ndakatulo. Koma ndiudindo waukulu womwe umapereka chithunzi cha ukalamba. Zowonadi, munjira yomwe tidazolowera, ofisala amafunikira zaka zambiri kuti afike paudindo wamkulu, ngakhale atakhala kuti saganizira nkhani yodziwika bwino yomwe wamkulu ali nayo mwana wamwamuna. Koma koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19, akazembe anali, malinga ndi malingaliro amakono, achinyamata opanda ndevu. Hermitage ili ndi mndandanda waukulu wazithunzi za ngwazi zankhondo ya 1812. Iwo anali ojambula ndi Mngelezi George Doe, wopatsidwa ntchito ndi Alexander I. Muzithunzi izi, amuna okalamba ngati Kutuzov amawoneka ngati osiyana. Makamaka achinyamata kapena azaka zapakati. Sergei Volkonsky, yemwe adalandira udindo wa wamkulu wazaka 25, kapena Mikhail Orlov, yemwe adapatsidwa mphotho ya wamkulu wazaka 26, adawonedwa ngati achichepere omwe adachita ntchito yabwino, osatinso. Ndipo mnzake wa Pushkin Raevsky adalandira kazembe ali ndi zaka 29 mopepuka. Kupatula apo, onse adalembetsa mu regiment kuyambira ukhanda, kutalika kwa ntchito kunali kokwanira ... Chifukwa chake mwamuna wa Tatyana amatha kukhala wamkulu kuposa mkazi wake zaka zochepa chabe.
Alexander Berdyaev adakhala wamkulu wamkulu ali ndi zaka 28
9. Munkhani ya A. Pushkin "Shot" pali gawo laling'ono, mwa chitsanzo chomwe munthu angamvetse zomwe angasankhe pantchito yankhondo ya oimira olemekezeka ku Russia panthawiyo. Mgulu lankhondo, momwe Count B. amatumikirako, pakubwera mnyamata wa m'banja losadziwika, koma lolemekezeka. Amakwezedwa bwino ndikuphunzitsidwa, wolimba mtima, wolemera, ndikukhala munga komanso wotsutsana naye kuwerengera. Pamapeto pake, zimabwera pomenyera lupanga. Zikuwoneka kuti ndizofala - watsopano mgululi, chinthu chaching'ono, zimachitika. Komabe, mbiriyo ndi yakuya kwambiri. Amwenye olemekezeka kwambiri adapita kwa oyang'anira apakavalo kapena oyang'anira magaleta. Iwo anali apamwamba a okwera pamahatchi. Zokwanira kunena kuti zida zonse, kuyambira ndi kavalo wolemetsa waku Germany, ndikumaliza ndi mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yamalamulo, zidapezeka ndi alonda apamahatchi pamalipiro awo. Koma ndalama sizinathetse zonse - ngakhale pakuchita zinthu zazing'ono monga kutsegula chipata, munthu amatha kutuluka mgulumo mosavuta. Koma zinali zotheka kuti timudziwe bwino msungwanayo ndi makolo ake popanda kuyimira pakati, zomwe ena onse sanaloledwe. Anthu, osavuta komanso osauka, adalembetsa ngati uhlans kapena hussars. Nawa ma champagne ambiri ochokera pakhosi, ndi ma peyzans mu hayloft - timakhala kamodzi. Oyendetsa pamahatchi opepuka anafera mu nkhondo iliyonse, ndipo malingaliro awo m'moyo anali oyenera. Koma ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi ma hussars amakhalanso ndi machitidwe ndi malingaliro olemekezeka. Ndipo, Mulimonsemo, palibe amene anasintha mwaufulu kuchoka pa okwera pamahatchi kupita kunkhondo. Ndipo pano pali nthumwi ya banja otchuka, koma m'chigawo oyenda oyang'anira. Anathamangitsa alonda okwera pamahatchi, sanakhalenso m'malo otsekemera, komanso sanapume pantchito, posankha oyenda - zenizeni, mchilankhulo chamakono, zoyipa. Nayi Count B., yemwenso, mwachiwonekere, adapezeka kuti ali mgulu lankhondo osati chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wabwino, ndipo adakwiya, akumva mzimu wamtundu.
10. Evgeny Onegin, monga mukudziwa, adatuluka mwa "ambuye". Wophunzitsayo adayendetsa mahatchi, ndipo woyenda wapansi adayima pamapazi oyendetsa. Sizinali zokongola ngati ma limousine amakono. Madokotala okha, capitalists ang'onoang'ono komanso amalonda amatha kukwera ma parokonny ngolo. Ena onse adasunthira mwa anayi okha. Chifukwa chake Eugene, atapita ku mpira m'galimoto yonyamula mahatchi, munjira ina kudabwitsa omvera. Pansi, anthu akudziko amangoyenda chabe. Ngakhale poyendera nyumba yoyandikana nayo, pamafunika kuyika ngolo. Antchito, malinga ndi momwe akumvera, satsegula chitseko cha oyenda pansi, kapena kutseguka, koma kusiya mlendoyo kuti avule ndikulowetsa zovala zakunja kwinakwake. Zowona, izi zidapitilira mpaka cha m'ma 1830
11. Pambuyo pa kuwonekera koyamba kugulu kwa Inspector General, Nicholas I, monga mukudziwa, adati adapambana kwambiri nthabwala za Nikolai Gogol. Poteteza mfumu, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti, choyamba, ziphuphu zopanda malire komanso zankhanza zomwe zidawoneka ku Russia sizinachitike pansi pa Nicholas. Kachiwiri, mfumuyo inkadziwa zonse ndipo idayesetsa kulimbana ndi ziphuphu komanso kusakhulupirika kwa fuko lokhala ndi udindo. Komabe, zoyesayesa zake zonse zidakwaniritsidwa m'makalata osatha a 40,000 omwe, malinga ndi Nikolai yemwe, adalamulira Russia. Pozindikira kukula kwa vutoli, aboma adayesa kuyambitsa mtundu wina wa chimango. Zolemba za Gogolev "osati malinga ndi udindo" zikuchokera pano. Bwanamkubwa amadzudzula kotala - pakadali pano ndi chigawo - chifukwa wamalonda uja adamupatsa nsalu ziwiri (imodzi ndi theka mita) ya nsalu, ndipo kotala adatenga chidutswa chonse (pafupifupi mita 15). Ndiye kuti, sizachilendo kutenga arshins awiri. Malo okhala m'matawuni azigawo anali ndi ndalama "zakumanzere" mpaka 50 ma ruble patsiku (makalata amalandira ma ruble 20 pamwezi). Mpaka pomwe nkhaniyi ikukhudzana ndi bajeti yaboma, ziphuphu zazing'ono sizinayang'anitsitse. Ndipo kubedwa kwa ndalama zaboma nthawi zambiri sikunali kulangidwa.
12. Munthu wopanda nzeru m'matauni wazaka za zana la 19 adafika poti pambuyo pa kupambana kwa "Inspector General," ena adatsimikiza mtima kuti ziphuphu zatha tsopano. Mmodzi mwa anthu owolowa manja, omwe ankagwira ntchito yowunika (!), A. V. Nikitenko, mu zolemba zake zachinsinsi anali ndi nkhawa kuti tsopano mphamvu yotere, m'malingaliro ake, ikulimbana ndi ufulu wodziyimira pawokha monga kuba boma kutha. Komabe, kukumana kwakanthawi kochepa komanso nthawi yampikisano wobwezeretsa bata kunawonetsa kuti ngati onse olakwa alangidwa, akuluakulu adzasowa ngati gulu, ndipo ntchito za boma zitha. Ndipo makina omwe adachitika mzaka zankhondo adalowa mkati mozungulira. Ziphuphu zinkaperekedwa mwachindunji kumaofesi a unduna. Chifukwa chake, meya, ngati sanali ngati Skogznik-Dmukhanovsky wa Gogol, munthu wopanda ulemu komanso wopanda kulumikizana adawopsezedwa kuti asamukira kudera lina patatha zaka zingapo atapuma pantchito.
13. Gogol adafika pachimake ndi mawu a meya, omwe adauza wamalonda uja: "Mupanga mgwirizano ndi chuma, mudzachikulitsa ndi zana, kuvala nsalu zowola, kenako mupereka mayadi makumi awiri, ndikukupatsani mphotho ya icho?" Kwa zaka zambiri, ndizosatheka kumvetsetsa ngati ziphuphu zimachokera pansi, kapena zidapangidwa kuchokera kumwamba, koma zidadyetsedwa, monga akunenera, kuyambira mizu. Alimi adayamba kudandaula za eni malo omwewo Izmailov pokhapokha atakulitsa azimayi ake, nthawi zambiri amaletsa kukwatirana m'boma lake. Izi zisanachitike, adapereka ana awo aakazi m'manja mwa eni ake, ndipo palibe. Ndipo ochita malonda a "Inspector General" adapereka ziphuphu ndikuyembekeza kuti oyang'anira zigawo adzatembenuza diso ndikuwonongeka kwa zinthu zaboma. Ndipo alimi aku boma adagula alimi a eni minda kuti awapereke mwachinsinsi ngati olemba ntchito. Chifukwa chake Nicholas I adachita zosowa kanthu: kulanga aliyense, kotero Russia idzakhala ndi anthu.
Jambulani ndi N. Gogol pazithunzi zomaliza za "The Inspector General"
khumi ndi zinayi.Wolemba positi Ivan Kuzmich Shpekin, yemwe amafotokozera ena makalata osalakwa kwa ngwazi zina za The Inspector General komanso akufuna kuti awerenge makalata a wina, siotengera Gogol. Anthuwo ankadziwa kuti makalatawo anali kupukutidwa, ndipo anali odekha nazo. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, a Decembrist Mikhail Glinka amtsogolo adalongosola m'makumbukiro ake momwe iye ndi maofesala ena adawerengera makalata aku akaidi aku France kupita kwawo. Izi sizinayambitse mkwiyo wina uliwonse.
15. Zolemba zaku Russia ndizosauka mozama ngwazi zabwino. Inde, ndipo omwe ali, nthawi zina amawoneka mwachilendo. Izi ndizomwe Starodum amawoneka mu The Minor, yemwe sali wofanana ndi anthu ena onse. Umu ndi m'mene capitalist wopita patsogolo, Kostanzhoglo, yemwe amapezeka mgulu lachiwiri la Dead Souls ya Gogol. Wolembayo anangogwiritsa ntchito ngati chizindikiro chothokoza - Kostanzhoglo, wolemba mafakitale waku Russia Dmitry Bernadaki, adathandizira kulembedwa kwa buku lachiwiri la Miyoyo Yakufa. Komabe, chithunzi cha Kostanzhoglo sichiri konse choyimira. Mwana wamwamuna wazanyumba, atadzuka pansi, pazaka 70 za moyo wake, adapanga mafakitale ku Russia. Zombo zomangidwa ndi Bernadaki zoyenda pamadzi onse aku Russia. Anakumba golide ndikupanga ma mota, ndipo vinyo wake anali ataledzera ku Russia konse. Bernadaki adapeza zambiri ndipo adapereka zambiri. Thandizo lake lidalandiridwa ndi achifwamba achichepere ndi akatswiri ojambula, opanga ndi ana aluso. Ndi uyu - ngwazi wokonzeka wa buku lopambana! Koma ayi, olemba aku Russia amafuna kulemba za umunthu wosiyana kotheratu. Pechorin ndi Bazarov anali abwino ...
Wotchedwa Dmitry Bernadaki sanakonzekere kukhala ngwazi ya nthawi yawo
