Wojambula wotchuka waku Russia Vasily Ivanovich Surikov (1848 - 1916) anali mbuye wazikulu, wogwira ntchito mosamala, mapangidwe. Zojambula zake "Boyarynya Morozova", "Stepan Razin", "The Conquest of Siberia ndi Yermak" amadziwika kwa munthu aliyense yemwe sadziwa bwino zojambula.
Ngakhale kalembedwe wakale, kupenta kwa Surikov ndikodabwitsa kwambiri. Zojambula zake zilizonse zimatha kuwonedwa kwa maola ambiri, ndikupeza mitundu yambiri ndi mithunzi kumaso ndi mawonekedwe a anthuwo. Chiwembu cha pafupifupi zojambula zonse za Surikov ndichokhazikitsidwa pazotsutsana, zowoneka kapena zobisika. Mu "Morning of the Streltsy Execution", zotsutsana pakati pa Peter I ndi Streltsy zimawoneka ndi maso, monga pa chithunzi "Boyarynya Morozova". Ndipo chinsalu chotchedwa "Menshikov ku Berezovo" ndichofunika kuganizira - sichimangotanthauza banja lokhala m'nyumba yosauka, koma banja la yemwe anali mfumu yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe mwana wawo wamkazi, yemwenso akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi, akhoza kukhala mkazi wa mfumu.
Kwa kanthawi Surikov anali wa oyenda, koma zojambula zake ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zojambula za Maulendo ena. Nthawi zonse amakhala payekha, kutali ndi mikangano komanso zokambirana. Chifukwa chake adapeza zambiri kuchokera kwa otsutsa. Kwa ulemu wa wojambulayo, amangoseka pamudzudzuyo, kuchokera kwa aliyense yemwe adachokera, ndikukhalabe woona pamachitidwe ake ndi zomwe amakhulupirira.
1. Vasily Surikov adabadwa pa Januware 12, 1848 ku Krasnoyarsk. Makolo ake anali mbadwa za Don Cossacks omwe anasamukira ku Siberia. Surikov anali wonyada kwambiri chifukwa cha chiyambi chake ndipo amakhulupirira kuti Cossacks anali anthu apadera, olimba mtima, olimba mtima komanso olimba.
2. Ngakhale mwalamulo banja la a Surikov limawerengedwa ngati banja la a Cossack, zokonda zamabanjazo zinali zokulirapo kuposa kukonza magawo, kuwotcha, ndi ntchito kwa tsar-father. Abambo a Vasily adayamba kukhala olembetsa anzawo, omwe amatanthauza kale maphunziro abwino. Amalume a ojambula amtsogolo adalembetsa m'magazini olemba, ndipo banja lawo lidakambirana momveka bwino zikhalidwe zatsopano komanso mabuku osindikizidwa. Kwina konse mu malo a Cossack pa Don zikadawoneka ngati zowopsa, koma ku Siberia munthu aliyense wowerenga kuwerenga amawerengedwa. Ambiri mwa ophunzira anali akapolo, koma palibe amene anali ndi chidwi ndi izi - amalumikizana osayang'ana kumbuyo. Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe chonse cha chilengedwe cha Cossack chinali chachikulu kwambiri.
3. Abambo a Vasily adamwalira ali ndi zaka 11. Kuyambira pamenepo, tsogolo la mnyamatayo lasintha monga mulingo wa ana oyenera ochokera m'mabanja osauka. Anapatsidwa sukulu ya chigawo, pambuyo pake Vasya adapeza ntchito ya mlembi. Mwamwayi, Nikolai Grebnev adaphunzitsa kusukulu, yemwe adatha kuzindikira luso la mnyamatayo. Grebnev sanangolimbikitsa ophunzirawo kuti ayesetse kukwaniritsa zenizeni, komanso anawaphunzitsa kuti azilankhula zakukhosi kwawo. Iye nthawi zonse anatenga anyamata kuti sewero. Mwaulendo umodziwu, woyamba kujambulidwa wotchuka wa Surikov "Rafts on the Yenisei" adabadwa.
4. Mmodzi mwa olemba mbiri ya Surikov akupereka mbiri yakale yopanda mbiri yakulondolera kwa Surikov ku Academy of Arts. Pogwira ntchito mlembi, Vasily mwanjira inayake adakoka ntchentche m'mphepete mwa zikalata zina zomwe zidalembedwanso. Ankawoneka ngati woona mtima kotero kuti Bwanamkubwa Pavel Zamyatnin adayesetsa kumuchotsa pa tsambalo. Kenako mwana wamkazi wa kazembe, yemwe banja lake lidachita lendi chipinda chachiwiri mnyumba ya Surikovs, adauza abambo ake za mwana waluso wa hostess. Zamyatnin, mosaganizira kawiri, adatenga zojambula zingapo kuchokera ku Surikov, ndipo pamodzi ndi zojambula za nzika ina yaku Krasnoyarsk wokhala nzika G. Shalin adazitumiza ku St.
5. Pyotr Kuznetsov adagwira gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamapeto a Surikov. Mgodi wamkulu wagolide, yemwe adasankhidwa kangapo ngati meya wa Krasnoyarsk, adalipira maphunziro a wojambula kumene ku Academy ndikugula ntchito zake zoyambirira.
6. Surikov sakanakhoza kulowa mu Academy nthawi yoyamba. Panalibe chodabwitsa pazimenezi - panthawi yamayeso kunali koyenera kujambula "zoponyera pulasitala" - zidutswa za zifanizo zakale - ndipo Vasily anali atangokoka zamoyo zokha ndikupanga zolemba za anthu ena. Komabe, mnyamatayo anali ndi chidaliro mu luso lake. Akuponyera zidutswa za mayeso mu Neva, adaganiza zolowa Sukulu ya Drawing. Ndiko komwe adayang'anitsitsa "pulasitala" ndi luso laukadaulo waluso. Atamaliza maphunziro a zaka zitatu m'miyezi itatu, Surikov adapitiliza mayeso ndipo pa Ogasiti 28, 1869, adalembetsa ku Academy.
7. Chaka chilichonse cha maphunziro ku Academy chimabweretsa kupambana kwatsopano kwa Vasily wolimbikira ntchito. Chaka chotsatira atalandiridwa, adasamutsidwa kuchokera kwa munthu wongodzipereka kupita ku sukulu wanthawi zonse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amalandila ndalama za ruble 350 pachaka. Chaka chilichonse amalandila mendulo yayikulu kapena yachiwiri ya siliva. Pomaliza, kumapeto kwa 1875, adamaliza maphunziro ake ndipo adalandira mutu wa waluso m'kalasi yoyamba ndi mendulo yaying'ono yagolide. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Surikov adapatsidwa udindo wa wolemba milandu, wofanana ndi msilikali wa asilikali. Wojambulayo adachita nthabwala kuti tsopano wagwira bambo ake ndipo akhala bwana. Pambuyo pake, adzapatsidwa Order ya St. Vladimir, digiri ya IV, yomwe ipatsa Surikov ulemu wapamwamba ndikulingana ndi msilikali wamkulu.
8. Surikov adakumana ndi mkazi wamtsogolo, Elizaveta Share, mu tchalitchi cha Katolika, komwe adabwera kudzamvera limba. Elizabeth adasiya buku la pemphero, waluso adalikweza, motero mnzake adayamba. Amayi ake a Elizabeth anali achi Russia, mwana wamkazi wa Decembrist, ndipo abambo awo anali Mfalansa yemwe amachita malonda ndizolemba. Chifukwa cha chikondi cha mkazi wake, Auguste Chare adatembenukira ku Orthodox ndipo adachoka ku Paris kupita ku St. Atazindikira kuti wojambulayo amasamalira mwana wawo wamkazi, adachita mantha - kutchuka kwa anthu osauka komanso otayika ku bohemia ku Paris kudatayika kale m'malire a France. Komabe, ataphunzira za mitengo ya zojambula za Surikov, omwe angakhale apongozi ake ndi apongozi ake adakhala chete. Pamapeto pake adamaliza ndi mutu wojambulayo, womwe Surikov adalandira mendulo yagolide ku Academy - "Mtumwi Paulo akufotokoza ziphunzitso zachikhulupiriro pamaso pa Mfumu Agripa"!
9. M'chaka chonse kuchokera mchilimwe cha 1877 mpaka chilimwe cha 1878 Surikov, ali ndi ena omaliza maphunziro ndi apulofesa a Academy, adagwira ntchito yopenta ku Cathedral of Christ the Saviour. Ntchitoyi sinamupatse chilichonse chokhudzana ndi zaluso - zowona mopitirira muyeso zidawopseza owongolera ntchito - koma zimamupatsa wojambulayo ndalama. Ndalama zolipirira zinali ma ruble 10,000. Kuphatikiza apo, adalandira Order ya St. Anne, digiri ya III.
10. Vasily ndi Elizabeth adakwatirana pa Januware 25, 1878 ku Vladimir Church. Surikov sanadziwitse amayi ake zaukwatiwo; mbali yake, anali wopereka mphatso zachifundo Pyotr Kuznetsov ndi mphunzitsi wa Academy Pyotr Chistyakov omwe analipo pamwambowo. Surikov analembera amayi ake atabadwa mwana wamkazi woyamba. Yankho lake linali lokhwima kwambiri kotero kuti wojambulayo amayenera kuti adziwe zomwe zili mkalatayo, akuyesa kuti amawerengera mkazi wake.
11. Zowonadi zomwe zimalankhula za zomwe titanic Surikov adachita pokonzekera kujambula chithunzicho. Onse ogwira nawo ntchitoyi adadziwa kuti akufuna mafano azithunzi za chilombo chofiira ngati chowombera "The Morning of the Streltsy Execution". Tsiku lina Ilya Repin adabwera kunyumba kwa a Surikov nati: pali Vagankovsky wokhala ndi tsitsi loyera lofiira ku Vagankovsky. Tinathamangira kumanda ndipo tinawona Kuzma ali komweko, woyenereradi ntchito. Olemba manda sanakhale umphawi ngakhale nthawi imeneyo, kotero Kuzma adanyoza ojambulawo, akumangokhalira kukambirana za zinthu zatsopano za vodka ndi zokhwasula-khwasula. Ndipo pamene Surikov adavomereza zonse, Kuzma, atakhala kale mu sleigh, adalumpha mwa iwo - anasintha malingaliro ake. Patsiku lachiwiri lokha, Surikov adatha kukakamiza wokhala pansi. Ndipo uyu anali m'modzi chabe mwa otchulidwa ambiri pazithunzizi.
12. Mafunso ambiri okhudzana ndi ubale wa Surikov ndi amayi ake samayankhidwa. Chifukwa chiyani iye, yemwe kale anali waluso, wokhala ndi mendulo zamaphunziro, yemwe adalemba Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, amawopa kuuza amayi ake zaukwati wake? Chifukwa chiyani adatenga odwala ake (Elizabeti anali ndi mtima wofooka kwambiri) ndi ana ake aakazi ku Krasnoyarsk, pomwe zaka ngati izi mayendedwe ngati amenewa anali mayeso a munthu wathanzi? Chifukwa chiyani adapilira kunyalanyaza kwa mayiyo kwa mkazi wake mpaka Elizabeti pomaliza atagona, kuti asachiritsidwe asanamwalire? Monga wamkulu wodziyimira pawokha, yemwe adagulitsa zojambula zake kwa ma ruble zikwizikwi pachithunzichi, adapilira mawu akuti: "Ndiye kodi udzawotcha?", Ndi mayiyo adatembenukira kwa mkazi wake wosalimba? Tsoka ilo, zitha kunenedwa molondola kuti pa Epulo 8, 1888, pambuyo pa zowawa zomwe zidatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, Elizabeth Chare adamwalira. Awiriwo adakhala okwatirana kwa zaka zopitilira 10. Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, Surikov adauza Maximilian Voloshin kuti amayi ake anali ndi luso labwino kwambiri, komanso kuti chithunzi cha amayi ake ndi chimodzi mwazabwino kwambiri za ojambula.
13. Chowonadi chakuti Elizabeti mikhalidwe yokhazikika, ngakhale poganizira matenda ake amtima, akadakhala ndi moyo nthawi yayitali sizikutsimikiziridwa mwachindunji ndi tsogolo la ana awo ndi Surikov. Ngakhale kuti Vasily Ivanovich sakanakhoza kudzitama ndi thanzi labwino (amuna onse m'banja lawo anali ndi vuto la m'mapapo), ana awo aakazi Olga ndi Elena anakhala zaka 80 ndi 83, motero. Mwana wamkazi wa Olga Surikova, Natalya Konchalovskaya anakwatiwa ndi Sergei Mikhalkov ndipo anamwalira ali ndi zaka 85 mu 1988. Ana a Mikhalkov ndi Konchalovskaya, anthu odziwika bwino a cinema Andrei Konchalovsky ndi Nikita Mikhalkov, adabadwa mu 1937 ndi 1945 ndipo akupitilizabe kukhala athanzi komanso kukhala ndi moyo wokangalika.
14. M'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, Surikov anali wopitilira muyaya. Banja lidayamba kutsatira mfundo yoti "munthu m'modzi - mpando umodzi ndi tebulo limodzi pambali pa kama". Wojambulayo adasunga zolemba zake zambiri osazisunga pachifuwa chosavuta. Banja silinafe ndi njala, koma chakudya nthawi zonse chimakhala chophweka kwambiri, chosasangalatsa. Pamwamba pa malo ophikira panali zidebe ndi phompho (nyama youma youma). Kumbali inayi, m'moyo wa Vasily Ivanovich, malingaliro onse a bohemia adalibe. Amatha kumwa, koma amkachita ali kunyumba kapena akuchezera abwenzi. Sanazindikire zakumwa zilizonse zodyerako kapena zina zowonjezera. Wojambulayo nthawi zonse anali atavala bwino kwambiri, koma samalolera mathalauza achitsulo.
15. Wolemba ndakatulo ku Russia, monga mukudziwa, ndi woposa ndakatulo. Ndemanga za utoto wa V. Surikov "The Morning of the Strelets 'Execution" zidawonetsa kuti chojambula sichingakhale chojambula chabe. Zinachitika kuti kutsegulidwa kwa chiwonetsero cha Ma Itinerants, pomwe "The Morning of the Strelets 'Execution" idawonetsedwa koyamba kwa anthu onse, ndipo kuphedwa kwa Emperor Alexander II kudachitika tsiku lomwelo - Marichi 1, 1881. Otsutsa, omwe anayamba kukambirana za luso la chinsalu chachikulu, nthawi yomweyo anasintha kuti afotokoze funso, kwa Surikov - kwa Streltsov kapena kwa Peter I? Ngati mukufuna, chithunzicho chimatha kutanthauziridwa m'njira ziwiri: chithunzi cha mfumu yamtsogolo chikuwonetsedwa mwamphamvu komanso mochititsa chidwi, koma palibe kuphedwa kwenikweni kapena matupi a omwe adaphedwa pazenera. Chithunzicho sichinkafuna kudodometsa omvera ndikuwona magazi ndi mitembo, yosonyeza kuwombana kwa anthu achi Russia. Komabe, nthawi yawonetsa kufunikira kwa "The Morning of Strelets 'Execution" yojambula yaku Russia.
16. Surikov anali wojambula kwambiri. A priori, mbuye wa burashi ayenera kukhala wosauka kwambiri kwa theka la moyo wake, kapena kumwalira mu umphawi. Surikov, komano, adayamba kupeza ndalama zabwino kale ku Academy, ndipo adagulitsa zojambula zake pamtengo wabwino. "Morning of the Streltsy Execution" idawononga ma ruble 8,000. Ntchito yotsika mtengo kwambiri "yamkulu" ya mbuye, "Menshikov ku Berezovo" Pavel Tretyakov adagula 5,000. 25,000, ndi "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" Surikov adalandira ma ruble 40,000, ndipo kwa ena 3,000 adagulitsa zojambulajambula kuchokera pachithunzicho. Ndalama zomwe Nicholas II adalipira "The Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" zinali panthawiyo zojambula za ku Russia. Mitengo yotereyi idamupatsa mwayi kuti asagwire ntchito yolamula komanso kuti asatengere ophunzira kuti adzawonjezere.
17. Kugwira ntchito yopenta "Kugonjetsedwa kwa Siberia ndi Yermak" Surikov adayenda makilomita opitilira zikwi zitatu. Adakwera kavalo, adayenda, akuyenda m'mitsinje ya Siberia. Kuchokera paulendo wowopsawu, adabweretsanso mabuku azithunzi zingapo ndi zojambula zambiri. Pofuna kupanga zithunzi za a Cossacks omwe adatsagana ndi Yermak, wojambulayo adapita ulendo wapadera ku Don. Cossacks am'deralo samangofuna iye, komanso adakonza magulu ndi ndewu. Poganizira zojambula zomwe zidasungidwa ku Russian Museum, ulendo wopita ku Don udali wofunikira - Surikov adafika kale pomwe lingaliro la mbali ya "Chitata" ya chinsalucho linali litakonzeka kale.
18. "Kugonjetsedwa kwa Siberia ndi Yermak" kunali kupambana kwenikweni kwa Surikov. Malinga ndi mgwirizano ndi a Pavel Tretyakov, mgwirizanowu udayamba ndi ma ruble 20,000, ngakhale Surikov adakonza zopulumutsa 40,000. Ndipo zidachitikadi - Nicholas II sanafune kugulitsa kwa wamalonda uja, ndipo adapereka ndalama zomwe Surikov amafuna pa chinsalucho. Kuphatikiza apo, tsiku lomwe Emperor adapeza utoto wa Surikov lidakhala tsiku lomwe maziko a State Russian Museum. Surikov, kuti asakhumudwitse Tretyakov, adalemba chithunzi chonse cha Tretyakov Gallery.
19. Mtsutso wowopsa kwambiri udachitika chifukwa chojambula "Suvorov's Crossing the Alps". Ndiponso, zomwe anthu amachita zimakhudzidwa ndi chinthu china chakunja - chithunzicho chidawonetsedwa madzulo a zaka zana limodzi za kampeni yotchuka ya Suvorov. Anayamba kunena kuti Surikov ndi wokhulupirika, ndipo milanduyo inachokera kwa anthu apamtima. Lev Tolstoy adatsutsanso chithunzicho. "Sizichitika!" Adatero, ponena za kuyenda kwa asirikali kutsetsereka. "Ndizokongola motere," adayankha Surikov. Makina osindikiza boma, nawonso, adadzudzula wojambulayo chifukwa chosakhala epic kwambiri, kapena munthu wofunika kwambiri pachithunzichi.
20. Mu 1906, pachionetsero cha XXXV cha Ma Itinerants mu nsanja yozungulira ya Historical Museum, chithunzi cha Surikov "Stepan Razin" chidawonetsedwa. Mpaka mphindi yomaliza, chithunzicho sanakhutire ndi ntchito yake. Atatsegula chiwonetserocho, adadzitsekera mchipinda ndikupakanso chimango chagolide ndi mtundu wakuda. Kenako adafuna kuti makoma amchipindacho akuda kwambiri, koma izi sizinakhutiritse Surikov. Adayesanso kukoka nsapato za Razin mchimango. Zotsatira zake, ntchito yopaka utoto idapitilira zaka zina 4.
21. Kuchokera pazokumbukira za Ilya Ostroukhov (wolemba wojambula wotchuka "Golden Autumn). Tsiku lina iye, Viktor Vasnetsov ndi Vasily Polenov adabwera kunyumba kwa Surikov chifukwa cha zokometsera zaku Siberia. Atadzisamalira okha, adayamba kunena kuti. Polenov anali woyamba kuchoka, anapangidwa toast kwa ojambula atatu abwino kwambiri aku Russia omwe adasonkhana pano (Ostroukhov anali wachichepere panthawiyo, sanatchulidwepo). Ataona Vasnetsov ndi Ostroukhov, Surikov anakweza mawu kwa akatswiri awiri ojambula bwino ku Russia. Atatsika masitepe, Vasnetsov adanong'oneza Ostroukhov kuti: "Tsopano Vasily watsanulira galasi ndi zakumwa kwa waluso waluso kwambiri ku Russia."
22. Pasket anali mbale yomwe Surikov amakonda. Awa ndi nyama yophika yothira, mpunga, mazira, kaloti ndi anyezi, othiridwa msuzi wanyama ndikuphika pansi pa mtanda wa yisiti. Komanso, wojambulayo amakonda kwambiri ma pie ndi ntchentche zouma zoumba pansi.
23. Mu 1894 Vasily Ivanovich Surikov adasankhidwa kukhala membala wathunthu wa Academy of Arts. Pamodzi ndi iye, gulu la akatswiri adaphatikizidwa ndi abwenzi ake Ilya Repin ndi Vasily Polenov, komanso wopereka mphatso zachifundo Pavel Tretyakov. Wojambulayo adakondweretsedwa ndi zisankho - adalemba izi monyadira kwa amayi ake, ndikuwonjezera kuti manyuzipepala aku Moscow adasindikiza zavomerezedwa kwambiri ndi ophunzira atsopano.
24. Surikov adasewera gitala bwino kwambiri. Aliyense yemwe adakhalako kuzipinda zambiri zomwe banja limabwereka awona kupezeka kwa gitala pamalo otchuka. M'zaka zimenezo, gitala inkadziwika kuti ndi chida cha anthu wamba. china chake ngati accordion, ndipo oyimba magitala sanathe kudzitama ndi ndalama zambiri. Vasily Ivanovich nthawi zambiri ankakonza zoimbaimba za magitala omwe amawadziwa. Matikiti sanali kugulitsa. koma akumva adapereka zopereka. Zisudzo amenewa analola oimba ndalama 100-200 rubles madzulo.
25.Ndi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi, Surikov adadzipereka pamaganizidwe, kenako thanzi lake lidayamba kufooka. Mu 1915, mchimwene wa mpongozi wa wojambulayo, Pyotr Konchalovsky, Maxim, adazindikira kuti wojambulayo ali ndi vuto la mtima. Surikov adatumizidwa kumalo azachipatala pafupi ndi Moscow kukalandira chithandizo chamankhwala, koma kumeneko adadwala chibayo. Pa Marichi 6, 1916 Vasily Ivanovich Surikov adalankhula mawu omaliza oti "Ndikusowa" ndikumwalira. Anthu zikwizikwi adatsagana naye paulendo wake womaliza, ndipo Viktor Vasnetsov adatamanda.
