Anangumi ndi nyama zazikulu kwambiri zomwe sizinakhalepo padziko lapansi pano. Kuphatikiza apo, izi sizinyama zazikulu chabe - kukula, anamgumi akulu amapitilira nyama zakutchire ndi pafupifupi kukula kwake - nangumi mmodzi ndi wofanana mofanana ndi njovu 30. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti chidwi chomwe anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale akhala akupereka kwa zimphona zam'mlengalenga. Anangumi amatchulidwa m'nthano ndi nthano, m'Baibulo ndi m'mabuku ena ambiri. Anangumi ena akhala ochita masewero otchuka m'mafilimu, ndipo zimakhala zovuta kulingalira zojambula zojambula za nyama zosiyanasiyana popanda nangumi.
Sikuti anamgumi onse ndi akulu. Mitundu ina ndiyofanana kukula kwake ndi anthu. Ma Cetacean ndiosiyanasiyana m'malo, mitundu yazakudya ndi zizolowezi. Koma ambiri, mbali zawo wamba ndi zokwanira mkulu rationality. Omwe ali kuthengo komanso mu ukapolo, ma cetacean amawonetsa kutha kuphunzira bwino, ngakhale, chikhulupiriro chofala kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 kuti anamgumi ndi anamgumi angafanane ndi anzeru sizabodza.
Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, anamgumi akhala akusilira nyama zambiri m'mbiri yonse ya anthu. Izi zidatsala pang'ono kuwafafaniza pankhope ya Dziko Lapansi - kuwomba nsomba kunali kopindulitsa kwambiri, ndipo m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri kudakhala kotetezeka. Mwamwayi, anthu adatha kuyimilira panthawi. Ndipo tsopano kuchuluka kwa anamgumi, ngakhale kuti pang'onopang'ono (anamgumi ali ndi kubala kotsika kwambiri), kukukulirakulira.
1. Mgwirizano womwe umakhalapo m'maganizo mwathu pamene liwu loti "whale" nthawi zambiri limatanthawuza chinsomba chamtambo. Thupi lake lalitali lokhalitsa lokhala ndi mutu waukulu komanso nsagwada yayitali kwambiri limalemera matani 120 kutalika kwa mita 25. Makulidwe akulu kwambiri ndi 33 mita ndi matani opitilira 150 a kulemera. Mtima wa namgumi wabuluu umalemera matani ndipo lilime lake limalemera matani 4. Pakamwa pa nangumi 30 mita muli madzi okwana ma cubic 32. Masana, anangumi a buluu amadya matani 6 - 8 a krill - ma crustaceans ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, sangathe kuyamwa chakudya chachikulu - m'mimba mwake mwake ndi masentimita 10 okha. Pamene nsomba yamphesa inaloledwa (kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1970, kusaka kwaletsedwa), matani 27-30 a mafuta ndi matani 60-65 a nyama adapezeka kuchokera kumtembo umodzi wa mita 30. Kilogalamu imodzi ya nyama yansomba ya buluu (ngakhale kuletsa migodi) ku Japan kumawononga pafupifupi $ 160.
2. Vakita, oimira zazing'ono kwambiri za cetaceans, amapezeka kumpoto kwa Gulf of California, Pacific Ocean. Chifukwa cha kufanana kwawo ndi mtundu wina, amatchedwa California porpoises, komanso chifukwa cha mabwalo akuda ozungulira maso, nyama zam'madzi. Vakita ndi anthu obisalira kwambiri kunyanja. Kukhalapo kwawo kunapezeka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, pomwe zigaza zingapo zosazolowereka zidapezeka pagombe lakumadzulo kwa United States. Kukhalapo kwa anthu amoyo kunatsimikiziridwa kokha mu 1985. Makiti khumi ndi awiri amaphedwa mu maukonde chaka chilichonse. Mitunduyi ndi imodzi mwazinyama 100 zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha padziko lapansi. Akuyerekeza kuti ndi mitundu yochepa chabe ya mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya cetacean yomwe imatsalira m'madzi a Gulf of California. Wapakati vakit amakula mpaka 1.5 mita kutalika ndikulemera 50-60 kg.
3. Zojambula pamiyala yaku Norway zosonyeza kusaka nyama. Zithunzizi ndizaka zosachepera 4,000. Malinga ndi asayansi, panali anamgumi ambiri kumpoto kwamadzi nthawi imeneyo, ndipo kuwasaka kunali kosavuta. Chifukwa chake, sizosadabwitsa kuti anthu akale amasaka nyama zamtengo wapatali chonchi. Omwe anali pachiwopsezo kwambiri anali anamgumi osalala ndi amutu - matupi awo ndi mafuta kwambiri. Izi zonse zimachepetsa kuyenda kwa anamgumi ndipo zimapatsa matupi mphamvu yowonongeka - nyama yamankhono ophedwa imatsimikizika kuti isamira. Omwe ankagwira nsomba zam'nyanjayi nthawi zambiri ankasaka nyama zam'madzi kuti azidya - samangofunika mafuta ambiri. Amagwiritsanso ntchito khungu la anangumi ndi ankhandwe.
4. Anangumi akuda kuyambira nthawi yobadwa mpaka kubadwa kwa chinsomba akusambira m'nyanja pafupifupi makilomita 20,000, pofotokoza bwalo losagwirizana kumpoto chakunyanja ya Pacific Ocean. Zimawatengera ndendende chaka, ndipamene nthawi yayitali kuti mimba itenge. Pokonzekera kukwerana, amuna samasonyezerana nkhanza ndipo amangoyang'ana akazi okha. Komanso, mkazi amatha kuthana ndi anamgumi angapo motsatana. Akabereka, akazi amakhala aukali modabwitsa ndipo amatha kuwukira bwato lapafupi - anamgumi onse samatha kuwona bwino, ndipo amatsogozedwa makamaka ndi echolocation. Namgumi wamphongo amadyetsanso m'njira yoyambirira - amalima kunyanja mpaka kuya kwa mita ziwiri, ndikugwira zamoyo zazing'ono pansi.
5. Mphamvu zam'madzi za namgumi zimadziwika chifukwa chofunafuna anamgumi ambiri ndikupanga zomangamanga komanso njira zogwirira anamgumi. Atapha nsomba zam'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Europe, m'zaka za zana la 19 adasamukira kumpoto kwa Atlantic. Kenako madzi a ku Antarctic adakhala likulu la kusaka anangumi, ndipo pambuyo pake usodzi udakhazikika ku North Pacific Ocean. Nthawi yomweyo, kukula ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa zombo kudakulirakulira. Mabwalo oyandama anapangidwa ndikumangidwa - zombo zomwe sizinkachita nawo kusaka, koma kupha anangumi ndi njira zawo zoyambirira.
6. Chochitika chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa usodzi wa nangumi ndi kupangidwa kwa mfuti ya harpoon ndi chiphuphu cha pneumatic ndi zophulika za ku Norway Sven Foyn. Pambuyo pa 1868, Foyne atapanga zoyambitsa zake, anamgumiwo anali atatsala pang'ono kutha. Ngati kale akanatha kumenyera miyoyo yawo ndi opha mahatchi omwe, ndimadontho a manja awo, adayandikira pafupi momwe angathere, tsopano asodziwo anawombera zimphona zazikulu zam'madzi kuchokera mchombo ndikuwapopa matupi awo ndi mpweya wopanikizika osawopa kuti mtemboyo ungamira.
7. Ndikukula kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo, kuzama kwa kukonza nyama zakuthengo kunakula. Poyamba, mafuta okha, whalebone, spermaceti ndi amber adatulutsidwa mmenemo - zinthu zofunika popanga zonunkhira. Anthu aku Japan nawonso amagwiritsa ntchito zikopa, ngakhale sizolimba kwenikweni. Nyama yotsalayo idangoponyedwa m'madzi, kukopa anyani omwe amapezeka paliponse. Ndipo mu theka lachiwiri la zaka makumi awiri, kuzama kwa ntchito, makamaka m'magulu aku Soviet whitting, kudafika 100%. Antarctic whaling flotilla "Slava" idaphatikizira zombo khumi ndi ziwiri. Iwo samangosaka anamgumi, komanso amapha kwathunthu mitembo yawo. Nyama inali yozizira, magazi anali atakhazikika, mafupa anali atasanduka ufa. Paulendo umodzi, flotilla inagwira anamgumi 2,000. Ngakhale atatulutsa anamgumi 700 - 800, flotilla idabweretsa ma ruble okwana 80 miliyoni phindu. Izi zinali mu 1940s ndi 1950s. Pambuyo pake, zombo zaku Soviet Union zinayamba kukhala zamakono komanso zopindulitsa kwambiri, ndikukhala atsogoleri padziko lonse lapansi.
8. Kusaka nsomba mu nsomba zamasiku ano ndizosiyana ndi kusaka komweko zaka zana zapitazo. Sitima zing'onozing'ono zowetera nsomba zimazungulira malo oyandama posaka nyama. Namgumi akangowonedwa, lamulo la whaler limadutsa kwa harpooner, pomwe pamakhala chombo chowongolera pa uta wa sitimayo. Wobowoleza nsombazi amabweretsa sitimayo pafupi ndi namgumiyo ndikuwombera. Akamenyedwa, namgumi amayamba kumira. Zitsulo zake zimalipidwa ndi akasupe azitsulo olumikizidwa ndi unyolo. Akasupe amasewera ngati chinthu chodzikongoletsera pa ndodo. Namgumi atamwalira, mtembo wake umakokedwa nthawi yomweyo kupita pansi, kapena kusiyidwa munyanja ndi SS buoy, ndikupatsira maulalowo kumtunda woyandama.
9. Ngakhale kuti namgumi amawoneka ngati nsomba yayikulu, amadulidwa mosiyana. Nyama imakokedwa padoko. Olekanitsa amagwiritsa ntchito mipeni yapadera kuti achepetse pang'ono - pafupifupi mita - mafuta ndi khungu. Amachotsedwa pamtembo ndi kherere mofanana ndi kusenda nthochi. Zingwe izi zimatumizidwa nthawi yomweyo kuma boge boiler kuti azitenthe. Mafuta osungunuka, mwanjira ina, amathera kumtunda m'matangi operekera mafuta ndi zopereka kuzombozo. Ndiye chamtengo wapatali kwambiri chimachokera mtembo - spermaceti (ngakhale dzina lodziwika bwino, lili pamutu) ndi amber. Pambuyo pake, nyama imadulidwa, ndipo pokhapokha matumbowo amachotsedwa.
10. Nyama yansomba ... yachilendo. Mwapangidwe, imafanana kwambiri ndi ng'ombe, koma imanunkhira bwino kwambiri pamafuta amukapolo. Komabe, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuphika kumpoto. Nzeru zake ndikuti muyenera kuphika nyama ya namgumi mutangophika kale kapena kuphika, komanso ndi zonunkhira zina. Ku Soviet Union pambuyo pa nkhondo, nyama zangumi zidayambitsidwa koyamba kudyetsa akaidi, kenako adaphunzira kupanga zakudya zamzitini ndi masoseji kuchokera pamenepo. Komabe, nyama ya chinsombacho sinatchuke kwambiri. Tsopano, ngati mungafune, mutha kupeza nyama ya chinsomba ndi maphikidwe pokonzekera, koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti nyanja zapadziko lapansi zaipitsidwa kwambiri, ndipo anamgumi amapopera madzi ochuluka kwambiri kudzera mthupi m'moyo wawo wonse.
11. Mu 1820, kudachitika tsoka ku South Pacific Ocean, lomwe lingafotokozedwe m'mawu ofotokozedwa a Friedrich Nietzsche: ngati mumasaka anamgumi kwanthawi yayitali, anamgumi nawonso amakusakirani. " Sitima ya "whsex" ya Essex, ngakhale inali yokalamba komanso yopanda ntchito, idawonedwa kukhala yamwayi kwambiri. Gulu laling'ono (wamkulu anali wazaka 29, ndipo mnzake wamkulu anali 23) nthawi zonse ankachita maulendo opindulitsa. Mwayi unatha mwadzidzidzi m'mawa wa Novembala 20. Choyamba, kutuluka kunayambira m'boti la nyanjayi, pomwe namgumiyo anali atangomangidwapo, ndipo amalinyero amayenera kudula chingwe cha nyerere. Koma awa anali maluwa. Pomwe boti la whale linali kupita ku Essex kukakonza, sitimayo idagwidwa ndi sperm whale wamkulu (oyendetsa sitima amayerekezera kutalika kwake ndi 25 - 26 mita). Nangumiyo adamiza Essex ndi ziwonetsero ziwiri. Anthu amalephera kudzipulumutsa okha ndikumadzaza chakudya chochepa m'mabwato atatu. Anali pafupifupi 4,000 km kuchokera kumtunda wapafupi. Pambuyo pamavuto osaneneka - panjira yoti adye matupi a anzawo omwe adafa - oyendetsa sitimawo adanyamulidwa ndi zombo zina zankhandwe mu February 1821 pagombe la South America. Ogwira ntchito asanu ndi atatu mwa ogwira ntchito 20 adapulumuka.
12. Anangumi ndi acetaceans akhala otchulidwa kapena owerengeka m'mabuku ndi makanema ambiri azopeka. Ntchito yodziwika kwambiri yolemba inali yolemba ndi American Herbert Melville "Moby Dick". Chiwembucho chake chimatengera tsoka la omwe adaponyedwa kunkhalango "Essex", koma zolembedwa zakale zaku America zidasinthiratu nkhani ya ogwira ntchito m'sitima yomwe yamizidwa ndi sphale whale. M'buku lake lakale, nsomba yayikulu yoyera, yomwe yamira zombo zingapo, idakhala yochititsa tsokalo. Ndipo asodzi akumusaka kuti abwezere anzawo omwe adafa. Ponseponse, chinsalu cha Moby Dick ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi nkhani ya Essex whalers.
13. Jules Verne analinso wopanda chidwi ndi anamgumi. M'nkhani ya "Leagues 20,000 Under the Sea," zochitika zingapo za kusweka kwa sitima zimanenedwa kuti ndi anamgumi kapena anamgumi aumuna, ngakhale kuti zombo ndi zombozo zinamira ndi sitima yapamadzi ya Captain Nemo. M'buku la "Chilumba Chodabwitsa", ngwazi zomwe zimapezeka pachilumba chosakhalamo zimapatsidwa chuma chofanana ndi chinsomba chovulazidwa ndi nyerere ndikusowa. Nangumiyo anali wamtali wopitilira 20 mita ndipo anali wolemera matani 60. "Chilumba Chodabwitsa", monga ntchito zina zambiri za Verne, sizinachite popanda chowiringula, chifukwa cha nthawiyo chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo, zolakwika. Anthu okhala pachilumba chodabwitsa adatentha pafupifupi matani 4 amafuta kuchokera pakulankhula kwa nangumi. Tsopano zimadziwika kuti lilime lonse limalemera kwambiri mwa anthu akulu kwambiri, ndipo ngakhale mafuta, akatembenuzidwa, amataya gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a kulemera kwake.
14. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri, Davidson whalers omwe amasaka ku Australia Tufold Bay adayamba kucheza ndi wamphongo wamphongo wamwamuna ndipo adamupatsa dzina loti Old Tom. Ubwenziwo unali wopindulitsa - Old Tom ndi gulu lake anathamangitsa anamgumiwo kupita kunyanjayo, komwe opha mahatchi amatha kumumenya mosavutikira komanso pachiwopsezo cha moyo. Pothokoza chifukwa chogwirizana, asodziwo analola anangumiwo kuti adye lilime ndi milomo yawo popanda kutenga mtembo nthawi yomweyo. A Davidsons adataya mabwato awo obiriwira kuti azisiyanitsa ndi zombo zina. Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ndi anamgumi opha anathandizana kunja kwa kusaka nyama. Anthu ankathandiza anamgumi kupha maukonde awo, ndipo anthu okhala m'nyanjayi ankasunga anthu omwe amagwera m'madzi kapena kutaya bwato lawo mpaka thandizo litafika. A Davidsons atangobera nyama ya namgumi atangophedwa, ubwenziwo udatha. Old Tom adayesa kutenga nawo gawo pazofunkha, koma adangomenyedwa pamutu ndi opalasa. Pambuyo pake, ziwetozo zimachoka padoko mpaka kalekale. Old Tom adabwerera kwa anthu patatha zaka 30 kuti amwalire. Mafupa ake tsopano akusungidwa munyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale mumzinda wa Edeni.
15. Mu 1970, nyama yayikulu kwambiri yansomba idaponyedwa pagombe la Pacific ku United States ku Oregon. Patatha masiku angapo, idayamba kuwola. Chimodzi mwazinthu zosasangalatsa kwambiri pokonza nyamakazi ndi fungo losasangalatsa la mafuta otenthedwa kwambiri. Ndipo apa nyama yayikulu idawola mothandizidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Akuluakulu a mzinda wa Flowrence adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito njira yayikulu yoyeretsa m'mbali mwa nyanja. Lingalirolo linali la wantchito wamba Joe Thornton. Adanenanso kuti kuphulika komwe kungayendetsedwe kumenyedwa ndi nyama ndikubwezeretsa kunyanja. Thornton sanagwirepo ntchito ndi zophulika kapena ngakhale kuwonera kuphulika. Komabe, anali munthu wamakani ndipo samamvera kutsutsa. Poganizira zamtsogolo, titha kunena kuti ngakhale zaka makumi angapo izi zitachitika, adakhulupirira kuti adachita zonse bwino. Thornton adayika theka la tani pansi pa nyama ya namgumiyo ndikuwaphulitsa. Mchengawo utayamba kumwazikana, ziwalo za nyama yansomba zinkagwera owonerera omwe anali atapita patali. Oyang'anira zachilengedwe onse adabadwa mu malaya - palibe amene adavulala ndi zotsalira za namgumi. M'malo mwake, panali wovulalayo m'modzi. Wabizinesi Walt Amenhofer, yemwe adakhumudwitsa Thornton pa pulani yake, adadza kunyanja ku Oldsmobile, komwe adagula atagula mawu otsatsa. Inalembedwa kuti: "Pezani Whale Wachitetezo pa New Oldsmobile Yatsopano!" - "Pezani kuchotsera pa Oldsmobile yatsopano ya nangumi!" Chidutswa cha mascara chinagwa pa galimoto yatsopanoyo, ndikuiphwanya. Zowona, oyang'anira mzindawo adalipiritsa Amenhofer pamtengo wagalimoto. Ndipo zotsalira za namgumi zimayenera kuti ziyikidwe m'manda.
16. Mpaka chaka cha 2013, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti cetaceans sanagone. M'malo mwake, amagona, koma mwanjira yapadera - ndi theka laubongo. Hafu inayo imadzuka tulo, motero nyama imangoyenda. Komabe, gulu la asayansi omwe adaphunzira njira zosamukira za nyuluvu zam'mimba adatha kupeza anthu angapo atagona "ataimirira" moyimirira. Mitu ya anangumi a umuna idatuluka m'madzi. Ofufuza olimba mtima adafika pakatikati pa paketi ndikukhudza sperm whale. Gulu lonse nthawi yomweyo linadzuka, koma silinayesere kuukira chombo cha asayansi, ngakhale anamgumi aamuna amadziwika kuti ndi owopsa. M'malo moukira, gulu limangosambira.
17. Anangumi amatha kumveka mosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri kulumikizana kwawo kumachitika m'mafupipafupi omwe anthu sangathe kumva. Komabe, pali zosiyana. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika m'malo omwe anthu ndi anangumi amakhala pafupi. Kumeneko, anamgumi kapena ma dolphin akupha amayesera kuyankhula pafupipafupi khutu la munthu, ndipo ngakhale kupanga mawu omwe amatsanzira zolankhula za anthu.
18. Keiko, yemwe adachita mbali yayikulu mu trilogy yokhudza ubale pakati pa mnyamata ndi chinsomba chakupha, "Free Willie", amakhala m'madzi a aquarium kuyambira zaka ziwiri. Atatulutsa makanema odziwika ku United States, gulu la Free Willie Keiko lidakhazikitsidwa. Whale whale anamasulidwa ndithu, koma osati kungotulutsidwa m'nyanja. Ndalama zomwe anasonkhanitsa zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kugula gawo lina la gombe ku Iceland. Malo omwe ali patsamba lino anali ndi mpanda kuchokera kunyanja. Makamaka osamalira omwe adalemba ntchito amakhala pagombe. Keiko adanyamulidwa kuchokera ku United States pa ndege yankhondo. Anayamba kusambira ndi chimwemwe chachikulu. Chombo chapadera chinatsagana naye pamaulendo ataliatali kunja kwa gombe. Tsiku lina mkuntho unadza mwadzidzidzi. Keiko ndi anthu atayana. Whale wakuphayo ankawoneka kuti wafa. Koma patadutsa chaka chimodzi, Keiko adawonedwa pagombe la Norway, akusambira pagulu la anangumi omwe amapha. M'malo mwake, Keiko anali kuwona anthu ndikusambira kupita kwa iwo. Gulu linachoka, koma Keiko anatsalira ndi anthuwo.Adamwalira kumapeto kwa 2003 ndi matenda a impso. Anali ndi zaka 27.
19. Zikumbutso za malo oimikapo nsomba ku Russia Tobolsk (komwe nyanja yapafupi ndi yochepera makilomita 1,000) ndi Vladivostok, ku Argentina, Israel, Iceland, Holland, kuzilumba za Samoa, ku USA, Finland ndi Japan. Palibe chifukwa cholemba manda a dolphin, alipo ambiri.
20. Pa 28 June 1991, namgumi wa albino adaonekera pagombe la Australia. Anapatsidwa dzina "Migalu" ("White guy"). Mwachidziwikire, ndi namgumi yekhayo amene ndi albino padziko lapansi. Akuluakulu aku Australia adaletsa kuyandikira pafupi ndi 500 mita ndi madzi ndi 600 mita ndi mpweya (kwa anamgumi wamba, mtunda woletsedwa ndi 100 mita). Malinga ndi asayansi, Migalu adabadwa mu 1986. Imayenda chaka chilichonse kuchokera kugombe la New Zealand kupita ku Australia ngati gawo limodzi lakusamukira kwawo. M'chilimwe cha 2019, adayambiranso kuyenda pagombe la Australia pafupi ndi mzinda wa Port Douglas. Ofufuzawa amakhala ndi akaunti ya Twitter ya Migalu, yomwe imatumiza zithunzi za albino pafupipafupi. Pa Julayi 19, 2019, chithunzi chaching'ono cha albino whale chidatumizidwa pa Twitter, zikuwoneka kuti chikusambira pafupi ndi amayi, ndi mawu oti "Abambo ako ndi ndani?"
