Usiku wa St. Bartholomew - kuphedwa kwa a Huguenot ku France ndi Akatolika usiku wa August 24, 1572, madzulo a Tsiku la St. Bartholomew.
Malinga ndi olemba mbiri angapo, anthu pafupifupi 3,000 adamwalira ku Paris kokha, pomwe a Huguenot pafupifupi 30,000 adaphedwa ziwombankhanga ku France konse.
Amakhulupirira kuti usiku wa St. Bartholomew udakwiyitsidwa ndi a Catherine de Medici, omwe amafuna kulimbitsa mtendere pakati pa magulu awiriwa. Komabe, Papa, kapena mfumu yaku Spain Philip II, komanso Akatolika achangu kwambiri ku France sanatsatire mfundo za Catherine.
Kuphedwa kumeneku kunachitika patatha masiku 6 ukwati wa mwana wamkazi wachifumu Margaret ndi a Protestant Henry aku Navarre. Kupha kumeneku kunayamba pa 23 Ogasiti, patadutsa masiku angapo kuchokera pomwe anayesera kupha Admiral Gaspard Coligny, wankhondo komanso mtsogoleri wandale wa a Huguenots.
A Huguenot. Otsatira a Calvin
A Huguenot ndi achipembedzo cha Chiprotestanti cha ku France (otsatira a Jean Calvin wokonzanso). Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nkhondo pakati pa Akatolika ndi Ahuguenot zakhala zikumenyedwa kwa zaka zambiri. M'zaka za m'ma 50, chiphunzitso cha Calvin chidafalikira kumadzulo kwa dzikolo.
Ndikofunikira kuzindikira chimodzi mwaziphunzitso zoyambira za Calvinism, zomwe zimawerenga motere: "Ndi Mulungu yekha amene amasankha pasadakhale yemwe adzapulumuke, chifukwa chake munthu sangathe kusintha chilichonse." Chifukwa chake, achipembedzo cha Calvin adakhulupirira kukonzedweratu kwa Mulungu, kapena, mwa mawu osavuta, zamtsogolo.
Chifukwa chake, a Huguenot adadzichotsera udindo ndikudzimasula ku nkhawa zonse, popeza chilichonse chidakonzedweratu ndi Mlengi. Kuphatikiza apo, sanawone ngati chofunikira kupereka chakhumi ku tchalitchi - gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a zomwe amapeza.
Chaka chilichonse kuchuluka kwa ma Huguenot, omwe pakati pawo panali olemekezeka ambiri, kumawonjezeka. Mu 1534, mfumu Francis I idapeza timapepala pamakomo a zipinda zawo, zomwe zimatsutsa ndikunyoza ziphunzitso zachikatolika. Izi zinakwiyitsa mfumu, chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa kwa Calvinists kunayamba mu boma.
A Huguenot adamenyera ufulu wolambira wachipembedzo chawo, koma pambuyo pake nkhondoyo idasanduka mkangano waukulu pakati pa mabanja andale olamulira - Bourbons (Aprotestanti), ndi Valois ndi Guises (Akatolika), mbali inayo.
A Bourbons anali oyamba kulowa mpando wachifumu pambuyo pa Valois, zomwe zidakulitsa chidwi chawo chankhondo. Pofika usiku wotsatira wa St. Bartholomew kuyambira 23 mpaka 24 Ogasiti 1572 adadza motere. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo ina mu 1570, mgwirizano wamtendere udasainidwa.
Ngakhale kuti a Huguenot sanakwanitse kupambana nkhondoyi, boma la France silinkafuna kumenya nawo nkhondo. Zotsatira zake, mfumu idavomereza kuti pakhale mgwirizano, ndikupangitsa kuti otsatira Calvin asinthe.
Kuyambira pamenepo, a Huguenot anali ndi ufulu wochita ntchito kulikonse, kupatula Paris. Ankaloledwanso kugwira ntchito zaboma. Amfumu adasaina chikalata chowapatsa malo achitetezo anayi, ndipo mtsogoleri wawo, Admiral de Coligny, adakhala pampando wabungwe lachifumu. Izi sizingasangalatse amayi a amfumu, a Catherine de Medici, kapena, chifukwa chake, Gizam.
Komabe, pofuna kukhazikitsa mtendere ku France, Catherine adaganiza zokwatiwa ndi mwana wake wamkazi Margaret kwa Henry IV waku Navarre, yemwe anali Huguenot wolemekezeka. Kwaukwati womwe ukubwera kumene wa okwatiranawo, alendo ambiri ochokera mbali ya mkwati, omwe anali achipembedzo cha Calvin, adasonkhana.
Patatha masiku anayi, mwalamulo la a Duke Heinrich de Guise, kuyesedwa kunachitika pa moyo wa Admiral Coligny. Mkuluyu adabwezera François de Guise, yemwe adaphedwa zaka zingapo zapitazo atalamulidwa ndi wamkuluyo. Nthawi yomweyo, adakwiya kuti Margarita sanakhale mkazi wake.
Komabe, yemwe adawombera Coligny adangomupweteka, chifukwa chake adatha kupulumuka. A Huguenot adalamula kuti boma lilange mwachangu aliyense amene adachita nawo chiwembucho. Poopa kubwezera kwa Apulotesitanti, anzawo amfumu adamulangiza kuti athetse Ahuguenot.
Bwalo lachifumu linali kudana kwambiri ndi Calvin. Banja lolamulira la Valois lidawopa chitetezo chawo, ndipo pachifukwa chabwino. Munthawi yazankhondo zachipembedzo, a Huguenot adayesa kawiri kulanda mfumu Charles IX waku Valois ndi amayi ake a Catherine de 'Medici kuti akakamize iwo.
Kuphatikiza pa izi, ambiri omwe amalowa mfumuyi anali Akatolika. Chifukwa chake, adayesetsa kuthana ndi Apulotesitanti omwe ankadedwa.
Zifukwa za Usiku wa St. Bartholomew
Panthawiyo, panali pafupifupi 2 miliyoni a Huguenot ku France, omwe anali pafupifupi 10% ya anthu mdzikolo. Amayesetsa kutembenuza anzawo ku chikhulupiriro chawo, ndikupereka mphamvu zawo zonse kuti achite izi. Sikunali kopindulitsa kwa mfumu kumenya nawo nkhondo, chifukwa kumawononga chuma.
Komabe, tsiku lililonse likadutsa, a Calvin anali kuwopseza boma. Royal Council idakonza zopha Coligny wovulala yekha, zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pake, ndikuchotsanso atsogoleri angapo achipulotesitanti.
Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, zinthu zinayamba kuipiraipira. Akuluakulu adalamula kuti a Henry waku Navarre ndi wachibale wake a Condé agwidwe. Zotsatira zake, a Henry adakakamizidwa kutembenukira ku Chikatolika, koma atangothawa, Henry adakhalanso Mpulotesitanti. Aka sikanali koyamba kuti anthu aku Parisi apemphe amfumu kuti awononge ma Huguenot onse, omwe amawapatsa mavuto ambiri.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti pamene kuphedwa kwa atsogoleri achiprotestanti kunayamba usiku wa Ogasiti 24, anthu akumatawuni nawonso adayenda m'misewu kukamenyana ndi omwe sanatsutse. Monga mwalamulo, a Huguenot amavala zovala zakuda, kuwapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kusiyanitsa ndi Akatolika.
Chiwawa chachiwawa chinafalikira ku Paris, pambuyo pake chinafalikira kumadera ena. Kuphana kwamwazi komwe, komwe kunapitilira kwa milungu ingapo, kwadzaza dziko lonselo. Akatswiri a mbiri yakale mpaka pano sakudziwa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe anazunzidwa usiku wa St. Bartholomew.
Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti anthu amene anafa anali pafupifupi 5,000, pamene ena amati anali 30,000. Akatolika sanasiyire ana kapena okalamba. Ku France, zipolowe ndi mantha zidalamulira, zomwe posakhalitsa zidadziwika ndi Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wolamulira waku Russia adatsutsa zomwe boma la France lachita.
Pafupifupi a Huguenot 200,000 adakakamizidwa kuthawa mwachangu ku France kupita kumayiko oyandikana nawo. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti England, Poland ndi maboma aku Germany nawonso adatsutsa zomwe Paris idachita.
Nchiyani chinayambitsa nkhanza zowopsya chotero? Chowonadi ndichakuti ena adazunza a Huguenot pazifukwa zachipembedzo, koma panali ambiri omwe adapezerapo mwayi usiku wa St. Bartholomew chifukwa chadyera.
Pali milandu yambiri yodziwika ya anthu omwe amakhala ndi omwe adakongola nawo ngongole, olakwira, kapena adani akale. Pazisokonezo zomwe zidalamulira, zinali zovuta kwambiri kudziwa chifukwa chake amaphedwa. Anthu ambiri amachita kuba kwanthawi zonse, ndikupanga chuma chambiri.
Ndipo, chifukwa chachikulu cha chipolowe chachikulu cha Akatolika chinali kunyansidwa ndi Aprotestanti. Poyambirira, mfumuyo idakonza zopha atsogoleri a Huguenot okha, pomwe achifalansa wamba ndiwo omwe adayambitsa kuphana kwakukulu.
Kupha Anthu Usiku wa St. Bartholomew
Choyamba, panthawiyo anthu sanafune kusintha chipembedzo ndikukhazikitsa miyambo. Amakhulupirira kuti Mulungu amalanga dziko lonselo ngati anthu sangateteze chikhulupiriro chawo. Chifukwa chake, pamene a Huguenot anayamba kulalikira malingaliro awo, mwakutero adatsogolera anthu kugawanika.
Chachiwiri, a Huguenot atafika ku Katolika ku Paris, adakwiyitsa anthu akumaloko ndi chuma chawo, popeza maudindo apamwamba amabwera kuukwati. Munthawi imeneyo, France inali pamavuto, chifukwa chowona zabwino za alendo obwera, anthu adakwiya.
Koma koposa zonse, a Huguenot adasiyanitsidwa ndi kusalolera komweku monga Akatolika. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti Calvin yemweyo adawotcha otsutsana naye pafupipafupi. Magulu onsewa adatsutsana kuti akuthandiza Mdyerekezi.
Kumene anthu anali olamulidwa ndi Ahuguenot, Akatolika anali kuthamangitsidwa mobwerezabwereza. Nthawi yomweyo, adawononga ndikubera mipingo, komanso kumenya ndi kupha ansembe. Kuphatikiza apo, mabanja athunthu Achiprotestanti adasonkhana kuti achifwamba a Akatolika, komanso tchuthi.
A Huguenot ankanyoza akachisi a Akatolika. Mwachitsanzo, iwo anaphwanya mafano a Namwali Woyera kapena kuwapaka mitundu yonse ya zonyansa. Nthawi zina zinthu zinkakulirakulira kotero kuti Calvin adatsitsa otsatira ake.
Mwina chochitika choopsa kwambiri chinachitika ku Nîmes mu 1567. Apulotesitanti anapha ansembe pafupifupi 100 a Akatolika tsiku limodzi, ndipo kenako anaponya mitembo yawo m'chitsime. Sizikudziwika kuti a Parisian adamva za nkhanza za a Huguenot, chifukwa chake zomwe adachita pa usiku wa St. Bartholomew zimamveka bwino.
Zachilendo monga zingawonekere, koma usiku wa St. Bartholomew's sanasankhe chilichonse, koma anangowonjezera udaniwo ndikuthandizira kunkhondo yotsatira. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pambuyo pake panali nkhondo zina zingapo pakati pa a Huguenot ndi Akatolika.
Potsutsana komaliza mu nthawi ya 1584-1589, onse omwe adayesa kukhala pampando wachifumu adamwalira ndi opha anzawo, kupatula Huguenot Henry waku Navarre. Anangoyamba kulamulira. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti chifukwa cha ichi adagwirizana kachiwiri kutembenukira ku Chikatolika.
Nkhondo ya maphwando awiri, yopangidwa ngati mkangano wachipembedzo, idatha ndi kupambana kwa Bourbons. Anthu zikwizikwi omwe anazunzidwa chifukwa chogonjetsa banja lina ... Komabe, mu 1598 Henry IV adapereka Lamulo la Nantes, lomwe linapatsa a Huguenot ufulu wofanana ndi Akatolika.
Chithunzi cha Usiku wa St. Bartholomew
