Henry Ford (1863-1947) - Wolemba mafakitale waku America, yemwe ali ndi mafakitale amgalimoto padziko lonse lapansi, wopanga, wolemba zovomerezeka 161 zaku US.
Ndi mawu akuti "galimoto ya aliyense", chomera cha Ford chimatulutsa magalimoto otsika mtengo koyambirira kwa nyengo yamagalimoto.
Ford anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito lamba wonyamula mafakitale popanga magalimoto mu mzere. Ford Motor Company ikupitilirabe mpaka pano.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Henry Ford, yomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, nayi mbiri yayifupi ya Ford.
Mbiri ya Henry Ford
Henry Ford adabadwa pa Julayi 30, 1863, m'banja la alendo ochokera ku Ireland omwe amakhala pafamu pafupi ndi Detroit.
Kuphatikiza pa Henry, m'banja la William Ford ndi Marie Lithogoth - Jane ndi Margaret, ndi anyamata atatu: John, William ndi Robert.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Makolo amtsogolo wazamalonda anali alimi olemera kwambiri. Komabe, amayenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kulima mundawo.
Henry sanafune kukhala mlimi chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti munthu amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri posamalira banja kuposa momwe amalandirira zipatso pantchito yake. Ali mwana, amaphunzira kusukulu yamatchalitchi, ndichifukwa chake kalembedwe kake kanali kolemala kwambiri ndipo analibe chidziwitso chambiri.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mtsogolomo, pomwe Ford anali kale wopanga magalimoto olemera, samatha kupanga mgwirizano. Komabe, amakhulupirira kuti chinthu chachikulu kwa munthu si kuwerenga, koma luso loganiza.
Ali ndi zaka 12, tsoka loyamba lidachitika mu mbiri ya Henry Ford - adataya amayi ake. Kenako, kwa nthawi yoyamba m'moyo wake, adawona galimoto, yomwe idayenda pogwiritsa ntchito injini ya nthunzi.
Galimotoyo idabweretsa mnyamatayo kukhala wosangalala mosaneneka, pambuyo pake anali wofunitsitsa kulumikiza moyo wake ndi ukadaulo. Komabe, bambowo ankadzudzula maloto a mwana wawo chifukwa amafuna kuti akhale mlimi.
Pamene Ford anali ndi zaka 16, adaganiza zothawa kwawo. Ananyamuka ulendo wopita ku Detroit, komwe adaphunzitsako zamakina. Patatha zaka 4, mnyamatayo anabwerera kunyumba. Masana amathandizira makolo ake ntchito zapakhomo, ndipo usiku adapanga china chake.
Poona kuchuluka kwa zoyeserera zomwe abambo ake adachita kuti agwire ntchitoyi, Henry adaganiza zopangitsa kuti ntchito yake ikhale yosavuta. Adadziyimira payokha chopangira mafuta.
Posakhalitsa, alimi ena ambiri amafuna kukhala ndi luso lomweli. Izi zidapangitsa kuti Ford idagulitsa chivomerezo kwa a Thomas Edison, ndipo pambuyo pake idayamba kugwirira ntchito kampani yodziwika bwino.
Bizinesi
Henry Ford adagwirira ntchito Edison kuyambira 1891 mpaka 1899. Munthawi imeneyi ya mbiri yake, adapitilizabe kutenga nawo gawo pakupanga ukadaulo. Anayamba kupanga galimoto yomwe ingakhale yotsika mtengo kwa Amereka wamba.
Mu 1893 Henry adasonkhanitsa galimoto yake yoyamba. Chifukwa Edison anali wotsutsa makampani opanga magalimoto, Ford adaganiza zosiya kampani yake. Pambuyo pake adayamba kugwira ntchito ndi Detroit Automobile Company, koma sanakhaleko nthawi yayitali.
Wopanga injini wachinyamata uja adayesetsa kuyendetsa galimoto yake, chifukwa chake adayamba kukwera m'misewu ndikuwonekera m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri. Komabe, ambiri amangomunyoza, kumutcha "wogwidwa" kuchokera ku Begley Street.
Komabe, a Henry Ford sanataye mtima ndikupitiliza kufunafuna njira zogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ake. Mu 1902 adatenga nawo mbali m'mipikisanoyi, atatha kumaliza kumaliza mpikisano mwachangu kuposa wolamulira waku America. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti wopangayo sanafune kuti apambane mpikisano, koma kulengeza za galimoto yake, yomwe adakwanitsa.
Chaka chotsatira, Ford adatsegula kampani yake, Ford Motor, komwe adayamba kupanga magalimoto a Ford A. Ankafunabe kupanga galimoto yodalirika komanso yotsika mtengo.
Zotsatira zake, Henry anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito conveyor popanga magalimoto - kusinthiratu msika wamagalimoto. Izi zidapangitsa kuti kampani yake ikhale patsogolo pamsika wamagalimoto. Ndiyamika ntchito yonyamula ndi, makina a msonkhano anayamba kuchitika kangapo mofulumira.
Kupambana kwenikweni kudabwera Ford mu 1908 - ndikuyamba kupanga galimoto ya "Ford-T". Mtunduwu udasiyanitsidwa ndi mtengo wake wosavuta, wodalirika komanso wotsika mtengo, zomwe ndi zomwe wopanga amayesetsa. Ndizosangalatsa kuti chaka chilichonse mtengo wa "Ford-T" udapitilirabe kutsika: ngati mu 1909 mtengo wagalimoto unali $ 850, ndiye mu 1913 udagwera $ 550!
Popita nthawi, wochita bizinesiyo adamanga chomera cha Highland Park, pomwe makina opangira makina adakula kwambiri. Izi zidalimbikitsanso msonkhano ndikukula kwake. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti ngati m'mbuyomu galimoto ya "T" idasonkhanitsidwa mkati mwa maola 12, tsopano ochepera maola awiri anali okwanira ogwira ntchito!
Polemera kwambiri, a Henry Ford adagula migodi ndi migodi yamalasha, ndikupitilizabe kupanga mafakitale atsopano. Zotsatira zake, adakhazikitsa ufumu wonse womwe sunadalire mabungwe aliwonse ndi malonda akunja.
Pofika 1914, mafakitale a mafakitale adatulutsa magalimoto okwana 10 miliyoni, omwe anali 10% yamagalimoto onse padziko lapansi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Ford yakhala ikusamala za magwiridwe antchito, komanso imawonjezera malipiro a ogwira nawo ntchito.
Henry adayambitsa ndalama zochepa kwambiri mdzikolo, $ 5 patsiku, ndipo adamanga tawuni yabwino ya ogwira ntchito. Modabwitsa, $ 5 "yowonjezera misonkho" idapangidwira okhawo omwe amaigwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wantchito amamwa ndalama, amachotsedwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo.
Ford adayambitsa tsiku limodzi sabata ndipo m'modzi amalipira tchuthi. Ngakhale ogwira ntchito amayenera kugwira ntchito molimbika komanso kutsatira malangizo okhwima, mikhalidwe yabwino idakopa anthu masauzande ambiri, kotero wabizinesiyo sanasake ogwira ntchito.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, Henry Ford adagulitsa magalimoto ambiri kuposa omwe amapikisana nawo palimodzi. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pagalimoto 10 zomwe zidagulitsidwa ku America, 7 adapangidwa m'mafakitale ake. Ndiye chifukwa chake munthawi ya mbiri yake mwamunayo adatchedwa "mfumu yamagalimoto".
Kuyambira 1917, United States idatenga nawo gawo pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse ngati gawo la Entente. Panthawiyo, mafakitale a Ford anali kupanga masks a gasi, zipewa zankhondo, akasinja ndi sitima zapamadzi.
Nthawi yomweyo, wamakampani uja adati sangapange ndalama pakukhetsa magazi, nalonjeza kuti abweza mapindu onse ku bajeti ya dziko. Izi zidalandiridwa mwachidwi ndi anthu aku America, zomwe zidathandiza kukweza ulamuliro wake.
Nkhondo itatha, kugulitsa magalimoto a Ford-T kunayamba kutsika kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti anthu amafuna mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe wopikisana naye, General Motors, amawapatsa. Zinafika poti mu 1927 Henry anali atatsala pang'ono kutayika.
Wopangayo anazindikira kuti ayenera kupanga galimoto yatsopano yomwe ingasangalatse wogula "wowonongeka". Pamodzi ndi mwana wake wamwamuna adayambitsa mtundu wa Ford-A, womwe udali ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso luso labwino. Zotsatira zake, wolemba mafakitale wamagalimoto adakhalanso mtsogoleri pamsika wamagalimoto.
Kubwerera mu 1925, Henry Ford adatsegula Ford Airways. Mtundu wopambana kwambiri pakati pa ma liners anali Ford Trimotor. Ndege zonyamula izi zidapangidwa mu 1927-1933 ndipo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka 1989.
Ford idalimbikitsa mgwirizano wachuma ndi Soviet Union, ndichifukwa chake thalakitala woyamba wa Soviet wa Fordson-Putilovets brand (1923) adapangidwa pamaziko a thalakitala ya Fordson. M'zaka zotsatira, ogwira ntchito zamagalimoto a Ford Motor adathandizira pakumanga mafakitale ku Moscow ndi Gorky.
Mu 1931, chifukwa cha mavuto azachuma, malonda a Ford Motor anali kuchepa kufunika. Zotsatira zake, Ford adakakamizidwa osati kungotseka mafakitale ena, komanso kuchepetsa malipiro a ogwira ntchito. Ogwira ntchito mokwiya adayesayesa kulanda fakitale ya Rouge, koma apolisi adabalalitsa gululo pogwiritsa ntchito zida.
Henry adatha kupezanso njira yothanirana ndi zovuta chifukwa cha ubongo watsopano. Adapereka galimoto yamasewera "Ford V 8", yomwe imatha kupitilira 130 km / h. Galimotoyo idakhala yotchuka kwambiri, zomwe zidalola kuti mwamunayo abwerere kumavolo ogulitsa akale.
Malingaliro andale komanso odana ndi Semitism
Pali malo angapo amdima mu mbiri ya Henry Ford yomwe idatsutsidwa ndi anthu am'nthawi yake. Chifukwa chake, mu 1918 adakhala mwini wa nyuzipepala ya The Dearborn Independent, pomwe zolemba zotsutsana ndi Semitic zidayamba kufalitsidwa zaka zingapo pambuyo pake.
Popita nthawi, zolemba zambiri pamutuwu zidaphatikizidwa kukhala buku - "International Jewry". Monga nthawi idzadziwire, malingaliro ndi zopempha za Ford zomwe zili mu ntchitoyi zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi a Nazi.
Mu 1921, bukuli lidatsutsidwa ndi mazana ambiri aku America odziwika, kuphatikiza atsogoleri atatu aku America. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920, Henry adavomereza zolakwa zake ndikupepesa pagulu.
Anazi atayamba kulamulira ku Germany, motsogozedwa ndi Adolf Hitler, Ford adagwirizana nawo, kuwathandiza. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mu nyumba yogona ya Hitler ku Hitler ngakhale panali chithunzi cha wogulitsa magalimoto.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti pomwe a Nazi adalanda France, chomera cha Henry Ford, chomwe chimapanga magalimoto ndi injini za ndege, chimagwira bwino ntchito ku Poissy kuyambira 1940.
Moyo waumwini
Pamene Henry Ford anali ndi zaka 24, anakwatira mtsikana wotchedwa Clara Bryant, yemwe anali mwana wamkazi wa mlimi wamba. Pambuyo pake banjali lidakhala ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna yekhayo, Edsel.
Banjali linakhala moyo wautali komanso wosangalala limodzi. Bryant adathandizira ndikumukhulupirira mwamunayo ngakhale atamuseka. Wolembayo atavomereza kuti akufuna kukhala ndi moyo wina pokhapokha Clara atakhala pafupi naye.
Pamene Edsel Ford adakula, adakhala Purezidenti wa Ford Motor Company, ali ndi udindowu nthawi ya mbiri yake 1919-1943. - mpaka imfa yake.
Malinga ndi magwero odalirika, Henry anali Freemason. Grand Lodge yaku New York ikutsimikizira kuti mwamunayo anali membala wa Palestine Lodge No. 357. Pambuyo pake adalandira digiri ya 33 ya Scottish Rite.
Imfa
Mwana wake atamwalira mu 1943 kuchokera ku khansa ya m'mimba, a Henry Ford okalamba adalowanso kampaniyo. Komabe, chifukwa cha ukalamba wake, sizinali zophweka kwa iye kuyang'anira ufumu waukulu chonchi.
Zotsatira zake, wazamalonda uja adapereka mmanja mwa mdzukulu wake Henry, yemwe adagwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Henry Ford anamwalira pa Epulo 7, 1947 ali ndi zaka 83. Chifukwa cha imfa yake chinali kukha mwazi muubongo.
Pambuyo pake, wopangayo adasiya mbiri yake "Moyo wanga, zomwe ndakwanitsa", pomwe adafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane dongosolo lolondola la anthu ogwira ntchitoyo. Malingaliro omwe afotokozedwa m'bukuli adalandiridwa ndi makampani ndi mabungwe ambiri.
Chithunzi ndi Henry Ford
