Nikolay Alexandrovich Berdyaev (1874-1948) - Wafilosofi wachipembedzo komanso wandale waku Russia, woimira kukhalapo kwa Russia komanso kuchita zinthu payekha. Wolemba lingaliro loyambirira la filosofi ya ufulu ndi lingaliro la Middle Ages yatsopano. Asankhidwa kasanu ndi kawiri pa Mphotho ya Nobel mu Literature.
Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Nikolai Berdyaev, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Kotero, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yochepa ya Berdyaev.
Wambiri Nikolai Berdyaev
Nikolai Berdyaev adabadwa pa Marichi 6 (18), 1874 ku Obukhovo estate (m'boma la Kiev). Anakulira m'banja lolemekezeka la Alexander Mikhailovich ndi Alina Sergeevna, yemwe anali mfumukazi. Anali ndi mchimwene wake wamkulu Sergei, yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala wolemba ndakatulo komanso wolemba nkhani.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Abale a Berdyaev adalandira maphunziro awo kunyumba. Pambuyo pake, Nikolai adalowa mu Kiev Cadet Corps. Pofika nthawiyo, anali atadziwa zinenero zingapo.
M'giredi 6, mnyamatayo adaganiza zosiya matupi awo kuti ayambe kukonzekera kulowa kuyunivesite. Ngakhale pamenepo, adadziyikira yekha cholinga chokhala "profesa wa filosofi." Zotsatira zake, adakhoza bwino mayeso ku University of Kiev ku Faculty of Natural Science, ndipo patatha chaka adasamukira ku Dipatimenti Yachilamulo.
Ali ndi zaka 23, Nikolai Berdyaev adatenga nawo gawo pa zipolowe za ophunzira, zomwe adam'mangirirapo, adathamangitsidwa ku yunivesite ndikupita naye kundende ku Vologda.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, nkhani yoyamba ya Berdyaev idasindikizidwa m'magazini ya Marxist Die Neue Zeit - "F. A. Lange ndi malingaliro ofufuza molumikizana ndi socialism ”. Pambuyo pake, adapitilizabe kufalitsa zolemba zatsopano zokhudzana ndi filosofi, ndale, anthu ndi madera ena.
Zochita ndi moyo ku ukapolo
M'zaka zotsatira za mbiri yake, Nikolai Berdyaev adakhala m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira mu gululi omwe adatsutsa malingaliro a akatswiri osintha zinthu. Mu nthawi ya 1903-1094. adatenga nawo gawo pakupanga bungwe la "Union of Liberation", lomwe lidamenyera ufulu wandale ku Russia.
Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, woganiza uja adalemba nkhani "The Extinguishers of the Spirit", momwe adatetezera amonke a Athonite. Pachifukwa ichi adaweruzidwa kuti akaponyedwe ku Siberia, koma chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse (1914-1918) ndikusintha kwotsatira, chigamulochi sichinachitike.
A Bolshevik atayamba kulamulira, Nikolai Berdyaev adakhazikitsa Free Academy of Spiritual Culture, yomwe idakhalapo pafupifupi zaka zitatu. Atakwanitsa zaka 46, adapatsidwa ulemu wa pulofesa wa mbiri yakale ndi zamaphunziro aukadaulo ku University of Moscow.
Pansi paulamuliro wa Soviet, Berdyaev adamangidwa kawiri - mu 1920 ndi 1922. Atamangidwa kachiwiri, anachenjezedwa kuti ngati sachoka ku USSR posachedwa aphedwa.
Zotsatira zake, Berdyaev adasamukira kudziko lina, monga anzeru ena ambiri komanso asayansi, paomwe amatchedwa "sitima yanzeru". Kunja, adakumana ndi akatswiri anzeru ambiri. Atafika ku France, adalowa nawo gulu lachikhristu la ophunzira aku Russia.
Pambuyo pake, Nikolai Aleksandrovich adagwira ntchito kwazaka zambiri ngati mkonzi polemba malingaliro achipembedzo achi Russia "Put", komanso adapitiliza kufalitsa mabuku anzeru ndi zamulungu, kuphatikiza "The New Middle Ages", "Russian Idea" ndi "Experience of eschatological metaphysics. Chilengedwe ndi Cholinga ".
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kuyambira 1942 mpaka 1948, Berdyaev adasankhidwa kukhala Mphotho ya Nobel mu Literature kasanu ndi kawiri, koma sanapambane.
Nzeru
Malingaliro anzeru a Nikolai Berdyaev anali okhudzana ndi kutsutsa kwa ukadaulo ndi kulingalira. Malinga ndi iye, malingalirowa anali ndi vuto lalikulu pa ufulu wa munthu aliyense, zomwe zinali tanthauzo la kukhalapo.
Umunthu ndi umunthu ndizosiyana kwathunthu. Pansi pa choyamba, amatanthauza gulu lauzimu ndi loyenera, ndipo pansi pa lachiwiri - lachilengedwe, lomwe ndi gawo la anthu.
Mwakutero, munthuyo samakhudzidwa, komanso samvera chilengedwe, tchalitchi ndi boma. Komanso, ufulu pamaso pa Nikolai Berdyaev udaperekedwa - ndichofunikira kwambiri pokhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndi munthu, osadalira paumulungu.
M'buku lake "Munthu ndi Makina" Berdyaev amawona ukadaulo ngati mwayi womasula mzimu wamunthu, koma amawopa kuti mfundo zikasinthidwa, munthu ataya uzimu ndi kukoma mtima.
Chifukwa chake, izi zimabweretsa yankho lotsatira: "Kodi anthu omwe alibe mikhalidwe imeneyi adzapatsira chiyani ana awo?" Kupatula apo, uzimu siubwenzi chabe ndi Mlengi, koma, choyambirira, ubale wapadziko lapansi.
Mwakutero, chodabwitsa chikuwonekera: kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kumapangitsa chikhalidwe ndi zaluso patsogolo, kumasintha machitidwe. Koma, kumbali inayo, kupembedza kopitilira muyeso ndikuphatikana ndi ukadaulo waluso, kumamchotsera munthu chilimbikitso chofikira kupita patsogolo pachikhalidwe. Ndipo apa vuto limabukanso pankhani ya ufulu wa mzimu.
Ali mwana, Nikolai Berdyaev anali wokonda kwambiri malingaliro a Karl Marx, koma pambuyo pake adakonzanso malingaliro angapo a Marxist. M'ntchito yake yomwe "Russian Idea" anali kufunafuna yankho la funso loti kodi amatanthauzanji ndi wotchedwa "mzimu waku Russia".
Pokambirana naye, adagwiritsa ntchito fanizo komanso kufananiza, pogwiritsa ntchito mbiri yakale. Zotsatira zake, Berdyaev adatsimikiza kuti anthu aku Russia sakonda kutsatira mosasamala zofunikira zonse za lamuloli. Lingaliro la "Russianness" ndi "ufulu wachikondi".
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi wa woganiza, Lydia Trusheva, anali mtsikana wophunzira. Pa nthawi yomwe ankadziwana ndi Berdyaev, anali atakwatiwa ndi wolemekezeka Viktor Rapp. Atamangidwanso, Lydia ndi mwamuna wake adatengedwa kupita ku Kiev, komwe mu 1904 adakumana koyamba ndi Nikolai.
Kumapeto kwa chaka chomwecho, Berdyaev adauza mtsikanayo kuti apite naye ku Petersburg, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo, okonda nthawi zonse amakhala limodzi. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti malinga ndi mlongo Lida, banjali limakhala limodzi ngati abale ndi alongo, osati ngati okwatirana.
Izi zinali chifukwa chakuti iwo amayesa ubale wawo wauzimu kuposa ubale wakuthupi. M'makalata ake, Trusheva adalemba kuti kufunikira kwa mgwirizano wawo sikunapezeke "chilichonse chamtundu uliwonse, chamthupi, chomwe takhala tikusinyoza nthawi zonse."
Mkazi anathandiza Nikolai mu ntchito yake, kukonza zolemba pamanja. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ankakonda kulemba ndakatulo, koma sanafune kuzilemba.
Imfa
Zaka ziwiri asanamwalire, wafilosofi adalandira nzika zaku Soviet Union. Nikolai Berdyaev anamwalira pa Marichi 24, 1948 ali ndi zaka 74. Adamwalira ndi matenda amtima kunyumba kwawo ku Paris.
Zithunzi za Berdyaev
