Boris Godunov (1552 - 1605) ali ndi malo osavomerezeka m'mbiri yaku Russia. Ndipo panokha, olemba mbiri samakondera Tsar Boris: adazunza Tsarevich Dmitry, kapena adamulamula kuti amuzunze, ndipo adachita chidwi chosawerengeka, ndipo sanakonde otsutsa andale.
Boris Godunov adachipezanso kuchokera kwa akatswiri azaukadaulo. Ngakhale munthu amene sadziwa mbiri yakale mwina adawerengapo kapena kumva mu kanema kofananako ndi Ivan Vasilyevich wa ku Bulgakov woopsa: "Ndi Boris Wotani? Boriska?! Boris waufumu? .. Ndiye iye, wochenjera, wonyozeka adalipira mfumu zabwino kwambiri! .. Iyenso amafuna kulamulira ndikukhala ndi zonse! .. Olakwa imfa! " Mawu ochepa chabe, koma fano la Godunov - wochenjera, wochenjera komanso wankhanza, ndi wokonzeka kale. Ndi Ivan the Terrible yekha, m'modzi mwa omwe anali pafupi kwambiri anali Godunov, sananene ndipo sananene izi. Ndipo mawu awa Bulgakov adatenga kuchokera m'makalata a Andrei Kurbsky ndi Grozny, ndipo anali ochokera m'kalata ya Kurbsky.
Patsoka la dzina lomwelo la Pushkin, chithunzi cha Boris Godunov chikuwonetsedwa ndi kudalirika kokwanira. Pushkin Boris, komabe, amazunzidwa ndi kukayikira ngati Tsarevich Dmitry wamwaliradi, ndipo chidwi chachikulu chimaperekedwa ku ukapolo wa alimi, koma ambiri, a Godunov a Pushkin adafanana ndi oyamba aja.
Zochitika pa zisudzo za M. Mussorgsky potengera tsoka la A. Pushkin "Boris Godunov"
Kodi tsar yemwe adalamulira Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za 16th - 17th adakhala bwanji ndikufa?
1. Palibe chidziwitso chokhudza chiyambi ndi ubwana wa Boris. Amadziwika kuti anali mwana wa mwinimunda wa Kostroma, amenenso anali mwana wa nduna. Godunovs okha anachokera kwa mwana Chitata kalonga. Mapeto a kulemba Boris Godunov amapangidwa pamaziko a zopereka zolembedwa ndi dzanja lake. Mafumu, malinga ndi mwambo, sanadetse manja awo ndi inki.
2. Makolo a Boris adamwalira koyambirira, iye ndi mlongo wake adasamalidwa ndi boyar Dmitry Godunov, yemwe anali pafupi ndi Ivan the Terrible, ndi amalume ake. Dmitry, ngakhale anali "wochepa thupi", adachita bwino pantchito yolondera. Adakhala m'malo omwewo pansi pa tsar ngati Malyuta Skuratov. Mwachibadwa, mwana wamkazi wa Skuratov Maria adakhala mkazi wa Boris Godunov.
3. Ali ndi zaka 19, Boris anali bwenzi la mkwati paukwati wa Ivan the Terrible ndi Martha Sobakina, ndiko kuti, tsar anali kale ndi nthawi yoyamikira mnyamatayo. Anzake a Godunov adachitanso chimodzimodzi pomwe mfumu idakwatirana kachitatu.
Ukwati wa Ivan Wowopsa ndi Martha Sobakina
4. Mchemwali wake wa Boris Godunov Irina adakwatiwa ndi mwana wamwamuna wa Ivan the Terrible Fyodor, yemwe pambuyo pake adalandira mpando wachifumu wa abambo ake. Patatha masiku 9 mwamuna wake atamwalira, Irina adatenga tsitsi lake ngati sisitere. Mfumukaziyi idamwalira mu 1603.
5. Patsiku lomwe Fyodor Ivanovich adakwatirana ndi ufumu (Meyi 31, 1584), adampatsa Godunov udindo wamahatchi. Panthawiyo, boyar-equestrian anali m'bwalo loyandikira kwambiri kwa mfumu. Komabe, ziribe kanthu momwe Ivan the Terrible adaphwanya lamulo lachifumu, sikunali kotheka kuthetseratu, ndipo ngakhale atakwatirana ndi ufumuwo, nthumwi za mabanja achikulire adatcha Godunov "wogwira ntchito". Umenewu unali ufulu wodziyimira pawokha.
Mfumu Fyodor Ivanovich
6. Fyodor Ivanovich anali munthu wopembedza kwambiri (zachidziwikire, olemba mbiri a m'zaka za zana la 19 adaganizira za chuma ichi cha mzimu, ngati sichamisala, ndiye kuti mawonekedwe amisala - tsar amapemphera kwambiri, amapita kuulendo kamodzi pa sabata, osachita nthabwala). Zochita zantchito zinali kuthetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi Godunov. Ntchito zazikulu zomanga zinayambika, malipiro a antchito a mfumuyo adakwezedwa, ndipo adayamba kugwira ndi kulanga otenga ziphuphu.
7. Pansi pa a Boris Godunov, kholo lakale lidawonekera ku Russia. Mu 1588, Mkulu wa Mabishopu Wachipembedzo Jeremiah II anafika ku Moscow. Poyamba, adapatsidwa udindo wokhala kholo lakale la Russia, koma Jeremiah adakana, natchula malingaliro a azibusa ake. Kenako Khonsolo Lopatulika linasonkhanitsidwa, lomwe linasankha anthu atatu osankhidwa. Mwa awa (motsatira ndondomeko yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ku Constantinople), Boris, yemwe panthawiyo anali kuyang'anira zochitika m'boma, adasankha Metropolitan Job. Kukhazikitsidwa kwake kunachitika pa Januware 26, 1589.
Mkulu wa Mabishopu Woyamba waku Russia a Job
8. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, gulu lankhondo laku Russia motsogozedwa ndi a Godunov ndi a Fyodor Mstislavsky adathawa gulu lankhondo la Crimea. Kuti timvetse kuopsa kwa zigawenga za ku Crimea, mizere ingapo yochokera m'mbiriyo ndi yokwanira, momwe imanenedwa monyadira kuti anthu aku Russia adatsata Atata "mpaka ku Tula komwe".
9. Mu 1595, a Godunov adachita pangano lamtendere ndi a Sweden, lomwe lidachita bwino ku Russia, malinga ndi momwe madera omwe adatayika pachiyambi chosapambana cha Nkhondo ya Livonia adabwerera ku Russia.
10. Andrey Chokhov adapanga Tsar Cannon motsogozedwa ndi a Godunov. Sanali kuwombera kuchokera pamenepo - mfuti ilibe bowo. Adapanga chida ngati chizindikiro cha mphamvu za boma. Chokhov adapangitsanso Tsar Bell, koma idakalipobe mpaka pano.
11. Kuyambira ndi Karamzin ndi Kostomarov, olemba mbiri amatsutsa a Godunov pachiwembu chowopsa. Malinga ndi iwo, nthawi zonse ankanyoza ndikuchotsa mamembala angapo a Board of Trustees kuchokera kwa Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. Koma ngakhale kudziwana bwino ndi zochitika zomwe olemba mbiriwa akuwonetsa: anyamata olemekezeka amafuna kuti Tsar Fyodor asudzule Irina Godunova. Fyodor ankakonda mkazi wake, ndipo Boris anateteza mlongo wake ndi mphamvu zake zonse. Zinali zofunikira kuti a Messers. Shuisky, Mstislavsky ndi Romanov apite ku Monilita ya Kirillo-Belozersky.
12. Pansi pa Godunov, Russia yakula modabwitsa ndi Siberia. Khan Kuchum pamapeto pake adagonjetsedwa, Tyumen, Tobolsk, Berezov, Surgut, Tara, Tomsk adakhazikitsidwa. Godunov adafuna kuchita bizinesi ndi mafuko am'deralo "weasel". Maganizo awa adayala maziko abwino kwa theka lotsatira, pomwe anthu aku Russia adapita kugombe la Pacific.
Russia motsogozedwa ndi Boris Godunov
13. Olemba mbiri akhala akuthyola mikondo chifukwa cha "nkhani zaku Uglich" - kuphedwa kwa Tsarevich Dmitry ku Uglich. Kwa nthawi yayitali, Godunov amadziwika kuti ndi amene adamupha kwambiri. Karamzin ananena kuti Godunov analekanitsidwa mpando wachifumu yekha ndi mwana wamng'ono. Wolemekezeka komanso wokonda mbiri yakale sanaganizire zinthu zingapo: pakati pa Boris ndi mpando wachifumu panali zaka zina zisanu ndi zitatu (kalonga adaphedwa mu 1591, ndipo Boris adasankhidwa kukhala Tsar mu 1598) ndi chisankho chenicheni cha Godunov ngati tsar ku Zemsky Sobor.
Kuphedwa kwa Tsarevich Dmitry
14. Atamwalira a Tsar Fyodor Godunov adapuma pantchito ku nyumba ya amonke ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi Irina atangokhala wolamulirayo kunalibe kubomalo. Pa February 17, 1598, Zemsky Sobor adasankha Godunov pampando wachifumu, ndipo pa Seputembara 1 Godunov adavekedwa korona.
15. Masiku oyamba atakwatirana ndi mafumuwa anali atapeza chuma ndi mwayi. Boris Godunov adawonjezera malipiro onse ogwira ntchito. Amalondawa adachotsedwa ntchito kwa zaka ziwiri, ndipo alimi amachotsedwa misonkho kwa chaka chimodzi. Chikhululukiro chonse chidachitika. Ndalama zambiri zimaperekedwa kwa amasiye ndi ana amasiye. Alendo adamasulidwa ku yasak kwa chaka chimodzi. Anthu mazana ambiri adakwezedwa m'mizere yambiri.
16. Ophunzira oyamba kutumizidwa kunja sanawonekere konse pansi pa Peter Wamkulu, koma pansi pa Boris Godunov. Momwemonso, "opatuka" oyamba sanawonekere pansi paulamuliro wa Soviet, koma pansi pa Godunov - mwa achinyamata khumi ndi awiri omwe adatumizidwa kukaphunzira, m'modzi yekha adabwerera ku Russia.
17. Mavuto aku Russia, omwe dzikolo lidatsala pang'ono kupulumuka, sanayambe chifukwa cha kufooka kapena ulamuliro woyipa wa Boris Godunov. Sizinayambe ngakhale pamene Wodzikongoletsa anaonekera kumadzulo kwa boma. Zinayamba pomwe ena mwa ma boyars adadziwona okha phindu pakuwoneka kwa Pretender ndikufooka kwa mphamvu yachifumu, ndikuyamba kuthandiza mobisa Dmitry Wabodza.
18. Mu 1601 - 1603 Russia idakhudzidwa ndi njala yoopsa. Choyambitsa chake chinali tsoka lachilengedwe - kuphulika kwa phiri la Huaynaputina (!!!) ku Peru kudakwiyitsa Little Ice Age. Kutentha kwa mpweya kudatsika, ndipo mbewu zomwe zidalimidwa zidalibe nthawi yoti zipse. Koma njala idakulitsidwa ndi mavuto aboma. Tsar Boris adayamba kugawa ndalama ndi njala, ndipo mazana mazana a anthu adathamangira ku Moscow. Nthawi yomweyo, mtengo wamkate udakwera maulendo 100. Ma Boyars ndi nyumba za amonke (osati onse, inde, koma ambiri) amabweza mkate poyembekezera mitengo yokwera kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, anthu masauzande ambiri adamwalira ndi njala. Anthu ankadya makoswe, mbewa, komanso ndowe. A nkhonya zoopsa anachita osati chuma cha dziko, komanso ulamuliro Boris Godunov. Pambuyo pamavuto oterewa, mawu aliwonse omwe chilango chimaperekedwa kwa anthu chifukwa cha machimo a "Boriska" adawoneka kuti ndiowona.
19. Njala itangotha, wotchedwa Dmitry Wabodza adawonekera. Mwa zopanda nzeru zonse za mawonekedwe ake, anali ndi chiopsezo chachikulu, chomwe Godunov anazindikira mochedwa. Ndipo kunali kovuta kwa munthu wopembedza masiku amenewo kuganiza kuti ngakhale ma boyars apamwamba, omwe amadziwa bwino kuti wotchedwa Dmitry anali atamwalira kwazaka zambiri, ndipo amene anapsompsona mtanda ndi lumbiro kwa Godunov amatha kuperekera mosavuta.
20. Boris Godunov adamwalira pa Epulo 13, 1605. Maola ochepa mfumuyo isanamwalire, amawoneka athanzi komanso olimba, koma kenako adadzimva wofooka, ndipo magazi adayamba kutuluka m'mphuno ndi makutu. Panali mphekesera za poyizoni komanso kudzipha, koma zikuwoneka kuti Boris adamwalira ndi zoyambitsa zachilengedwe - mzaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazi za moyo wake, adadwala kangapo.
