Dzinalo la mzindawu nthawi zambiri limafupikitsidwa kukhala "Ensk" kapena "N-City". Chizindikiro cha nthawi - m'mbuyomu, kutalika kwa dzinalo nthawi zina kumalankhula za mzinda. Silava ziwiri "Moscow" zidapuma ndi mbadwa zakale, zipewa za boyar ndi zina zowuma, koma "St. Petersburg" idapitabe patsogolo ndi mayimbidwe ake. Momwemonso m'maina "Novo-Nikolaevsk" ndi "Novosibirsk" munthu amatha kumva kulira kwa matayala a sitima zikudutsa boma lalikulu kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa kapena mbali ina.
Novosibirsk titha kuonedwa ngati likulu la Russia Siberia. Ndege yayikulu kwambiri komanso sitima yayikulu kwambiri ku macroregion ili ku Novosibirsk. Mzindawu umakhala ndi zipilala zakale komanso zojambulajambula zamakono. Ndilo likulu la Chigawo cha Siberia ndipo nthawi yomweyo imawoneka ngati likulu la zigawo. Iyi ndiye gawo lonse la Novosibirsk: mzindawu ukukula mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti umatulutsa zovala zake mwachangu kuposa likulu.
1. Novosibirsk wamasiku ano anali ndi mayina 6 "oyamba". Kukhazikikako kunatchedwa Nikolsky Pogost, Krivoshchekovo, Novaya Derevnya, Ob, Novo-Nikolaevsk, ndi Novo-Sibirsk wokhala ndi chithunzi.
2. Novosibirsk ndi wamng'ono kwambiri. Mzindawu unayambira ku 1893. Chaka chino, kukhazikitsidwa kunakhazikitsidwa, momwe ogwira ntchito omwe anali kumanga mlatho kudutsa Ob amakhala. Railway ya Trans-Siberia idadutsa mlatho. Komabe, achinyamata a Novosibirsk sakusonyeza kuti anthu sanakhale kuno asanamange njanji. Malo osavuta kuwoloka Mtsinje wa Ob ali m'chigawo cha Novosibirsk, makilomita mazana kumtunda ndi kutsika. Kufukula kukuwonetsa kuti panali ngakhale njira yayikulu yosamukira pano, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti osaka amakhala. Ku Middle Ages, boma la Telengutia linali m'chigawo cha Novosibirsk ndi Kemerovo. Ndiwosangalatsa chifukwa idakhala boma lokhalo ku Siberia pomwe mafumu aku Moscow adakambirana nawo ndikusainirana mgwirizano wamtendere. Mu 1697, voomsode ya Tomsk Vasily Rzhevsky adalamula wogwira ntchitoyo kuti apatsidwe ntchito yapadera, Fedor Krenitsyn, kuti amange nyumba ya alendo m'mbali mwa kumanzere kwa Ob. Chilonda chochokera ku saber chinadutsa pankhope yonse ya Krenitsyn, chifukwa chake amatchedwa Krivoschek kumbuyo kwake. Chifukwa chake, nyumba ya alendo ndi kukhazikika komwe kunayandikira kunakhala mudzi wa Krivoshchekovskaya. Mwalamulo, mudziwo unkatchedwa Nikolaevsk - polemekeza woyang'anira woyera wa apaulendo.
3. Novosibirsk ikukula mwachangu kwambiri. Patangopita zaka 60 kukhazikitsidwa kwake, unadzakhala mzinda wa mamiliyoni ambiri, womwe udapatsidwa mwayi wolowa mu Guinness Book of Records. Chiwerengero cha anthu 1.6 miliyoni chimapangitsa kukhala boma lachitatu lalikulu kwambiri ku Russia komanso koyamba malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kuyambira 2012, anthu aku Novosibirsk akhala akuwonjezeka mosalekeza ndi anthu 10,000 - 30,000 pachaka. Kuphatikiza apo, pafupifupi anthu 100,000, omwe siomwe amakhala nzika zamzindawu, amabwera ku Novosibirsk kudzagwira ntchito.
4. Pakati pa olemba mbiri ku Novosibirsk, akatswiri azikhalidwe ndi atolankhani pali gulu lina la owunikiranso - anthu omwe amaganiza kuti mbiri yakale yamzindawu siyokwanira kapena yopotozedwa. Ena mwa matembenuzidwe awo akuwoneka kuti akutheka. Mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa zomangamanga za Novo-Nikolaevsk ngati nkhokwe kapena likulu latsopano. Pali zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zomwe zimatsimikizira kuthekera uku. Novonikolaevtsy adalandira yankho lokwaniritsa pempho lawo loti azindikire kukhazikika kwawo ngati mzinda mwachangu kwambiri. Zokongoletsa za tchalitchi mu dzina la Alexander Nevsky zidakonzedwa mwapadera ndi mfumukazi komanso mfumukazi yayikulu. Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin adabwera ku Novo-Nikolaevsk paulendo woyendera ndipo adalamula kukonza misewu. Kodi ma premiers aku Russia adayendera ndikuchita mizinda yambiri "yopanda zigawo"? Railway ya Trans-Siberia imawoloka mitsinje ikuluikulu 16, ndipo mzinda waukulu udangodutsa pa mlatho wopitilira Ob. Zowona ndizopatsa chidwi. Koma obwezeretsa nthawi yomweyo amayamba kulumikizana nawo maufumu ena akale, zitukuko zazikulu, kuti ayang'ane zochitika zodziwika bwino ndi zilankhulo, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe nawonso amanyoza kafukufuku wawo wonse.
5. Red Avenue - mseu wapakati pa Novosibirsk - nthawi ina udakhala ngati cholowera cha ndege. Pa Julayi 10, 1943, injini ya woyendetsa ndege Vasily Staroshchuk anali ndi vuto la injini paulendo woyesa. Pakadali pano, ndege ya Staroshchuk inali pamwamba penipeni pa mzindawo. Staroshchuk anazindikira kuti analibe msinkhu wokwanira wosamalira mzindawo, ndipo anaganiza zokakocheza ndegeyo ku Krasny Prospekt. Tsoka ilo, kutera kudatha tsoka - ndege idagwa, woyendetsa ndegeyo adamwalira. Komabe, mwamalingaliro, lingaliro la Staroshchuk linali lolondola - palibe aliyense kupatula woyendetsa ndegeyo amene adavulala.
Mu 2003, ntchito yoyendetsa ndegeyo idasinthidwa ndi chipilala. Ngozi ina yandege ku Novosibirsk idatha ndi zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Pa Seputembara 28, 1976, woyendetsa ndege ya An-2 Vladimir Serkov adatumiza galimoto yake kunyumba komwe apongozi ake ndi apongozi ake - ubale wabanja sunayende bwino. Apongozi ndi apongozi awo sanali kunyumba, ndipo Serkov anaphonya atalowa mnyumba ina. Ndegeyo itagunda khoma, idagwa ndipo moto udayamba. Serkov mwini ndi ena 11 okhala mnyumbamo adamwalira.
Zotsatira za zigawenga zomwe a Vladimir Serkov adachita
6. Malinga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito amodzi mwa malo odziwika bwino okaona malo ndi maulendo, Zoo ya Novosibirsk ndi amodzi mwa malo khumi abwino kwambiri ku Europe. Mayina a Mikhail Zverev ndi Rostislav Shilo adalembedwa m'makalata agolide m'mbiri ya malo osungira nyama akuluakulu ku Russia. Zverev, wodziwika bwino ngati wolemba ana komanso wasayansi, adapanga chiwonetsero cha zoo zamtsogolo mwachangu. Kuphunzira ndi achichepere achichepere, adayamba kona yakukhalamo, kenako ndikudutsa malo opitilira zinyama, nthawi yomweyo ndikulandila malo ambiri ochitira zoo zamtsogolo. Izi zinali zakale zaka zisanachitike nkhondo. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo, nyama zidasamutsidwa kupita ku Novosibirsk kuchokera kumalo osungira nyama omwe ali mdera la Europe la Soviet Union. Kwa nthawi yayitali, Novosibirsk Zoo sinatekeseke kapena kutekeseka, mpaka mu 1969 Rostislav Shilo adakhala director wawo, yemwe adayamba ntchito yake yoyeretsa khola. Zochita zamphepo za Shilo sizinalepheretsedwe ndi kusokonekera kwamphamvu kapena kugwa kwa USSR komanso kuwombana komwe kumachitika. Zoo za Novosibirsk zakhala zikusintha mosalekeza ndikukula, ndipo nthawi yomweyo yakhala maziko a kafukufuku wambiri wasayansi. Mmenemo, kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, ana a otter a mumtsinje, kambuku woyera, ng'ombe ya musk, takin ndi chimbalangondo chakumpoto. Ku Novosibirsk, adakwanitsa kuwoloka mkango ndi kambuku, atalandira kambewuyo. Tsopano Zoo ya Novosibirsk ili ndi zinyama zoposa 11,000 za mitundu 770. Amayendera anthu 1.5 miliyoni pachaka. Pamodzi ndi malo osungira nyama a San Diego ndi Singapore, Zoo za Novosibirsk ndi amodzi mwa malo osungira nyama omwe ntchito zawo zimalipidwa ndi kugulitsa matikiti ndi ndalama zina.
7. Pali nthano yodziwika bwino yonena za momwe Novosibirsk ankakhalira nthawi imodzi munthawi ziwiri: nthawi yomwe banki yakumanja imagwirizana ndi Moscow + maola 4, ndipo kumanzere - maola a 3 + a Moscow. Nthanoyi idatchuka kwambiri panthawi yazovuta zakugulitsa zakumwa zoledzeretsa ku Soviet Union. Amanena kuti malo ogulitsira vinyo ndi vodka ku banki yoyenera adatsekedwa kale, koma mutha kukhala ndi nthawi yolowa mumsewu wopita kubanki yakumanzere. M'malo mwake, kugundana kwakanthawi koteroko kunalipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za makumi awiri, koma kulumikizana kwa mayendedwe kwa mabanki a Ob kunali kofooka kwambiri, ndipo kusiyana kwa nthawi kunakhudza anthu ochepa kwambiri. Kuyambira 1924, a Novosibirsk onse amakhala malinga ndi nthawi ya Moscow nthawi + 4. Malire a zone zone ino adadutsa pafupifupi mdera la eyapoti ya Tolmachevo. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono mzindawo unakula, ndipo malirewo adayenera kukankhidwanso. Mu 1957, adangochita izi mwachidule - adaphatikiza dera lonse la Novosibirsk mdera la MSK + 4.
8. Mu 1967, Chikumbutso cha Ulemerero chidatsegulidwa ku Novosibirsk. Chikumbutsochi, choyambirira chopangidwa ndi ma pyloni asanu oyimira zaka za nkhondo komanso chosema cha mayi wamayi, chimasinthasintha. Kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazi, paki yazida zankhondo, chikumbutso cha Knights of the Order of Glory, imadumphadumpha ndi mndandanda wama Heroes a Soviet Union ndi mndandanda wamagulu aku Siberia. Chikumbutsochi chimaphatikizaponso chipilala chopanga lupanga, chosonyeza mgwirizano wakutsogolo ndi kumbuyo, komanso miyala yokumbukira anthu omwe mayina awo ndi a Novosibirsk omwe adamwalira pamikangano ku Afghanistan, Yemen, Vietnam, Kampuchea, Chechnya, Abkhazia, Syria ndi malo ena otentha. Chilichonse chimachitika ndikudziletsa komanso kulawa, koma chizolowezi choponya m'mbale ya Lawi Lamuyaya chikuwoneka ngati chosayenera.
9. Malo ochitira zisudzo odziwika kwambiri ku Novosibirsk si dzina lodzichepetsa kwambiri "Globe" (monga mukudziwa, dzina lomweli lidaperekedwa ku London Theatre, komwe William Shakespeare adasewera ndikuwonetsa ntchito zake). Nyumbayi ili munyumba yoyambirira yomwe yamangidwa pafupifupi zaka 20. Poyerekeza mbali, nyumbayi ikufanana ndi yacht, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa "Sailboat". Masewerowa adayamba ntchito yake ngati Theatre of the Young Spectator, kenako adzatchedwa Academic Youth Theatre.
10. Pakatikati mwa mzindawu, koyambirira kwa Red Avenue, kuli tchalitchi cha St. Nicholas Wonderworker. Ena amati ndi chimodzimodzi pakatikati pa Russia, ena amati, malinga ndi zomwe boma la Geodesy and Cartography Service, likulu la Russia lili m'dera la Krasnoyarsk. Magulu onsewa ali m'njira zawozawo. Chaputala cha Nicholas Wonderworker ku Novosibirsk adamangidwa pachikumbutso cha 300th cha mafumu a Romanov, ndipo chikuyimira chimodzimodzi pakatikati pa Russia yomwe idalipo koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 20, ndiye kuti Ufumu wa Russia. Russia wamakono yalowa kumadzulo, chifukwa chake likulu lake lasamukira kummawa.
11. Kutumikira pa eyapoti ya Novosibirsk Tolmachevo ili pamtunda wa makilomita 17 kuchokera mumzinda. Tolmachevo ndiye eyapoti yayikulu kwambiri ku Siberia. Ndege zamtundu uliwonse zomwe zilipo zimatha kutera m'misewu yonse ya doko la Novosibirsk. Mu 2018, eyapotiyo idasamalira okwera pafupifupi 6 miliyoni komanso pansi pa matani 32,000 a katundu. Ndege zopita kuma eyapoti angapo aku Russia ndi akunja zimanyamuka ku Tolmachevo. Munali ku Tolmachevo mu 2003 pomwe asitikali apadera a FSB adakwera ndege ya Mikhail Khodorkovsky kuti akamange mwini wake. Ndegeyo idakhazikitsidwa potengera eyapoti yankhondo, chifukwa chake mzaka zoyambirira za kagwiridwe kake (1957 - 1963) zikhalidwe za okwera ndege anali Spartan kwambiri. Koma ndiye kuti doko la mlengalenga limangopanga kumene kubwereka ndipo tsopano ndi amodzi mwamabwalo amakono ku Russia. Iwo omwe amafika ku Novosibirsk koyamba nthawi zambiri amadabwitsidwa ndi zomwe oyendetsa taxi amayendetsa pagalimoto mopanda mtengo kupita ku Barnaul, Omsk kapena Kemerovo. Kodi mungatani, mulingo waku Siberia.
Tolmachevo mu 1960
Tolmachevo amakono
12. Mu 1986, okhala ku Novosibirsk adalandira njanji yapansi panthaka - akadali yekhayo kudera la Asia ku Russia. Pali malo 13 pamizere iwiri ya metro ya Novosibirsk. Ngakhale ndi yaying'ono, sitima yapamtunda imanyamula okwera 80 miliyoni pachaka. Njanji yapansi panthaka ku Novosibirsk ndi yosaya, yokwanira 16 mita. Malo okongoletserawa adakongoletsedwa "kalembedwe ka Moscow" - pogwiritsa ntchito marble, granite, magalasi amitundu, zaluso komanso ma keramiki oyang'ana, nyali zazikulu. Kuyenda ndi chikwangwani chanthawi imodzi kumawononga ma ruble 22, pomwe kugwiritsa ntchito masabusikiridwe ndi theka la mtengo.
13. Museum of Novosibirsk of Local Lore ili munyumba, yomanga yomwe, ngakhale munthawi yathu ino, yopanda mantha kwambiri kwa akuluakulu achinyengo, akuluakulu amatha kupita kundende. Emperor Nicholas II adapatsa ndalama kuti amange masukulu awiri, ogwirizana ndi mzinda wa Novonikolaevsk. Nyumba yayikulu, yokongola komanso yotakata idamangidwa. Imakhala ndi khonsolo yamzindawu, dipatimenti yazachuma, nthambi ya State Bank, ndi mabungwe ena othandiza. Malo omwe anali pansi pake amabwerekedwa kwa amalonda. Sukulu, monga mungaganizire, inalibe malo. Nicholas II, monga tikudziwira, adatchedwa wamagazi. Adalanga mwankhanza akuluakulu aku Novonikolayev - adaperekanso ndalama ku masukulu. Nthawi ino masukulu adamangidwa. Tsopano mu imodzi mwa nyumba zomangidwa koyambirira kwa zaka zana, sukulu nambala 19 ili, yachiwiri - Old House theatre.
Museum of lore zakomweko
14. Kuyimilira kwakutali kwambiri paulendo wake womaliza wopita kummawa, Admiral Kolchak adapanga ku Novo-Nikolaevsk. Apa adakhala milungu iwiri. Munthawi imeneyi, nkhokwe zagolide zaku Russia, zopititsidwa ku Kolchak ndi omwe amalowererapo, "adataya thupi" ndi matani 182, omwe amafanana ndi ma ruble mamiliyoni 235 (pamitengo yapano, iyi ndi pafupifupi madola 5.6 biliyoni). Zikuwonekeratu kuti Kolchak sakanatha kuwononga ndalama zamtunduwu. Zolemba zazing'ono izi zitha kuwonekadi. Mwachidziwikire, golideyo adayikidwa kwinakwake mumzinda.
Nyengo ya Novosibirsk sitinganene kuti ndiyabwino m'moyo. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka kwa + 1.3 ° С kukuwonetsa kuti mzindawu sugwidwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu, ngakhale kuli pamtunda wa Kaliningrad ndi Moscow. Novosibirsk ili pachigwa chotseguka pafupifupi mphepo zonse. Mwachidziwitso, izi zikutanthauza kusintha kwakanthawi kotentha. Komabe, kutentha kwanyengo kuchokera -20 ° C mpaka zero sikungabweretse chisangalalo kwa aliyense ndikuthandizira kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Koma kuzizira kozizira pakatentha kapena nthawi yophukira nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosasangalatsa. Ku Novosibirsk, ngakhale tsiku la mzindawo linasinthidwa chifukwa cha nyengo zoterezi. Amakonzekera kukondwerera koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Koma kuyesera koyamba kuchita tchuthi kudalepheretsedwa ndi kuzizira kozizira. Kuyambira pamenepo, tsiku la mzinda ku Novosibirsk limakondwerera Lamlungu lomaliza la Juni.
16. Grigory Budagov adachita gawo lalikulu pakukula koyamba kwa Novo-Nikolaevsk. Anakhalapo pamalo amtsogolo mtsogolo pafupifupi kuyambira tsiku loyamba la maziko ake, akuchita monga mainjiniya wamkulu wa ntchito yomanga mlatho. Komabe, chidwi Budagov sanali okha njanji. Ankagwira nawo ntchito yophunzitsa antchito omwe anapatsidwa iye ndi ana awo. Injiniya adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake pomanga nyumba yosungira mabuku ndi holo yayikulu yochitira zaluso. M'malo mokakamira maphunziro apagulu, Budagov adachita zinthu mwanzeru. Apanso, pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake, adamanga sukulu ndikulemba aphunzitsi, kenako osangopeza ndalama zaboma, komanso adathandizira chisankho chomanga sukulu m'tawuni iliyonse ya ogwira ntchito njanji. Zotsatira zake, kale mu 1912, maphunziro apadziko lonse adayambitsidwa mumzinda. Wanzeru likulu injiniya anakakhala Novo-Nikolaevsk. Ndi thandizo lake, moto brigade. Budagov anamanganso nyumba yoyamba yamwala mzindawo - kachisi mdzina la Alexander Nevsky.
Grigory Budagov
17. Pali chipilala cha mbewa ku Novosibirsk. Mbewa iyi siyophweka, koma labotale. Adaziyika pafupi ndi Institute of Cytology and Genetics ku Akademgorodok. Chipilalachi ndi chifanizo cha mbewa yokhala ndi singano zoluka, pomwe molekyulu ya DNA imatulukira. Malo oyandikana nawo adakonzedwa mozama: nyali zikuwonetsa magawo ogawa kwama cell, mipira yokhala ndi zizindikilo zosonyeza ma genetics, mankhwala ndi physiology, nyama zosiyanasiyana zasayansi zikuwonetsedwa pamabenchi ndi ma urns.
18. Novosibirsk Akademgorodok ndi amodzi mwa malo akuluakulu asayansi padziko lapansi. Mbiri yake idayamba mu 1957, pomwe lingaliro la Council of Minerals of USSR lidalandiridwa pakukhazikitsidwa kwa malo asayansi ku Novosibirsk. Chuma mdzikolo chidasungabe zaka za Stalin, choncho ntchito yomanga idayamba patatha chaka chimodzi, ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri, Novosibirsk State University idatsegulidwa ndipo nyumba zoyambirira kukhazikitsidwa. Akademgorodok adapangidwa molingana ndi mapulani onse, chifukwa chake zikhalidwe zogwirira ntchito ndi moyo momwemo zili pafupi. Tsopano Akademgorodok akuphatikiza masukulu ofufuza 28, yunivesite, makoleji awiri, munda wamaluwa komanso ngakhale sukulu yayikulu yolamula asitikali.Ndipo Lavrentiev Street, pomwe pali mawu khumi ndi awiri asayansi, ndiye anzeru kwambiri padziko lapansi.
19. Mlatho wapamtunda wa Novosibirsk ndi mlatho wa metro wautali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Anatsegulidwa mu Januwale 1986 limodzi ndi malo oyamba okwerera sitima yapamtunda ya Novosibirsk. Sitima yapansi panthaka imalumikiza masiteshoni a Studencheskaya ndi Rechnoy Vokzal. Kutalika kwa gawo lake lokwera Ob ndi mamitala 896, ndipo kutalika kwake kwa mlatho ndi mamita 2,145. Kunja, mlatho wa metro umawoneka ngati bokosi lalitali lakuda, lokhazikika pazitsulo. Zolakwitsa ziwiri zidapangidwa pakupanga kwake. Anapezeka kuti anali osuliza ndipo anachotsedwa mwachangu. Mawindo owoneka bwino amayenera kutsekedwa ndi mapepala azitsulo - kusintha kwa kuwala ndi mdima kudasokoneza masomphenya a oyendetsa. Maulamuliro azotentha sanawerengedwenso - mpweya wozizira kwambiri unalowa mkati mwa mlathowo, kotero chinsalu chotentha cha mpweya chimayenera kukhazikitsidwa kutalika kwa mlatho.
20. Achinyamata, mkati mwa Great Patriotic War, atayimirira kutsogolo kwa makina pamabokosi amitengo, izi ndi za Novosibirsk. Pa nthawi ya nkhondo, mabizinesi ambiri adasamutsidwira mumzinda. Ogwira ntchito anali akusowa kwenikweni. Achinyamata anali kupita kumakina. Komabe, akuluakulu amapatsidwa udindo woyang'anira, ndipo ana amapanga ndege 14-17 patsiku.
21. Miliri itatu yamzindawu: kukulitsa chitukuko, kulumikizana ndi kutsatsa. Zachidziwikire, mutha kufuula kuti: "Tawonani momwe zaka za XIX zili pafupi ndi XXI!", Koma kwenikweni, kufuula koteroko kumatanthauza kuti nyumba yayikulu kapena malo ogulitsira adamangidwa pafupi ndi chipilala cha mbiriyakale. Zikwangwani zotsatsa ndizomwe zili pamwamba pa zinazo popanda njira iliyonse. Ndipo kulumikizana kwa Novosibirsk, kuchokera pamipikisano yamagalimoto mpaka paliponse mawaya atapachikidwa pamiyendo ndi misewu yakufa yodzaza ndi magalimoto, akhoza kutsutsidwa kosatha.
22. Nyumba ya Novosibirsk Academic Opera ndi Ballet Theatre idapangidwa ndikumangidwa pamlingo wokulirapo, ngati kuti Novosibirsk ikukonzekera kukhala likulu la dziko lapansi. Ndi dome lokha la nyumbayi lomwe lingakwaniritse Bolshoi Theatre. Pakumanga, zokhumba za opanga zidayamba pang'onopang'ono, koma pamapeto pake nyumbayo idakhala yosangalatsa komanso yayikulu. Munthawi ya Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lonse, malo ochitira zisudzo anali okwanira kusungitsa malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ochokera m'mizinda khumi ndi iwiri ya Soviet Union.
