Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev (1888 - 1972) ndi m'modzi mwa opanga odziwika kwambiri m'mbiri ya ndege zapadziko lonse lapansi. Adapanga ndege zingapo zankhondo komanso zankhondo. Dzinalo "Tu" lakhala dzina lotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Ndege za Tupolev zidapangidwa bwino kwambiri mwakuti zina mwazi zimapitilizabe kugwira ntchito pafupifupi theka la zana atamwalira Mlengi. M'masinthidwe okwerera ndege, izi zikuwonjeza zambiri.
Makhalidwe a buku la Lev Kassil, Pulofesa Toportsov, adakopera kwambiri kuchokera kwa A. N. Tupolev. Wolemba adakumana ndi wopanga ndegeyo posamutsa ndege ya ANT-14 kupita pagulu la Gorky, ndipo adakondwera ndi malingaliro ndi nzeru za Tupolev. Wopanga ndege sanali wanzeru pamunda wake, komanso amadziwa zolemba ndi zisudzo. Mu nyimbo, zokonda zake zinali zopanda ulemu. Kamodzi, pambuyo pa phwando lokondwerera chisangalalo, kuphatikiza konsati, iye, osatsitsa mawu ake, adayitanitsa ogwira nawo ntchito, akuti, tiziimba nyimbo zowerengeka.
Wopanga Tupolev nthawi zonse amakhala patsogolo pa makasitomala, kaya ndi zankhondo wamba kapena Gulu Lankhondo. Ndiye kuti, sanadikire kuti ntchitoyi "ipange ndege yamtundu winawake yotere ndi ma data othamanga", kapena "bomba lomwe limatha kunyamula mabomba a N pamtunda wa ma kilomita a NN". Anayamba kupanga ndege pomwe zosowa zawo sizinali zoonekeratu. Kuwonetseratu kwake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chithunzi chotsatirachi: pa ndege zoposa 100 zopangidwa ku TsAGI ndi Tupolev Central Design Bureau, 70 zidapangidwa mosiyanasiyana.
Andrei Nikolaevich, yemwe anali wosowa, anaphatikiza talente ya mlengi komanso luso lokonzekera. Yotsirizira kwa iye ankaona ngati mtundu wa chilango. Adadandaula kwa amzake: amafuna kukatenga pensulo ndikupita kumalo ojambula. Ndipo muyenera kumangopachika pafoni, kumayetsemba ma subcontractors ndi akatswiri azachuma, kugogoda zofunikira kuchokera kwa oyang'anira. Koma atasamutsidwa kwa Tupolev Design Bureau ku Omsk, moyo mmenemo sunali wovuta mpaka Andrei Nikolaevich afike. Palibe cranes - Ndidapempha ogwira ntchito mumtsinje, ndi nthawi yachisanu mulimonse, kuyenda kwatha. Kuli kozizira m'misonkhano ndi m'ma hostel - adabweretsa magalimoto awiri olakwika kuchokera kumalo okonzera sitima. Tinatenthedwa, ndipo jenareta wamagetsi nawonso adayambitsidwa. 
Kuchedwa chinali chizindikiro china cha Tupolev. Kuphatikiza apo, adachedwa pomwe samamva kufunika kopezeka, komanso munthawi yamtendere. Kufotokozera "Inde, simuli Tupolev kuti muchepetse!" Anawomba m'makonde a People's Commissariat, kenako Unduna wa Zoyendetsa Ndege komanso nkhondo isanachitike, komanso pambuyo pake, Andrei Nikolaevich asanafike, komanso pambuyo pake.
Komabe, ndi chiyani chomwe chingakhale chabwino? kuposa ntchito zake, fotokozerani za munthu yemwe ali ndi luso ,?
1. Galimoto yoyamba kupangidwa motsogozedwa ndi wopanga ndege Tupolev anali ... bwato. Amatchedwa ANT-1, ngati ndege zamtsogolo. Ndipo nyerere 1 ndi pamthuthuthu, yomangidwa ndi Andrey Nikolaevich. Zonjenjemera zachilendo zoterezi zili ndi chifukwa chosavuta - Tupolev adayesa zitsulo zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndege. Ku TsAGI, adatsogolera komiti yopanga ndege zachitsulo. Koma ngakhale udindo wa wachiwiri wa Zhukovsky sizinathandize kuthetsa kukayikirana kwa ogwira ntchito ambiri a TsAGI, omwe amakhulupirira kuti ndege zizimangidwa ndi mitengo yotsika mtengo komanso yotsika mtengo. Chifukwa chake ndimayenera kuthana ndi mavuto ochepetsa ndalama, ndimalipira galimoto yoyenda pachisanu ndi bwato. Magalimoto onsewa, kuphatikiza ndege ya ANT-1, amatha kutchedwa kuti gulu: anali ndi makalata amtengo ndi maunyolo (monga momwe duralumin idatchulidwira koyamba ku USSR) mosiyanasiyana.
2. Tsogolo la kapangidwe kamapangidwe sikudalira nthawi zonse kuti malonda ndi abwino bwanji. Tu-16 itapita kwa asitikali, Tupolev amayenera kumvera madandaulo ambiri kuseri kwawonekera kuchokera kwa asitikali. Amayenera kusamutsa mabwalo a ndege ndi zomangamanga mpaka kudera la USSR. Kuchokera kumalo okwerera ndege okhala ndi zida, mayunitsi adasamutsidwira ku taiga ndi malo otseguka. Mabanja adagwa, kulanga kudagwa. Kenako Tupolev adapereka ntchito yopanga ndege yopanda mphamvu yokhala ndi maroketi osadziwika. Kotero mwadzidzidzi Tu-91 anaonekera. Pamene, poyesa koyamba, ndege yatsopano idaponya mivi pagulu la zombo za Black Sea Fleet m'chigawo cha Feodosia, ma telegalamu owopsa okhudza kuukira kwa anthu osadziwika adatumizidwa kuchokera m'zombozo. Ndegeyo idakhala yothandiza ndipo idayamba kupanga. Zowona, osati kwanthawi yayitali. S. Khrushchev, powona pachiwonetsero chotsatira ndege yoyendetsedwa ndi zoyendetsa ndege pafupi ndi kukongola kwa jet, adalamula kuti iichotse pakupanga.
3. Tupolev adalimbana ndi a Junkers kumbuyo mu 1923, ngakhale sanakhalepo kumwamba. Mu 1923, Andrey Nikolaevich ndi gulu lake adapanga ANT-3. Nthawi yomweyo, Soviet Union, mogwirizana ndi Junkers, idalandira chomera cha aluminium ndi matekinoloje angapo ochokera ku Germany. Zina mwa izo zinali ukadaulo wazitsulo kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu. Tupolev ndi omuthandizira ake sanawone kupanga kapena zotsatira zakugwiritsa ntchito malonda ake, koma adaganiza zodzipangira okha zitsulozo. Kunapezeka kuti mphamvu ya malata anali 20% apamwamba. "Junkers" sanakonde kuchita masewerawa - kampaniyo inali ndi chilolezo padziko lonse lapansi chazomwezi. Mlandu udatsatidwa ku khothi la Hague, koma akatswiri aku Soviet Union anali paubwino wawo wonse. Anatha kutsimikizira kuti Tupolev amakola chitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wina, ndipo zomwe zimachitika ndi 5% yamphamvu kuposa yaku Germany. Ndipo mfundo za Tupolev zophatikizika ndi malata zinali zosiyana. Zonena za Junkers zidachotsedwa.
4. Mu 1937 Tupolev adamangidwa. Monga akatswiri ambiri aukadaulo m'zaka zimenezo, adasamutsidwa nthawi yomweyo kupita ku ofesi yotsekedwa, monga mwa mawu wamba, "sharashka". Mu "sharashka" Bolshevo, komwe Tupolev adakhala mtsogoleri, kunalibe malo oyenera opanga mtundu wathunthu wa ndege "Project 103" (pambuyo pake ndegeyi idzatchedwa ANT-58, ngakhale pambuyo pake Tu-2). Anapeza njira yowoneka ngati yosavuta yotuluka: m'nkhalango yapafupi, adapeza malo oyenera ndipo adapanga chithunzi pamenepo. Tsiku lotsatira nkhalangoyi idatsekedwa ndi asitikali a NKVD, ndipo magalimoto angapo amzinda wapamwamba adathamangira kumalowo. Zinapezeka kuti woyendetsa ndegeyo akuwona mtunduwo ndikufotokozera pansi za ngozi yomwe akuti yachita. Zinthu zimawoneka kuti zatha, koma Tupolev adanenanso kuti ichi ndi chitsanzo cha ndege yatsopano. NKVD-shniki, atamva izi, adafunsa kuti atenthe pomwepo. Kulowererapo kokha kwa utsogoleri wa "sharashka" kunapulumutsa ndege yonyengayo - idangodzazidwa ndi khoka lobisalira.
Gwiritsani ntchito "sharashka". Kujambula ndi m'modzi mwa antchito a Tupolev Alexei Cheryomukhin.
5. "Project 103" idayitanidwako konse ayi chifukwa mapulojekiti 102 anali asanachitike. Gawo loyendetsa ndege la sharashka limatchedwa "Special technical department" - malo ogwiritsira ntchito. Kenako chidulecho chidasinthidwa kukhala nambala, ndipo mapulojekiti adayamba kupatsidwa ziphaso za "101", "102", ndi zina. "Project 103", yomwe idakhala Tu-2, imadziwika kuti ndi ndege yabwino kwambiri pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Anali akugwira ntchito ndi Chinese Air Force kumbuyo m'ma 1980.
6. Mayina a Valery Chkalov, Mikhail Gromov ndi anzawo, omwe amapanga ndege zodula kuchokera ku Moscow kupita ku United States, adadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Ndege zazitali kwambiri zimachitika pa ndege zopangidwa ndi ANT-25. Panalibe intaneti panthawiyo, koma panali achichepere okwanira (chifukwa chamalingaliro) oyimba mluzu. Nkhani idasindikizidwa mu magazini ya Chingerezi "Ndege", wolemba yemwe adatsimikizira ndi ziwonetsero kuti ndege zonse ziwiri ndizosatheka ndi kunenepa koyambira, mafuta, ndi zina zambiri. Oimba malikhweru sankaganiziranso zakuti mukamayendetsa ndege ndi injini yosakwanira, mafuta amachepa, kapenanso kuti kuchepa kwa ndege kumatsika mafutawo akatha. Bungwe loyang'anira magaziniyi linaponyedwa ndi makalata okwiya ndi a Britain omwe.
Ndege ya Mikhail Gromov ku United States
7. Mu 1959, N. Khrushchev adapita ku United States pa ndege ya Tu-114. Ndegeyo inali itapambana kale mphotho zingapo zapamwamba, koma a KGB anali ndi nkhawa ndi kudalilika kwawo. Adaganiza zophunzitsa okwera okwera kuti achoke mwachangu mundege. Kunyumba kwachipinda chokwera anthu kumangidwa mkati mwa dziwe lalikulu momwe mamembala aboma amasambira. Amayika mipando modabwitsa, yokhala ndi ma jekete opulumutsa moyo. Pazizindikiro, okwera amavala ma vesti, adalowetsa zigawenga m'madzi ndikudzilumphira. Amuna ndi akazi okhawo a Khrushchevs ndi Tupolevs ndiwo omwe adamasulidwa kulumpha (koma osati maphunziro). Wina aliyense, kuphatikiza Wachiwiri kwa Wachiwiri kwa Council of Minerals of USSR Trofim Kozlov komanso membala wa Politburo wa CPSU Central Committee Anastas Mikoyan, osayerekeza ndi alembi onse, adalumphira m'madzi ndikukwera pamiyendo.
Tu-114 ku USA. Ngati muyang'anitsitsa, mutha kuwona china cha Tu-114 - chitseko ndichokwera kwambiri. Apaulendo amayenera kufika pagalimotoyo kudzera pamakwerero ochepa.
8. Tupolev ndi Polikarpov kumbuyo kuma 1930 anali kupanga ndege yayikulu kwambiri ANT-26. Iwo amayenera kukhala ndi kulemera pazipita matani 70. Ogwira ntchitowo adzakhala anthu 20, nambalayi idaphatikizira oponya mivi 8 kuchokera mfuti zamakina ndi mfuti. Zinakonzedwa kukhazikitsa injini za 12 M-34FRN pa colossus yotere. Mapiko a mapiko amayenera kukhala 95 mita. Sizikudziwika ngati omwe adapanga okha adazindikira kuti ntchitoyi ndi yosagwirizana, kapena wina wochokera pamwambapa adawauza kuti sizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zazing'ono kwambiri padziko lapansi, koma ntchitoyi idachotsedwa. Palibe zodabwitsa - ngakhale An-225 Mriya wamkulu, wopangidwa mu 1988, ali ndi mapiko a 88 mita.
9. Woponya bomba la ANT-40, yemwe amatchedwa Sb-2 m'gulu lankhondo, adakhala ndege yayikulu kwambiri ku Tupolev nkhondo isanachitike. Ngati izi zisanachitike, kufalitsa kwathunthu kwa ndege zonse zopangidwa ndi Andrei Nikolaevich sikunapitirire 2,000, ndiye kuti Sb-2 yokha idapangidwa pafupifupi zidutswa 7,000. Ndegezi zidalinso mbali ya Luftwaffe: Czech Republic idagula layisensi yopanga ndege. Anasonkhanitsa magalimoto 161; dzikolo litalandidwa, adapita ku Germany. Kuyambika kwa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, Sb-2 anali woponya bomba wamkulu wa Red Army.
10. Zochitika ziwiri zapadera nthawi imodzi zidawonetsa nkhondo ndi ntchito ya ndege ya TB-7. Munthawi yovuta kwambiri ya Great Patriotic War, mu Ogasiti 1941, magulu awiri a TB-7 adaphulitsa bomba ku Berlin. Mphamvu zakuphulika kwa bomba sizinali zochepa, koma momwe zimakhudzira asitikali komanso anthu anali ambiri. Ndipo mu Epulo 1942, Commissar People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs a Vyacheslav Molotov, paulendo wawo waku England ndi United States, adayenda ulendo wapadziko lonse pa TB-7, ndipo gawo lina laulendowu lidachitika kudera lokhala ndi asitikali a Nazi. Nkhondo itatha, zidapezeka kuti gulu lankhondo laku Germany silinazindikire kuwuluka kwa TB-7.
Anaphulitsa bomba ku Berlin ndikupita ku USA
11. Pomwe mu 1944-1946 bomba lankhondo laku America la B-29 lidatengeredwa ku Soviet Tu-4, vuto lakumenyana kwamayendedwe lidayamba. Ku United States, ankagwiritsa ntchito mainchesi, mapaundi, ndi zina zotero. Ku Soviet Union, metric system inali ikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Vutoli silinathetsedwe ndi magawano osavuta kapena kuchulukitsa - ndege ndiyovuta kwambiri. Ndinafunika kugwira ntchito osati kokha m'litali ndi m'lifupi, komanso, mwachitsanzo, ndikutsutsana ndi waya kwa gawo lina. Tupolev adadula mfundo ya Gordian posankha kusinthana ndi magulu aku America. Ndegeyo idakopedwa, komanso bwino. Zolemba za kukopera uku zidamveka kwa nthawi yayitali m'malo onse a USSR - mabizinesi ambiri ogwirizana amayenera kupitirira mita yayitali ndi mainchesi.
Tu-4. Mosiyana ndi zonena zankhanza, nthawi yawonetsa - tikamakopera, taphunzira kuchita zathu
12. Kuyendetsa ndege ya Tu-114 pamayendedwe apadziko lonse lapansi kudawonetsa kuti ndi nkhanza komanso kuuma mtima kwa N. Khrushchev adatha kupanga zisankho zokwanira zakunja. Pamene United States idayamba kuletsa ndege za Tu-114 kuchokera ku Moscow kupita ku Havana, Khrushchev sanapite kuvutoli. Tinadutsa njira zingapo mpaka titatsimikiza kuti njira ya Moscow - Murmansk - Havana ndiyabwino. Nthawi yomweyo, aku America sanadandaule ngati, mwadzidzidzi, ndege zaku Soviet Union zidafikira mafuta pa bwalo la ndege ku Nassau. Panali chinthu chimodzi chokha - kulipira ndalama. Ndi Japan, komwe kulibe mgwirizano wamtendere, mgwirizano wonse unagwira ntchito: logo ya ndege yaku Japan "Jal" idagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndege zinayi, azimayi aku Japan anali oyang'anira ndege, ndipo oyendetsa ndege aku Soviet anali oyendetsa ndege. Ndiye zonyamula chipinda cha Tu-114 sanali mosalekeza, koma anawagawa anayi mipando mipando anayi.
13. Tu-154 yayamba kale kupanga ndipo idapangidwa mu kuchuluka kwa zidutswa 120, pomwe mayeso adawonetsa kuti mapikowo adapangidwa molakwika. Sakanatha kupirira kuchotsedwa ndi kutsitsidwa kwa 20,000. Mapikowo adakonzedwanso ndikuyika ndege zonse zopangidwa.
Tu-154
14. Mbiri ya bomba la Tu-160 "White Swan" idayamba ndi zochitika zingapo zoseketsa. Tsiku loyamba, ndege yomwe idasonkhanitsidwa idatulutsidwa kunja kwa hangar, idazijambulidwa ndi satellite yaku America. Zithunzizo zidathera mu KGB. Macheke anayamba mbali zonse. Monga mwachizolowezi, pomwe ma laboratories anali kusanthula zithunzizo, pabwalo la ndege ku Zhukovsky, ogwira ntchito omwe adatsimikiziridwa kale adagwedezeka kangapo. Kenako, komabe, amvetsetsa mtundu wa chithunzicho ndipo amaletsa ndege kutuluka masana. Mlembi wa Zachitetezo ku US a Frank Carlucci, yemwe adaloledwa kukhala m'chipindacho, adaphwanya mutu wake padashboard, kuyambira pano amatchedwa "Carlucci dashboard." Koma nkhani zonsezi sizituluka pamaso pa chithunzi chakutchire cha kuwonongedwa kwa "White Swans" ku Ukraine. Pansi pa kunyezimira kwa makamera, pansi pa chisangalalo chosangalatsa cha nthumwi za Ukraine ndi America, makina apamwamba apamwamba kwambiri, olemera kwambiri komanso othamanga kwambiri pakati pazomwe zimapangidwa ndi misa, adangodulidwa zidutswa ndi lumo lalikulu la hydraulic.
Tu-160
15. Ndege yomaliza idapangidwa ndikukhazikitsidwa motsatira nthawi ya moyo wa A. Tupolev anali Tu-22M1, mayeso oyendetsa ndege omwe adayamba mchilimwe cha 1971. Ndegeyi sinapite kwa asitikali, kokha kusinthidwa kwa M2 "kunatumikira", koma wopanga wotchuka sanawone.
16. Tupolev Central Design Bureau yakonza bwino magalimoto amlengalenga osayang'aniridwa. Mu 1972, Tu-143 "Flight" idayamba kulowa m'magulu ankhondo. Zovuta za UAV palokha, zoyendetsa-zoyendetsa, zoyambitsa ndi zowongolera zidalandira mawonekedwe abwino. Zonsezi, pafupifupi ndege 1,000 zidaperekedwa. Pambuyo pake, makina amphamvu kwambiri a Tu-141 "Strizh" adayamba kupanga. M'zaka za perestroika ndi kugwa kwa USSR, kusowa kwakukulu kwakasayansi ndi ukadaulo komwe opanga Soviet anali nako sikanangowonongedwa. Ambiri mwa akatswiri opanga ma Tupolev adasiyira (ndipo ambiri opanda kanthu) ku Israel, ndikupatsa dzikolo mwayi wopita patsogolo pakupanga matekinoloje opanga ndi kupanga ma UAV. Ku Russia, komabe, pafupifupi zaka 20, maphunziro oterewa anali oundana.
17. Tu-144 nthawi zina amatchedwa ndege ndi tsoka lowopsa. Makina, patsogolo pa nthawi yake, adachita bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuwonongeka koopsa kwa ndege ku France sikungakhudze ndemanga zabwino za ndege zonyamula anthu. Kenako, pazifukwa zosadziwika, Tu-144 idagwa pansi pamaso pa owonera zikwizikwi. Osati okhawo omwe adakwera nawo adaphedwa, komanso anthu omwe sanakhale ndi mwayi wokhala pamalo pomwe panali tsoka pansi. Tu-144 adalowa mzere wa Aeroflot, koma adachotsedwa mwachangu kwa iwo chifukwa chosapindulitsa - idadya mafuta ambiri ndipo inali yokwera mtengo kusamalira. Kulankhula za phindu ku USSR kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 kunali kovuta kwambiri, ndipo ndi mtundu wanji wobwezera ndalama zomwe tingalankhulepo zogwiritsa ntchito ndege zabwino kwambiri padziko lapansi? Komabe, cholumikizira chokongola chidachotsedwa koyamba paulendo wapaulendo, kenako ndikupanga.
Tu-144 - nthawi isanakwane
18. The Tu-204 idakhala ndege zomaliza zotsika mtengo (ndege za 43 m'zaka 28) za mtundu wa Tu-brand. Ndege iyi, yomwe idayamba kupanga mu 1990, idagunda nthawi yolakwika.M'zaka zovutazi, ndege mazana ambiri zomwe sizinachitike zinayenda m'njira ziwiri: mwina adamaliza cholowa chachikulu cha Aeroflot mu zinyalala, kapena adagula mitundu yotsika mtengo yama ndege akunja. Kwa Tu-204, ndi zabwino zake zonse, kunalibe malo m'malo awa. Ndipo ndegezo zikalimbikitsidwa ndipo zimatha kugula ndege zatsopano, msikawo udalandidwa ndi Boeing ndi Airbus. "204" siziwonekabe chifukwa chalamulo zaboma komanso mgwirizano wosakhazikika ndi makampani ochokera kumayiko achitatu.
Tu-204
19. Tu-134 anali ndi mtundu wamasinthidwe azaulimi, womwe unkatchedwa Tu-134 CX. M'malo mokhala ndi mipando yokwera anthu, nyumbayo idadzaza ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zojambula padziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha zida zapamwamba kwambiri, mafelemuwo anali omveka komanso ophunzitsa. Komabe, "nyama" yaulimi sinali yotchuka ndi oyang'anira mabizinesi azolimo. Adawonetsa mosavuta kukula kwa madera omwe amalimidwa, ndipo alimi onsewa akhala akumva nkhaniyi kuyambira m'ma 1930. Chifukwa chake, adakana kuwuluka Tu-134SH momwe angathere. Ndiyeno perestroika inabwera, ndipo oyendetsa ndege analibe nthawi yothandizira ulimi.
Tu-134SKh ndi yosavuta kuzindikira popachika zidebe ndi zida pansi pa mapiko
20. Pakati pa opanga ma Russia ndi Soviet, Andrey Tupolev adakhala wachisanu ndi chimodzi potengera kuchuluka kwa ndege zomwe zidapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Tupolev Central Design Bureau ndi wachiwiri kwa ofesi ya A. Yakovlev, N. Polikarpov, S. Ilyushin, Mikoyan ndi Gurevich, ndi S. Lavochkin. Poyerekeza ma digito, mwachitsanzo, makina pafupifupi 64,000 opangidwa ku Yakovlev ndi pafupifupi 17,000 ku Tupolev, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti opanga onse asanu oyamba adapanga omenyera komanso kuwukira ndege. Ndi zazing'ono, zotchipa, ndipo, mwatsoka, nthawi zambiri zimatayika limodzi ndi oyendetsa ndege, mwachangu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ndege zolemera zomwe Tupolev adakonda kupanga.
