Pamapu azomera aku Africa, kotala la kontrakitala kumpoto ndi yofiira modabwitsa, posonyeza kuti ndi masamba ochepa. Dera loyandikana pang'ono limadziwikanso ndi utoto wofiirira womwe sulonjeza kuti padzakhala chisokonezo. Nthawi yomweyo, mbali ina ya kontrakitala, pafupifupi pamtunda womwewo, pali malo osiyanasiyana. Kodi nchifukwa ninji gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a Afirika likukhala ndi chipululu chowonjezeka?
Funso loti ndichifukwa chiyani Sahara idawonekera silikumveka bwino. Sizikudziwika kuti ndichifukwa chiyani mitsinje idapita mwadzidzidzi mobisa, kupita mgodi lalikulu lamadzi. Asayansi amachimwa pakusintha kwanyengo, zochita za anthu, komanso kuphatikiza pazifukwa izi.
Sahara ingawoneke ngati malo osangalatsa. Amanena kuti ena amakondana ndi kukongola kovuta kwa nyimbo iyi yamiyala, mchenga ndi miyala yosowa. Koma, ndikuganiza, ndibwino kukhala ndi chidwi ndi chipululu chachikulu kwambiri Padziko Lapansi ndikusilira kukongola kwake, pokhala kwinakwake, monga wolemba ndakatulo adalemba, pakati pa ma birches aku Middle Lane.
1. Gawo la Sahara, lomwe pano likuwerengedwa kuti ndi 8 - 9 miliyoni km2, ikuchulukirachulukira. Mukamaliza kuwerenga nkhaniyi, malire akumwera a chipululu adzayenda pafupifupi masentimita 20, ndipo dera la Sahara lidzawonjezeka pafupifupi 1,000 km2... Izi ndizochepera pang'ono kuposa dera la Moscow m'malire atsopano.
2. Lero ku Sahara kulibe ngamila imodzi yakutchire. Anthu oweta okha ndi omwe adapulumuka, ochokera ku nyama zowetedwa ndi anthu m'maiko achiarabu - Aarabu adabweretsa ngamila kuno. M'madera ambiri a Sahara, ngamila zilizonse zofunika kubereka kuthengo sizingakhale ndi moyo.
3. Zinyama za ku Sahara ndizosauka kwambiri. Momwemo, zimaphatikizapo, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana, kuyambira mitundu 50 mpaka 100 yazinyama mpaka 300 mitundu ya mbalame. Komabe, mitundu yambiri yatsala pang'ono kutha, makamaka nyama zoyamwitsa. Biomass ya nyama ndi ma kilogalamu angapo pa hekitala, ndipo m'malo ambiri ndi ochepera 2 kg / ha.
4. Sahara nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mawu achiarabu "nyanja yamchenga" kapena "nyanja yopanda madzi" chifukwa chamchenga wokhala ndi mafunde ngati milu. Chithunzi ichi cha chipululu chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi sichowona pang'ono. Madera amchenga amatenga pafupifupi kotala lachigawo chonse cha Sahara. Madera ambiri amakhala miyala yamiyala yopanda moyo kapena mapiri a dongo. Kuphatikiza apo, nzika zakomweko zimawona chipululu chamchenga ngati choyipa pang'ono. Madera amiyala, omwe amatchedwa "hamada" - "osabereka" - ndi ovuta kuthana nawo. Miyala yakuda yakuda ndi miyala yayikulu, yomwazikana mosakanikirana m'magawo angapo, ndi mdani wakufa wa anthu onse akuyenda wapansi ndi ngamila. Pali mapiri ku Sahara. Wapamwamba kwambiri, Amy-Kusi, ndi wamtali wa 3,145 mita. Phiri lomwe latsala pang'ono kuphulika lili ku Republic of Chad.
Mwala wa chipululu
5. Mzungu woyamba wodziwika kuwoloka Sahara kuchokera kumwera kupita kumpoto anali Rene Caye. Zimadziwika kuti azungu adayendera Kumpoto kwa Africa koyambirira, m'zaka za zana la 15 - 16, koma zambiri zoperekedwa ndi Anselm d'Isgier kapena Antonio Malfante ndizosowa kapena zotsutsana. Mfalansa adakhala nthawi yayitali m'maiko akumwera kwa Sahara, akumakhala ngati Mguputo wogwidwa ndi French. Mu 1827, Kaye ananyamuka ndi gulu la amalonda pamtsinje wa Niger. Chikhumbo chake chokonda chinali kuwona mzinda wa Timbuktu. Malinga ndi Kaye, umayenera kukhala mzinda wolemera kwambiri komanso wokongola kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ali panjira, Mfalansa uja adadwala malungo, adasintha karavani, ndipo mu Epulo 1828 adafika ku Timbuktu. Pamaso pake panali mudzi wakuda, wopangidwa ndi nyumba zadothi, zomwe zilinso m'malo omwe adachokera. Podikirira apaulendo wobwerera, Kaye adamva kuti Mngelezi wina adapita ku Timbuktu zaka zingapo m'mbuyomu, akudziyesa ngati Mwarabu. Anawululidwa ndipo anaphedwa. Mfalansa adakakamizidwa kuti alowe nawo pagulu la ngamila kumpoto ku Rabat. Chifukwa chake, posafuna, Rene Kaye adakhala mpainiya. Komabe, adalandira ma franc ake 10,000 kuchokera ku Paris Geographical Society ndi Order of Legion of Honor. Kaye adadzakhala wakuba kunyumba kwawo.
Rene Kaye. Khola la Legion of Honor limawoneka pamiyendo yakumanzere
6. Mzinda wa Tamanrasset ku Algeria, womwe uli mkati mwa Sahara, umavutika ndi kusefukira kwamadzi nthawi zonse. M'mbali ina iliyonse yadziko lapansi, okhala m'midzi yomwe ili pamtunda wa makilomita 2,000 kuchokera kunyanja yapafupi kwambiri panyanja pamtunda wa 1,320 m ayenera kukhala omaliza kuopa kusefukira kwamadzi. Tamanrasset mu 1922 (pomwe anali French Fort Laperrin) anali pafupi kutsukidwa kwathunthu ndi funde lamphamvu. Nyumba zonse m'derali ndizolembapo, motero mtsinje wopanda mphamvu umawakokolola mwachangu. Kenako anthu 22 adamwalira. Zikuwoneka kuti ndi French okha omwe adafa omwe amawerengedwa pofufuza mndandanda wawo. Madzi osefukira ofananawo anapha miyoyo mu 1957 ndi 1958 ku Libya ndi Algeria. Tamanrasset adapulumuka kusefukira kwamadzi ndi ovulala anthu kale m'zaka za m'ma XXI. Pambuyo pa kafukufuku wa satelayiti, asayansi adazindikira kuti m'mbuyomu mtsinje womwe ukuyenda udutsa pansi pa mzinda wapano, womwe, pamodzi ndi mitsinje yake, idapanga dongosolo lalikulu.
Zamatsenga
7. Amakhulupirira kuti chipululu chomwe chili pamalo a Sahara chinayamba kuonekera cha m'ma 4000 BC. e. ndipo pang'onopang'ono, kwazaka zambiri, zidafalikira ku North Africa yense. Komabe, kupezeka kwa mapu akale, komwe gawo la Sahara limawonetsedwa ngati gawo lomwe likufalikira kwathunthu ndi mitsinje ndi mizinda, zikuwonetsa kuti zochitikazo sizinachitike kalekale komanso mwachangu kwambiri. Musati muwonjeze kukhulupilika kumatchulidwe ovomerezeka ndi zifukwa ngati izi, kuti mulowe mu Africa, kudula nkhalango, kuwononga mwadongosolo zomera. M'mayiko amakono a Indonesia ndi Brazil, nkhalangoyi imadulidwapo pamalonda pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamakono, koma, ndizotheka kuti siyinafike pachiwopsezo chachilengedwe. Koma ndi nkhalango zingati zomwe oyendayenda onse akadula? Ndipo pamene azungu adafika koyamba kugombe lakumwera kwa Lake Chad kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, adamva nkhani za okalamba momwe agogo awo aamuna adagwirira ntchito zachiwembu m'mbali mwa nyanja. Tsopano kuya kwa Nyanja ya Chad pakhungu lake lalikulu sikupitilira mita imodzi ndi theka.
Mapu a 1500
8. Mu Middle Ages, njira yodutsa yamaulendo oyenda kuchokera kumwera mpaka kumpoto kwa Sahara mwina inali imodzi mwanjira zamalonda zotanganidwa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Rene Kaye Timbuktu wokhumudwitsa yemweyo anali likulu la malonda amchere, omwe amabwera kuchokera kumpoto, ndi golide, woperekedwa kuchokera kumwera. Zachidziwikire, pomwe maulamuliro akumayiko oyandikana ndi mayendedwe amakula, olamulira akumaloko amafuna kuwongolera njira yamchere wagolide. Zotsatira zake, aliyense adasokonekera, ndipo njira yochokera kummawa kupita kumadzulo idayamba kuyenda modzaza. Pa iyo, a Tuaregs adayendetsa akapolo zikwizikwi ku gombe la Atlantic kuti atumizidwe ku America.
Mapu Oyenda Apaulendo
9. 1967 adawona mpikisano woyamba wa Sahara pazombo zapanyanja. Ochita masewera ochokera kumayiko asanu ndi limodzi adayenda kuchokera ku mzinda wa Bechar ku Algeria kupita ku likulu la Mauritania, Nouakchott, pa ma boti 12. Zowona, m'malo othamanga, theka lokha la kusintha lidadutsa. Wotsogolera mpikisanowu, Colonel Du Boucher, atawonongeka kangapo, ngozi ndi kuvulala, adati onse atenga nawo mbali pomaliza kuti achepetse ngozi. Oyendetsawo anavomera, koma sizinakhale zosavuta. Pa ma yatchi, matayala anali kupitilirabe nthawi zonse, panali kuwonongeka kocheperako. Mwamwayi, a Du Boucher adakhala okonzekera bwino kwambiri. Ma yachts anali limodzi ndi galimoto yoperekeza panjira yoperekeza ndi chakudya, madzi ndi zida zina; apaulendo anali kuyang'aniridwa kuchokera kumlengalenga. Vanguard adasamukira kumalo ogona usiku, kukonzekera chilichonse usiku. Ndipo kumaliza mpikisano (kapena kuyenda ulendo wamtunda?) Ku Nouakchott kunali kupambana kwenikweni. Zombo zamakono zam'chipululu zidalandiridwa ndi ulemu wa anthu zikwizikwi.
10. Kuyambira 1978 mpaka 2009 mu Disembala - Januware injini zamazana ndi njinga zamoto zidabangula ku Sahara - njanji yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi "Paris-Dakar" idachitika. Mpikisanowu unali mwayi wopambana kwambiri pa njinga zamoto, madalaivala amamagalimoto ndi magalimoto. Mu 2008, chifukwa cha ziwopsezo ku Mauritania, mpikisanowu udatha, ndipo kuyambira 2009 wakhala ukuchitikira kwina. Komabe, kubangula kwa injini kuchokera ku Sahara sikunachoke - Africa Eco Race imathamanga pamsewu wakale chaka chilichonse. Ngati tikulankhula za opambana, ndiye kuti mkalasi yamagalimoto magalimoto aku Russia a KAMAZ ndiomwe amakonda kwambiri. Madalaivala awo apambana mpikisano wokwanira kasanu ndi kawiri - nambala yofanana ndendende ndi omwe akuyimira mayiko ena onse kuphatikiza.
11. Sahara ili ndi minda yayikulu yamafuta ndi gasi. Ngati mungayang'ane mapu andale zadziko lino, mudzawona kuti madera ambiri aboma amayenda molunjika, mwina m'mbali mwa meridians, kapena "kuchokera pa point A mpaka pa B". Malire okha pakati pa Algeria ndi Libya ndi omwe adasweka. Kumeneku kunadutsanso pakati pa meridian, ndipo a French, omwe adapeza mafuta, adaipotoza. Makamaka, Mfalansa. Dzina lake anali Konrad Kilian. Mwachilengedwe, Kilian adakhala zaka zambiri ku Sahara. Amayang'ana chuma chamayiko omwe adasowa. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, anazolowera anthu akumaloko mpaka anavomera kukhala mtsogoleri wawo polimbana ndi Italiya omwe anali a Libya. Adakhazikika ku Tummo oasis, yomwe ili mdera la Libya. Kilian adadziwa kuti pali lamulo losatsutsidwa, malinga ndi momwe Mfalansa aliyense yemwe adafufuza malo osadziwika pangozi yake amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kazembe wa boma lake. Za izi, komanso kufupi ndi nyanjayi, adapeza zisonyezo zambiri zakupezeka kwa mafuta, Kilian adalembera kalata ku Paris. Munali mu 1936, kunalibe nthawi ya akazembe opambana paliponse pakati pa Sahara. Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha, zilembozo zidagwera m'manja mwa akatswiri ofufuza miyala. Mafuta adapezeka, ndipo yemwe adamupeza Kilian adakhala ndi mwayi - patangotsala miyezi ingapo kuti kasupe woyamba wa "golide wakuda" adadzipha mu hotelo yotsika mtengo podzipachika ndimitsempha yomwe idatsegulidwa kale.
Iyi ndi Sahara
12. France ndiye anali wosewera wamkulu wachikoloni ku Europe ku Sahara kwazaka zambiri. Zikuwoneka kuti mikangano yopanda malire ndi mafuko osamukasamuka iyenera kuti idathandizira pakupanga njira zokwanira zankhondo. Panthawi yogonjetsa mafuko a Berber ndi Tuareg, aku France nthawi zonse amakhala ngati njovu yakhungu yomwe imakwera shopu ina. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1899, katswiri wa sayansi ya nthaka Georges Flamand anapempha akuluakulu oyang'anira atsamunda chilolezo chofufuza miyala yamchere ndi miyala yamchenga m'madera a Tuareg. Adalandira chilolezo kuti amulondere. A Tuaregs ataona mlonda uyu, nthawi yomweyo adatenga zida. A French nthawi yomweyo adayitanitsa othandizira pantchito kuseli kwa dune yapafupi, adapha a Tuaregs ndipo adalanda malo opumira ku Ain Salah. Chitsanzo china cha machenjerero chinawonetsedwa patatha zaka ziwiri. Kuti alande malo okongola a Tuatha, Achifalansa adasonkhanitsa anthu masauzande angapo ndi ngamila zikwizikwi. Ulendowu udanyamula zonse zomwe amafunikira. Ma oase adalowetsedwa mosavutikira, atawononga anthu 1,000 ndi theka la ngamila, omwe mafupa awo adayala m'mbali mwa mseu. Chuma cha mafuko aku Sahara, momwe ngamila zimathandizira, chidasokonekera, monganso chiyembekezo chonse chokhala mwamtendere ndi a Tuaregs.
13. Sahara kumakhala mitundu itatu yamitundu yosamukasamuka. Semi-nomads amakhala m'minda yachonde m'malire a chipululu ndipo amadyetsa anzawo nthawi zonse popanda ntchito zaulimi. Magulu ena awiriwa ndi ogwirizana ndi mayina amtunduwu. Ena mwa iwo amayenda m'njira zomwe zakhazikitsidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri limodzi ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Ena amasintha momwe ngamila zimayendetsedwera kutengera komwe mvula yapita.
Mutha kuyendayenda m'njira zosiyanasiyana
14. Zinthu zachilengedwe zovuta kwambiri zimapangitsa anthu okhala ku Sahara, ngakhale m'mapiri, kuti agwire ntchito ndi mphamvu zawo zomaliza ndikuwonetsa luntha polimbana ndi chipululu. Mwachitsanzo, ku Sufa oasis, chifukwa chosowa zida zilizonse zomanga, kupatula gypsum, nyumba zimamangidwa zazing'ono kwambiri - denga lalikulu la gypsum silingathe kupirira kulemera kwake. Mitengo ya kanjedza mu oasis iyi imabzalidwa m'mabokosi ozama 5 - 6 mita. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, ndizosatheka kukweza madziwo pachitsime mpaka pansi, chifukwa chake Sufa oasis yazunguliridwa ndi zikwizikwi. Nzika zimapatsidwa ntchito zantchito zanthawi zonse za ku Sisyphean - muyenera kumasula ma funnel mumchenga, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse ndi mphepo.
15. Trans-Sahara Railway ikuyenda kudutsa Sahara kuchokera kumwera mpaka kumpoto. Dzinalo lodziwikiratu limatanthauza makilomita 4,500 amisewu yamitengo yosiyanasiyana, kuchokera likulu la Algeria kupita likulu la Nigeria, Lagos. Inamangidwa mu 1960 - 1970, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo idangogwiridwa, palibe chamakono chomwe chidachitika. Kudera la Niger (makilomita opitilira 400) mseu ndiwosweka. Koma choopsa chachikulu sichikuphimba. Kuwonekera kumakhala kosavuta nthawi zonse pa Trans-Saharan Railway. Ndikosatheka kuyendetsa masana chifukwa chakutentha kwa dzuwa ndi kutentha, ndipo madzulo komanso m'mawa kusowa kwa chiwalitsiro kumasokoneza - palibe kuwunika panjira yayikulu. Kuphatikiza apo, mvula yamkuntho imachitika nthawi zambiri, pomwe anthu odziwa amalimbikitsa kuti asunthire njirayo. Madalaivala am'deralo samawona ngati mphepo yamkuntho ngati chifukwa choyimira, ndipo amatha kugwetsa galimoto yoyima. Ndizowonekeratu kuti thandizo silidzabwera nthawi yomweyo, kunena mofatsa.
Gawo la Njanji ya Trans-Sahara
Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi chikwi amadzipereka kupita ku Sahara kukathamanga. Desert Marathon imachitikira ku Morocco masiku asanu ndi limodzi mu Epulo. Masiku ano, ophunzira akuthamanga pafupifupi makilomita 250. Zomwe zili kuposa Spartan: omwe akutenga nawo mbali amanyamula zida zonse ndi chakudya munthawi ya mpikisanowu. Okonzekera amawapatsa madzi okwanira malita 12 patsiku. Nthawi yomweyo, kupezeka kwa zida zopulumutsa kumayang'aniridwa mosamala: chowombera roketi, kampasi, ndi zina zambiri. Pazaka makumi atatu za mbiri ya marathon, agonjetsedwa mobwerezabwereza ndi oimira Russia: Andrei Derksen (katatu), Irina Petrova, Valentina Lyakhova ndi Natalya Sedykh.
Mpikisano wa m'chipululu
17. Mu 1994, omwe adatenga nawo gawo pa "Desert Marathon" wa ku Italy Mauro Prosperi adalowa mkuntho wamchenga. Movutikira adapeza mwala wobisalira. Mphepoyo itatha pambuyo pa maola 8, chilengedwe chidasinthiratu. Prosperi sanakumbukire komwe amachokera. Anayenda, motsogozedwa ndi kampasi, kufikira atakumana ndi khumbi. Kunali mileme pamenepo. Adathandizira aku Italiya kupitilira kwakanthawi. Ndege yopulumutsa inauluka kawiri, koma sanazindikire moto kapena moto. Posimidwa, Prosperi adatsegula mitsempha yake, koma magazi sanatuluke - adakhuthala chifukwa chakutha madzi. Anatsatiranso kampasi, ndipo patapita kanthawi adakumana ndi malo owetera ochepa. Patatha tsiku limodzi, Prosperi adakhalanso ndi mwayi - adapita kumsasa wa Tuareg. Zinapezeka kuti adapita kolakwika makilomita opitilira 300 ndipo adachokera ku Morocco kupita ku Algeria. Zinatenga zaka ziwiri aku Italiya kuti athe kuchiritsa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa choyendayenda masiku 10 ku Sahara.
Mauro Prosperi adathamangitsanso chipululu Marathon katatu
18. Sahara nthawi zonse amadziwika kuti ndi amodzi mwamalo owopsa kwa apaulendo. Ma Loners ndi maulendo athu onse adafera mchipululu. Koma m'zaka za zana la 21, zinthu zangokhala zoopsa. Njira yomenyedwa kupita ku Europe ikhala yomaliza kwa othawa kwawo ambiri ochokera kumayiko aku Central Africa. Zochitika zokhala ndi anthu ambiri akufa. Anthu ambiri amanyamula mabasi awiri kapena magalimoto. Pakati penipeni pa chipululu, imodzi yamagalimoto iwonongeka. Madalaivala onse mgalimoto yomwe yatsalayi amapita kumalo osungira zida zawo ndikusowa. Anthu amadikirira masiku angapo, kutaya mphamvu chifukwa cha kutentha. Akayesera kuti athandizire poyenda, ochepa amakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti akafikeko. Ndipo, zowonadi, amayi ndi ana ndi oyamba kufa.
naintini.Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Sahara, ku Mauritania, kuli Rishat - mapangidwe azachilengedwe, omwe amatchedwanso "Diso la Sahara". Awa ndi ma mphete angapo okhazikika omwe amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 50 km. Kukula kwa chinthucho ndikuti kumangowoneka mlengalenga. Chiyambi cha Rishat sichikudziwika, ngakhale sayansi yapeza tanthauzo - uku ndikuchita kwa kukokoloka kwa nthaka pokonzanso kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo, kupatula izi sikumavutitsa aliyense. Palinso malingaliro ena. Mitunduyi ndiyotakata kwambiri: kukhudzidwa kwa meteorite, kuphulika kwa mapiri kapena ngakhale Atlantis - akuganiza kuti, inali pano.
Chuma kuchokera mlengalenga
20. Kukula ndi nyengo ya Sahara nthawi zonse zakhala ngati maziko azinthu zogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zamagetsi. Mitu yankhani ngati "N% ya Sahara imatha kupereka magetsi ku dziko lonse lapansi" imawonekeranso munyuzipepala yayikulu nthawi zonse. Dzikoli, akuti, likadali labwinja, kuli dzuwa lambiri, kulibe mitambo yokwanira. Dzipangireni nokha magetsi opangira mphamvu ya dzuwa kapena mtundu wamafuta, ndikupeza magetsi otsika mtengo. Zapangidwa kale (ndipo kenako zawonongeka) zosachepera zitatu, zomwe akuti zakonzeka kukhazikitsa ntchito zamtengo wapatali mabiliyoni amadola, ndipo zinthu zidakalipo. Pali yankho limodzi lokha - mavuto azachuma. Mavuto onsewa akufuna thandizo la boma, ndipo maboma a mayiko olemera alibe ndalama pakadali pano. Mwachitsanzo, zimphona zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi zamsika wamagetsi zalowa m'malo mwa Desertec. Anapeza kuti zimatengera $ 400 biliyoni kuti atseke 15% yamisika yaku Europe. Poganizira za kukana kupangira mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zida za nyukiliya, ntchitoyi imawoneka yokopa. Koma European Union ndi maboma sanapereke ngakhale chitsimikizo cha ngongole. Kasupe Wachiarabu anafika, ndipo ntchitoyi ikadayimitsidwa pazifukwa izi. Zachidziwikire, ngakhale pafupi ndi malo abwino ku Sahara, mphamvu ya dzuwa ndiyopanda phindu popanda kuthandizira bajeti.
