Chiyanjano pakati pa chilengedwe ndi munthu chimakhala chosokoneza nthawi zonse. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, umunthu wachoka pakupulumuka motsutsana mwachindunji ndi mphamvu zachilengedwe kufika ponseponse, pafupi ndi zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi. Malo osungira anawoneka padziko lapansi, kutulutsa nyanja zina m'derali komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi. Pa mahekitala mamiliyoni, mbewu zimabzalidwa zomwe sizikanawoneka popanda kutenga nawo mbali anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kumera komwe kunalibe masamba udzu munthu asanawonekere - kuthirira kwanzeru kumathandiza.
Agiriki akale amadandaula za kukopa kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa munthu pa chilengedwe. Komabe, mabodza azachilengedwe adayamba kukhala ndi mawu osokonekera mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20. Zachidziwikire, nthawi zina umbombo waumunthu umawononga chilengedwe, koma nthawi zambiri izi zimakhudza chilengedwe zimayimitsidwa mwachidule kwambiri m'mbiri, osanenapo za kukhalapo kwa Dziko lapansi, nthawi. London yomweyi, malinga ndi kuneneratu kwa anthu athanzi, ikadayenera kuwonongeka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu, njala, manyowa a mahatchi ndi utsi - ndipo sizilipira kanthu. Monga wolimba mtima m'modzi mwa mabuku a Michael Crichton adati, umunthu umadziganizira kwambiri za iwo wokha, ndipo Dziko lapansi lidakhalako munthu asanakhalepo, ndipo lidzakhalaponso pambuyo pake.
Komabe, uthenga wamba woti malingaliro oteteza chilengedwe omwe adalandiridwa m'zaka za zana lino ndiolondola. Umunthu, pofuna chitetezo chake, uyenera kuchitira chilengedwe mosamala komanso mosamala. Osabwerera kumapanga, komanso musadule mahekitala omaliza a nkhalango ya mafuta a kanjedza. Komabe, chilengedwe, monga mbiri yakale ikusonyezera, sichingalole izi.
1. Kulambira "chipululu" mu mtundu wake waku America sichikugwirizana ndi chipululu chenicheni. Atakumana ndi Amwenye, aku America pambuyo pake adakhazikitsa njira zosamutsira anthu akomweko komwe adakhala zaka zikwi zambiri, ndi chidwi chofuna kusunga "chilengedwe": nkhalango, madera, ng'ombe zomwezo zodziwika bwino monga njati, ndi zina zambiri. kubwera kwa alendo ochokera kumayiko otukuka kupita ku kontrakitala kunapangidwa ndi amwenye omwe amatenga nawo mbali. Ena a iwo anali ndiulimi wotchera ndi kuwotcha, ena posaka ndi kusonkhanitsa, koma mwanjira ina adakhudza chilengedwe, makamaka potola nkhuni.
2. Kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku Girisi wakale, kufalikira kwa nyumba zambiri za amonke ku Tibet komanso chizolowezi chomasamutsa mkazi kuchokera kwa mwamuna womwalirayo kupita kwa abale ake ndi ofanana. Chiwerengero cha anthu okhala m'malo osowa nthawi zonse amakhala ochepa, chifukwa chake, komanso nkhondo ndi miliri, njira zosowa zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa ana zimawoneka.
3. Chidwi cha boma komanso olamulira posamalira zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri sizimakhudzana ndi kusungidwa kwawo. Zoletsa zomwe zimaperekedwa pantchito za anthu m'nkhalango, zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa mwakhama ku Europe konse, kuyambira zaka za zana la 15, nthawi zina zimaletsanso anthu wamba kutola nkhuni zakufa. Koma panthawi ya Revolution Yachuma, eni nyumba adadula mahekitala masauzande ambiri m'nkhalango. Nyumba zokhala ndi matabwa a ku Germany - zomanga nyumba zochokera kumtunda wowongoka ndi zinyalala zamitundu yonse pakati ndi dongo, ndikudzaza danga pakati pamatabwa - uku sikopambana kwa akatswiri omanga. Uwu ndi umboni kuti pofika nthawi yomwe nyumba zotere zimamangidwa, nkhalango zinali kale za aliyense amene akuyenera kukhala nazo, osati za anthu wamba, komanso makamaka anthu wamba okhala m'mizinda. Zomwezo zikugwiranso ntchito zazikulu pantchito zothirira ku East East, ndi English Fencing, ndi zina zambiri "zachilengedwe" zosintha.
Fachwerk sanapangidwe kuchokera kumoyo wabwino
4. Potsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa zokolola ku Europe mzaka za zana la 17 mpaka 18, ngakhale asayansi ovomerezeka adapereka malingaliro akunja onena zakukula kwa nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, katswiri wazamankhwala waku Germany a Eustace von Liebig, yemwe adapeza zambiri, amakhulupirira kuti kubala nthano kungabwezeretsedwe ngati zonyansa zonse za anthu pazaka chikwi zibwerera m'nthaka. Anakhulupirira kuti zimbudzi zapakati pake zitha kuwononga nthaka. Mwachitsanzo, wasayansi adaika China, momwe mlendoyo adawonetsa kukoma ngati samasiya gawo lokonzedwa kwa eni ake. Pali zowona m'mawu a von Liebig, komabe, kuchepa kwa zokolola kumachitika chifukwa cha zovuta zina, kuphatikiza, kuperewera kwa feteleza, kukokoloka ndi zinthu zina zingapo.
Eustace von Liebig samadziwa zambiri za chemistry
5. Kudzudzula kwamakhalidwe a anthu pazachilengedwe sichinthu choyambitsa zaka makumi awiri. Seneca adadzudzulanso mokwiya anthu achuma omwe adawononga malo amitsinje ndi nyanja ndi nyumba zawo. Ku China wakale, kunalinso akatswiri anzeru omwe amadzudzula anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti akhwangwala alipo kuti atulutse nthenga zokongola kwa iwo, ndipo sinamoni sichimakula kuti chisokoneze chakudya cha anthu. Zowona, m'nthawi zakale chikhulupiriro chachikulu chinali chakuti chilengedwe chitha kupirira ziwawa za anthu.
Seneca adadzudzula kukula kwa magombe amadamu
6. M'mbiri yonse ya anthu, kuwotcha nkhalango sikunakhale koyipa. Makolo athu ankagwiritsa ntchito moto m'nkhalango pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Amadziwa kupanga moto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuti apeze minda, mitengo inali kudula kapena kuchotsa khungwa isanayatsidwe. Pofuna kuchotsa nkhalango zitsamba ndi kukula kwakachulukirachulukira, moto wapadziko lapansi udakonzedwa (mitengo yayikulu ku Mammoth Valley ku USA idakula motere chifukwa amwenye nthawi zambiri amachotsa omwe akupikisana nawo ndi moto. Kuchuluka kwa zoopsa zamoto m'nkhalango kukufotokozedwa ndendende chifukwa nkhalango zatetezedwa, sizingakhudzidwe.
7. Mawu oti anthu akale amasaka mosamala kwambiri kuposa alenje amakono, omwe samapha chifukwa chongofuna chakudya, koma kuti asangalatse, siowona 100%. Nyama zikwizikwi zinaphedwa popha anthu ambiri. Pali malo odziwika komwe zotsalira za mammoths zikwizikwi kapena zikwizikwi za akavalo amtchire zasungidwa. Chibadwa cha alenje sichinthu chatsopano. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, mafuko amtchire amakono ali ndi njira zosakira, koma samayang'ana kukhazikitsidwa kwawo. Mu umodzi mwa mafuko aku South America, ana osabereka ndi ana ena amawerengedwa kuti ndi chakudya chabwino. Amwenye amasangalala nawo mosangalala, ngakhale pano nkhani yosaka "yolakwika" ndiyowonekera kwambiri. Ku North America, Amwenye, ndi mantha otchulidwa m'mabuku monga osamalira zachilengedwe, adapha njati mazana, akumadula malilime okha. Mitembo yotsalayo idaponyedwa pamalo osakira, chifukwa amalipira ndalama za zilankhulo zokha.
8. Japan ndi China anali ndi malingaliro osiyana kokhudza nkhalango m'mbuyomu. Ngati ku China chachikulu, ngakhale panali maboma oopsa aboma, nkhalango zidadulidwa mopanda chifundo, ngakhale m'mapiri a Tibet, ndiye ku Japan, ngakhale kusowa kwa chuma, adakwanitsa kusunga miyambo yomanga matabwa ndikusunga nkhalango. Chotsatira chake, pakati pa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, nkhalango ku China zimakhala ndi 8% ya gawolo, ndipo ku Japan - 68%. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ku Japan, nyumba zinalinso zotenthedwa kwambiri ndi makala.
9. Ndondomeko yachilengedwe yonse idakhazikitsidwa koyamba ku Venice. Zowona, patadutsa zaka mazana angapo kuyeserera ndikulakwitsa, pomwe dera lozungulira mzindawo lidasokonekera kwambiri kapena kusefukira. Kuchokera pazomwe adakumana nazo, a Venetian adazindikira kuti kupezeka kwa nkhalango kumapulumutsa kumadzi osefukira, chifukwa chake, kale koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 16, kudaletsedwa kudula nkhalango zozungulira. Kuletsedwa uku kunali kofunika - mzindawo umafuna nkhuni zambiri ndi matabwa omangira. Mulu zopitilira miliyoni zinali zofunika pomanga Cathedral of Santa Maria della Salute yekha. Kumeneko, ku Venice, adazindikira kufunika kopatula odwala opatsirana. Ndipo mawu oti "kudzipatula" amatanthauza "kukhazikitsanso chisumbu", ndipo panali zilumba zokwanira ku Venice.
Milu miliyoni
10. Dongosolo lachi Dutch ndi madamu ali osiririka mdziko lapansi. Zowonadi, a Dutch adawononga ndalama zambiri akumenya nkhondo panyanja kwazaka zambiri. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti achi Dutch adakumba zovuta zambiri ndi manja awo. Mfundo ndi peat, yomwe mu Middle Ages inali mafuta ofunika kwambiri m'derali. Peat adakumbidwa mozunza kwambiri, osaganizira zomwe zingachitike. Nthaka idatsika, malowa adayamba kukhala chithaphwi. Kuti muzitsetse, kunali koyenera kukulitsa njira, kuonjezera kutalika kwa madamu, ndi zina zambiri.
11. Mpaka pakati pa zaka makumi awiri, ulimi pa dothi lachonde udalumikizidwa ndi malungo - udzudzu umakonda dothi lachonde ndi madzi osayenda. Chifukwa chake, kuthirira kwadzetsa nthawi zambiri kuti, mpaka posachedwapa, malo otetezeka adasandukirako malungo. Nthawi yomweyo, njira zofananira zothirira m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi zidabweretsa zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana. A Dutch, omwe anali onyadira ndi ngalande zawo zonyamula anthu, adagwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyi ku Kalimantan kuti apange malowo pachilumbachi. Othandizira komanso otsutsa kuthirira adayanjanitsidwa ndi kutuluka kwa DDT. Mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala owopsawa, malungo, omwe adatenga miyoyo ya anthu kwazaka zambiri, adagonjetsedwa mzaka zochepa chabe.
12. Madera amakono a Mediterranean ndi masamba ake ochepa kudera lotsetsereka la mapiri ndi mapiri sanawonekere konse chifukwa choti Agiriki ndi Aroma akale adadula nkhalango pazosowa zachuma. Ndipo makamaka osati chifukwa cha mbuzi, akuti amadya mphukira zazing'ono zonse ndi masamba panthambi zapansi. Munthu, ndithudi, adathandiza nkhalango kutha momwe angathere, koma nyengo idakhala chinthu chachikulu: kutha kwa Little Ice Age, zomerazo zidayamba kuzolowera kutentha ndikupeza mawonekedwe ake apano. Osachepera, mu kuchuluka kwa magwero akale achi Greek omwe adatsikira kwa ife, sipakutchulidwa zakuchepa kwa nkhalango. Ndiye kuti, nthawi ya Plato ndi Socrates, momwe zomera za ku Mediterranean zidalili sizinali zosiyana kwenikweni ndi izi - matabwa amabizinesi adabweretsedwamo ndikubweretsedwamo, osawona chilichonse chachilendo.
Malo achi Greek
13. Kale pakati pa zaka za zana la 17, wolemba John Evelyn, m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa Royal Academy, adatemberera okhala ku London omwe amagwiritsa ntchito malasha. Evelyn anatcha utsi wotulutsidwa ndi moto wamakala "hellish". Monga njira ina, m'modzi mwa akatswiri oyang'anira zachilengedwe adati agwiritse ntchito makala akale akale.
Utsi waku London: chisakanizo cha utsi ndi utsi
14. Anthu adziwa za kuthekera kwa zotsekera madzi kwa nthawi yayitali. Mu 1184, gulu lomwe linasonkhana mnyumba yachifumu ya Bishop wa Erfurt kudzapereka moni kwa mfumu yomwe idabwera, idagwa pansi ndikugwa mumtsinje woyenda pansi pa nyumba yachifumu. Nyumba yachifumuyo idamangidwa pamtsinje kokha kuti madziwo adakokolola zimbudzi nthawi zonse. Yotsirizira, kumene, anasonkhana mu thanki wapadera.
15. M'zaka za m'ma 1930, minda ya ku United States ndi Canada inali mu "Fumbi Cauldron". Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa madera olimidwa, kusowa kwa njira zothetsera kukokoloka kwa nthaka, kuwotcha ziputu kunayambitsa kusintha kwa nthaka. M'malo otseguka, ngakhale mphepo yochepa kwambiri idawomba pamwamba pake pamtunda wama kilomita zikwizikwi. Malo osanjikiza a humus adawonongedwa pa mahekitala 40 miliyoni. 80% ya Zigwa Zazikuru zidawonongedwa. Chipale chofewa kapena chofiyira chinagwa makilomita masauzande ambiri kuchokera pa boiler, ndipo anthu omwe anali m'dera langozi adayamba kudwala chibayo. Pasanathe zaka zochepa, anthu 500,000 adasamukira m'mizinda.
Miphika yafumbi yawononga midzi yambiri
