M'malingaliro a anthu aku Russia, Paris ili ndi malo apadera, kwinakwake pafupi ndi Ufumu Wakumwamba. Likulu la France limaonedwa kuti ndi likulu la dziko lonse lapansi komanso malo oyenera kukaona ulendo wakunja. "Onani Paris ndi Kufa!" - zochuluka bwanji! Mamiliyoni akunja adakhazikika likulu la France kwazaka zambiri, koma mawu omwe ali pamwambapa adakumbukira kwa munthu waku Russia yekha.
Chifukwa chodziwika bwino ku Paris pakati pa anthu aku Russia ndichosavuta komanso chosavomerezeka - kuchuluka kwa ophunzira, aluso, kapena iwo omwe amadziona ngati anthu otere. Ngati ku Russia munthu wotukuka (ziribe kanthu zomwe zaikidwa m'mawu awa) munthu, kuti alumikizane ndi mtundu wake, amafunika kugwedeza makumi makilomita m'galimoto kapena koyilo kupita kumzinda wazigawo kapena St. Petersburg, ku Paris anthu ambiri oterewa amakhala modyera aliyense. Dothi, kununkha, miliri, 8-10 sq. Mamita - zonse zidazimiririka kuti Rabelais adakhala patebulopo, ndipo Paul Valerie nthawi zina amabwera kuno.
Mabuku achifalansa nawonso adawonjezera moto. Ngwazi za olemba achi France zimayendayenda "ryu", "ke" ndi "magule" ena onse, ndikudzifalitsa mwa iwo okha kuyera komanso ulemu (mpaka Maupassant wonyoza atalowa). Pazifukwa zina, D'Artagnan ndi Count of Monte Cristo adayesetsa kugonjetsa Paris! Mafunde atatu osamukira kumayiko ena adawonjezera kutentha. Inde, akuti, akalonga adagwira ntchito yoyendetsa taxi, ndipo mafumu achifumuwo adathera ku Moulin Rouge, koma kodi kutayika kumeneku ndikuyerekeza poyerekeza ndi mwayi wakumwa khofi wabwino kwambiri wokhala ndi croissant wabwino kwambiri mumsewu wamsewu? Ndipo pafupi ndi olemba ndakatulo a Silver Age, avant-gardists, cubists, Hemingway, amapita ku Lilya Brik ... Ziwerengero za funde lachitatu la kusamuka zidachita bwino kwambiri polera Paris. Sanayeneranso kugwira ntchito yoyendetsa taxi - "zabwino" zinawalola kuti atenge malongosoledwe a "likulu la dziko lapansi" mwakhama.
Ndipo pomwe kuthekera kochezera kwaulere ku Paris kudatseguka, zidapezeka kuti pafupifupi zonse zomwe zikufotokozedwazi ndizowona, koma pali chowonadi china chokhudza Paris. Mzindawu ndi wauve. Pali opemphapempha ambiri, opemphapempha ndi anthu okhawo omwe alendo ochokera kunja amapeza ndalama zawo. Mamita 100 kuchokera ku Champs Elysees, pali malo ogulitsira achilengedwe okhala ndi zinthu zapamwamba zaku Turkey. Kuyimitsa ndalama kuchokera ku 2 euros pa ola limodzi. Mahotela apakati, ngakhale onyansa kwambiri, amapachika nyenyezi 4 pabolodi ndikutenga ndalama zambiri kuchokera kwa alendo awo.
Mwambiri, pofotokoza zaubwino, munthu sayenera kuiwala zovuta zake. Paris ili ngati chamoyo, chitukuko chomwe chimatsimikizika ndikulimbana kwakutsutsana.
1. "Dziko lapansi limayamba, monga mukudziwa, kuchokera ku Kremlin", monga timakumbukira kuyambira masiku asukulu. Ngati French anali ndi Vladimir Mayakovsky, m'malo mwa Kremlin, Chilumba cha Cité chimawonekera pamzere wofanana. Apa, zotsalira za midzi yakale zidapezeka, kuno ku Lutetia (monga mudziwo unkatchulidwira), Aselote ankakhala, apa mafumu achi Roma ndi aku France adapereka chiweruzo ndi chilango. Akuluakulu a Knights Templar adaphedwa pa Cité. Gombe lakumwera kwa chilumbachi limatchedwa The Jewelers 'Embankment. Dzina lachi French lachigwachi - Quet d'Orfevre - limadziwika kwa mafani onse a Georges Simenon ndi Commissioner Maigret. Mzindawu ulidi likulu la apolisi aku Paris - ndi gawo lanyumba yayikulu ya Chilungamo. Cité ili ndi nyumba zodziwika bwino, ndipo, ngati mukufuna, mutha kuyendayenda pachilumbachi tsiku lonse.
Malinga ndi kuwona kwa mbalame, Cite Island imawoneka ngati sitima
2. Ngakhale munthu atafuna kulumikiza bwanji dzina loti "Lutetia" ndi liwu lachilatini loti lux ("kuwala"), sizingatheke kutero ngakhale pang'ono chabe. Dzinalo lokhalitsa ku Gallic pachilumba china chomwe chili pakatikati pa Seine, mwachidziwikire, limachokera ku Celtic "lut" kutanthauza "dambo". Fuko la Parisian lomwe limakhala ku Lutetia ndi zilumba zoyandikira ndi magombe sanatumize akazembe awo kumsonkhano wa Gallic womwe adayitanitsidwa ndi Julius Caesar. Mfumu yamtsogolo idachita motengera "yemwe sanabise, sikulakwa kwanga." Adagonjetsa a Parisiya ndikumanga msasa pachilumba chawo. Zoona, anali wamng'ono kwambiri moti panali malo okwanira msasa wankhondo. Mabafa ndi bwalo lamasewera, ndiye kuti, Colosseum, amayenera kumangidwa pagombe. Koma tsogolo la Paris linali kutali ndi likulu - likulu la chigawo cha Roma linali Lyon.
3. Paris wamakono ndi magawo awiri mwa atatu a ntchito ya manja ndi malingaliro a Baron Georges Haussmann. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19, mkuluyu wa chigawo cha Seine, mothandizidwa ndi Napoleon III, adasintha mawonekedwe aku Paris. Likulu laku France lasintha kuchoka mumzinda wakale kukhala mzinda waukulu wokhala ndi kusuntha. Osman sanali wamanga; tsopano amutcha woyang'anira wabwino. Ananyalanyaza kufunika kwa nyumba 20,000 zomwe zidawonongedwa. M'malo mopereka zakale monga cesspool, a Parisians adalandira mzinda wowala komanso wowala, wowoloka ndi misewu yolunjika, boulevards ndi njira. Panali madzi ndi zimbudzi, kuyatsa mumsewu ndi malo ambiri obiriwira. Zachidziwikire, Osman adatsutsidwa kuchokera mbali zonse. Napoleon III adakakamizidwanso kuti amuchotse ntchito. Komabe, chilimbikitso choperekedwa pakukonzanso kwa Paris ndi Baron Haussmann chinali champhamvu kwambiri kotero kuti ntchito pamalingaliro ake idapitilira theka loyambirira la zaka makumi awiri.
Baron Osman - wachiwiri kuchokera kumanja
4. Palibe nyumba zonse za m'nthawi ya Chiroma ku Paris, komabe, komwe ambiri amakhala adakhazikitsidwa molondola. Mwachitsanzo, bwalo lamasewera lalikulu linali pamalo pomwe panali mphambano ya Rue Racine ndi Boulevard Saint-Michel. Mu 1927, anali pamalo ano pomwe Samuel Schwarzbard adawombera Simon Petliura.
5. Mwambiri, toponymy waku Paris sangasinthe. Ndipo Achifalansa sakufuna kuganiziranso mbiri - chabwino, panali chochitika chakale kwambiri, ndipo chabwino. Nthawi zina amalimbikitsanso - amati, pambuyo pa 1945, mayina amisewu itatu yokha ku Paris adasinthidwa! Ndipo Place de Gaulle sinatchulidwenso ku Place Charles de Gaulle, ndipo tsopano ili ndi dzina losavuta, losavuta komanso losavuta lotchedwa Charles de Gaulle Étoile. Conservatism yodziwika bwinoyi sinakhudze msewu wa St. Petersburg womwe uli m'boma la VIII ku Paris. Idakulungidwa ndikupatsidwa dzina pambuyo pa likulu la Russia ku 1826. Mu 1914, monga mzinda, iye anadzatchedwa Petrogradskaya. Mu 1945, mseuwo unadzakhala Leningradskaya, ndipo mu 1991 unabwezeretsa dzina lake loyambirira.
6. Monga momwe zadziwika kuyambira m'ma 1970, "Pali zolembedwa mu Chirasha mchimbudzi cha anthu onse ku Paris". Komabe, mawu achi Russia amatha kuwonedwa osati muzimbudzi zaku Paris. Mu likulu la France pali misewu yotchedwa Moscow ndi Mtsinje wa Moskva, Peterhof ndi Odessa, Kronstadt ndi Volga, Evpatoria, Crimea ndi Sevastopol. Chikhalidwe cha Russia ku Paris toponymy chikuyimiridwa ndi mayina a L. Tolstoy, P. Tchaikovsky, p. Rachmaninov, V. Kandinsky, I. Stravinsky ndi N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Palinso misewu ya Peter the Great ndi Alexander III.
7. Notre Dame Cathedral ili ndi imodzi mwamisomali yomwe Khristu adapachikidwapo. Zonsezi, pali misomali pafupifupi 30, ndipo pafupifupi onsewo amachita zozizwitsa kapena, samachita dzimbiri. Msomali ku tchalitchi chachikulu cha Notre Dame de Paris. Ndi chisankho cha aliyense kusankha izi ngati umboni wowona kapena umboni wabodza.
8. Chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha ku Paris ndi Center for Art and Culture, chotchedwa Georges Pompidou, Purezidenti wa France, yemwe adayambitsa ntchito yomanga Center. Nyumba zovuta, zofanana ndi zotsukira mafuta, zimachezeredwa ndi mamiliyoni a anthu chaka chilichonse. Center Pompidou ili ndi National Museum of Modern Art, laibulale, makanema ndi maholo owonetsera zisudzo.
9. University of Paris, motere kuchokera pa ng'ombe ya Papa Gregory IX, idakhazikitsidwa ku 1231. Komabe, ngakhale asanalandiridwe udindo, Quarter Yachilatini yomwe idali kale inali gulu la ophunzira. Komabe, nyumba zomwe zilipo ku Sorbonne sizikugwirizana ndi malo ogona a koleji omwe mabungwe a ophunzira adadzipangira okha ku Middle Ages. Sorbonne yapano idamangidwa m'zaka za zana la 17th mwalamulo la Duke of Richelieu, mbadwa ya kadinala wotchuka. Phulusa la a Richelieu ambiri adayikidwa m'modzi mwa nyumba za Sorbonne, kuphatikiza yomwe anthu aku Odessa amangomutcha "Duke" - Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis de Richelieu adakhala kazembe wa Odessa kwanthawi yayitali.
10. Woyera Genevieve amadziwika kuti anali woyang'anira ku Paris. Anakhala m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi AD. e. ndipo adatchuka chifukwa chakuchiritsa kambiri odwala komanso thandizo la osauka. Kutsimikiza kwake kunalola a Parisiya kuteteza mzinda ku Huns. Maulaliki a Saint Genevieve adalimbikitsa King Clovis kuti abatizidwe ndikupanga Paris kukhala likulu lake. Zotsalira za Saint Genevieve zimasungidwa pachipiliro chamtengo wapatali, chomwe chinali chokongoletsedwa ndi mafumu onse aku France. Munthawi ya French Revolution, zodzikongoletsera zonse zaku kachisi zidachotsedwa ndikusungunuka, ndipo phulusa la Saint Genevieve lidawotchedwa mwamwambo pa Place de Grève.
11. Misewu ya ku Paris idayenera kukhala ndi dzina lokha pokhapokha mwa lamulo lachifumu la 1728. Izi zisanachitike, anthu am'matawuni amatcha misewu, makamaka zamatsenga kapena dzina la mwiniwake wanyumbayo, koma mayinawa sanalembedwe kulikonse, kuphatikizapo nyumba. Ndipo kuchuluka kwa nyumba kudayamba koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19.
12. Ku Paris, kotchuka ndi buledi wake, ophika buledi oposa 36,000 akugwirabe ntchito. Zachidziwikire, kuchuluka kwawo kukucheperachepera, osati chifukwa champikisano ndi opanga akulu. Anthu aku Parisi akungochepetsa mkate wawo komanso zinthu zophika. Ngati m'ma 1920 anthu wamba aku Paris adadya magalamu a 620 a mkate ndi masikono patsiku, ndiye m'zaka za zana la 21 chiwerengerochi chakhala chocheperako kanayi.
13. Laibulale yoyamba yapagulu inatsegulidwa ku Paris mu 1643. Kadinala Mazarin, yemwe m'moyo weniweni sanafanane ndi chithunzi cha theka-caricatured chopangidwa ndi Alexander Dumas bambo mu buku la "Zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake," adapereka laibulale yake yayikulu ku College of the Four Nations. Kolejiyo sinakhaleko kwakanthawi, ndipo laibulale yake, yotsegulidwa kwa alendo onse, ikugwirabe ntchito, ndipo nyumba zamakedzana zimasungidwa bwino. Laibulaleyi ili chakum'mawa kwa Palais des Académie Française, pafupifupi pamalo pomwe panali Tower of Nels, yotchuka ndi wolemba wina wotchuka, a Maurice Druon.
14. Paris ili ndi mphanga zake zamanda. Mbiri yawo, sichachidziwikire, yosangalatsa monga mbiri ya ndende zachiroma, koma chilichonse komanso mobisa Paris chili ndi chodzitamandira. Kutalika konse kwamatumba amanda aku Parisian kumapitilira makilomita 160. Dera laling'ono ndi lotseguka kuti mukachezere. Zotsalira za anthu ochokera kumanda ambiri am'mizinda "adazisunthira" kumanda nthawi zingapo. Akaidi adalandira mphatso zolemera mkati mwa zaka zakusintha, pomwe ozunzidwa ndi omwe achitiridwa nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga abweretsedwa kuno. Kwina kwinakwake ndende kuli mafupa a Robespierre. Ndipo mu 1944, Colonel Rol-Tanguy adalamula kuchokera kumanda kuti ayambe kuwukira ku Paris motsutsana ndi kulanda kwa Germany.
15. Zambiri zosangalatsa komanso zochitika zimakhudzana ndi paki yotchuka ya Parisian Montsouris. Nthawi yotsegulira pakiyo - ndipo Montsouris idasweka poyitanidwa ndi Napoleon III - idakumana ndi tsoka. Kontrakitala yemwe adapeza m'mawa kuti madzi adasowa padziwe lokongola ndi mbalame zam'madzi. Komanso Vladimir Lenin amakonda kwambiri paki ya Montsouris. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo odyera amitengo am'mbali mwa nyanja omwe adakalipo mpaka pano, ndipo amakhala pafupi ndi nyumba yaying'ono yomwe pano yasandulika kukhala nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale. Ku Montsouris, chikwangwani cha meridian choyambirira chidakhazikitsidwa "malinga ndi kalembedwe kakale" - mpaka 1884 woyang'anira wamkulu waku France adadutsa ku Paris, ndipo pambuyo pake adasamutsidwira ku Greenwich ndikupangidwa konsekonse.
16. Sitima yapansi panthaka ya Paris ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi ya Moscow. Ma station ali pafupi kwambiri, sitima zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, kulengeza mawu ndi zotseguka zokhazokha zimangogwira magalimoto ochepa okha. Malo okwerera magwiridwe antchito kwambiri, palibe zokongoletsa. Pali opemphapempha ndi mipando yokwanira - opanda pokhala. Ulendo umodzi umawononga ma euro 1.9 kwa ola limodzi ndi theka, ndipo tikiti ili ndi zosunthika zongoyerekeza: mutha kupita pa metro, kapena mutha kukwera basi, koma osati pamizere ndi misewu yonse. Masitima apamtunda amawoneka ngati adapangidwa kuti asokoneze dala okwera. Chilango choyenda wopanda tikiti (ndiye kuti, ngati mwakwera sitima mwanjira ina kapena tikiti itatha) ndi ma 45 euros.
17. Nyuchi ya Anthu yakhala ikugwira ntchito ku Paris kwazaka zopitilira 100. Zinayambira likulu laku France chifukwa cha Alfred Boucher. Pali gulu la akatswiri ojambula omwe amayenera kuti apange ndalama, osati kufunafuna kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Boucher anali m'modzi mwa iwo. Ankachita ziboliboli, koma sanasema chilichonse chauzimu. Koma amadziwa momwe angayankhulire ndi makasitomala, anali wodabwitsa komanso wochezeka, ndipo amapeza ndalama zambiri. Tsiku lina adasokera kummwera chakumadzulo kwa Paris ndipo adamwa kapu ya vinyo mnyumba yodyera yosungulumwa. Pofuna kuti asakhale chete, adafunsa mwini wakeyo za mitengo yaminda yakomweko. Anayankha mu mzimu kuti ngati wina angamupatse franc kwa iye, angaone ngati zabwino. Boucher nthawi yomweyo adagula mahekitala kuchokera kwa iye. Pambuyo pake, pomwe mahema a Chiwonetsero cha Padziko Lonse cha 1900 adawonongedwa, adagula malo opangira vinyo ndi mitundu yambiri yazinthu zopanda pake ngati zipata, zida zazitsulo, ndi zina zambiri. Kuchokera pazonsezi, zipinda 140 zidamangidwa, zoyenera nyumba komanso malo ojambulira - kukhoma lililonse lakumbuyo kunali zenera lalikulu. Boucher adayamba kubwereka zipindazi kuti zikhale zotsika mtengo kwa ojambula osauka. Mayina awo tsopano apumulitsidwa ndi akatswiri odziwa njira zatsopano penti, koma, kunena mosabisa, "Beehive" sinapatse Raphael kapena Leonardo watsopano kwa anthu. Koma adapereka chitsanzo cha malingaliro osachita chidwi ndi anzawo komanso kukoma mtima kosavuta. Boucher yekha adakhala moyo wake wonse m'kanyumba kakang'ono pafupi ndi "Ulya". Pambuyo pa imfa yake, malowa amakhalabe malo abwino kwa anthu osauka opanga.
18. Eiffel Tower ikadatha kuwoneka yosiyana - idakonzedwa kuti imangidwenso ngati yodula mutu. Komanso, iyenera kutchedwa mosiyana - "Bonicausen Tower". Ili linali dzina lenileni la mainjiniya omwe adasaina mapulojekiti awo ndi dzina loti "Gustave Eiffel" - ku France akhala akuwathandizapo kwanthawi yayitali, kuyika modekha, kusakhulupirira achijeremani, kapena anthu omwe ali ndi mayina ofanana ndi achi Germany. Eiffel pofika nthawi yampikisano kuti apange china chonga icho, choyimira Paris yamakono, anali kale injiniya wolemekezeka kwambiri. Adakhazikitsa ntchito monga milatho ku Bordeaux, Florac ndi Capdenac komanso viaduct ku Garabi. Kuphatikiza apo, Eiffel-Bonikausen adapanga ndi kusonkhanitsa chimango cha Statue of Liberty. Koma, koposa zonse, mainjiniya adaphunzira kupeza njira zowunikira mitima ya oyang'anira bajeti. Pomwe komiti yampikisano idanyoza ntchitoyi, anthu azikhalidwe (Maupassant, Hugo, ndi ena) adasandulika "olembetsedwa" atapempha zionetsero, ndipo akalonga amtchalitchichi adafuula kuti nsanjayo ikhala yayikulu kuposa Notre Dame Cathedral, Eiffel adatsimikiza nduna yoyang'anira ntchito yofunika polojekiti yanu. Adaponya fupa kwa otsutsawo: nsanjayo imagwira ntchito ngati njira yopita ku World Exhibition, kenako nkugwetsedwa. Ntchito yomanga yokwanira ma franc miliyoni 7.5 idalipira kale panthawi ya chionetserocho, kenako olowa nawo masheya (Eiffel mwiniyo adayikapo 3 miliyoni pomanga) adangopeza phindu (ndipo akadali ndi nthawi yowerengera) phindu.
19. Pali milatho 36 pakati pa magombe a Seine ndi zisumbu. Chokongola kwambiri ndi mlatho wotchedwa Russian Tsar Alexander III. Amakongoletsedwa ndi mafano a angelo, pegasus ndi nymphs. Mlathowu udapangidwa kuti usabise mawonekedwe aku Paris. Mlatho, wotchedwa bambo ake, adatsegulidwa ndi Emperor Nicholas II. Mlatho wachikhalidwe, pomwe okwatirana amafalitsa maloko, ndi Pont des Arts - kuchokera ku Louvre kupita ku Institut de France. Mlatho wakale kwambiri ku Paris ndi New Bridge. Ali ndi zaka zopitilira 400 ndipo ndi mlatho woyamba kujambulidwa ku Paris.Pamalo pomwe pali Bridge ya Notre Dame, milatho yayimilira kuyambira nthawi ya Aroma, koma adawonongedwa ndi madzi osefukira kapena magulu ankhondo. Mlatho wapano uzikhala wazaka 100 mu 2019.
20. The City Hall of Paris ili kumphepete kumanja kwa Seine munyumba yotchedwa Hôtel de Ville. Kalelo m'zaka za m'ma XIV, wogulitsa malonda (woyang'anira, amene amalonda, omwe analibe ufulu wachibadwidwe, adasankha kulumikizana mokhulupirika ndi mfumu), Etienne Marcel adagula nyumba yochitira amalonda. Patadutsa zaka 200, Francis I adalamula kuti amange nyumba yachifumu oyang'anira ku Paris. Komabe, chifukwa cha zochitika zina zandale komanso zankhondo, ofesi ya meya idamalizidwa kokha pansi pa Louis XIII (yemweyo momwe a Musketeers a Dumas abambo ake amakhala), mu 1628. Nyumbayi yawona mbiri yakale kwambiri ku France. Anamanga Robespierre, atavala korona Louis XVIII, adakondwerera ukwati wa Napoleon Bonaparte, adalengeza Paris Commune (ndipo nthawi yomweyo adawotcha nyumbayo) ndikuchita chimodzi mwazigawenga zoyambirira zachiSilamu ku Paris. Zachidziwikire, miyambo yonse yamzindawu imachitikira muofesi ya meya, kuphatikiza kupereka mphotho kwa ophunzira ophunzira bwino.
