M'malo mwake, moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa munthu aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za chuma chake kapena udindo wake, ndichisankho chosalekeza pazoyipa ziwiri. Kukoka ntchito yodana kapena kumwa mowa mukuwonera TV. Limbani kuti mupite patsogolo pantchito ndikuwonjezerapo malipiro kapena khalani pamalo akale mu timu yomwe ilipo. Alumikiza Crimea, podziwa kuti sadzayigwira pamutu, kapena kutseka maso athu ku imfa yomwe ingachitike kwa anthu masauzande ambiri.
Moyo wa Alexander Nevsky (1220 - 1263) udadutsanso pamasankho angapo. Kalonga waku Russia nthawi zonse amakumana ndi zovuta kwambiri. Kuchokera kumadzulo, magulu ankhondo a pa Mtanda adagubuduka, omwe adapha okhulupirira anzawo masauzande. Kum'maŵa, anthu okhala m'mapiri anali kugwira ntchito nthawi zonse, omwe sanalande dziko la Russia pokhapokha akadziwa kuti anthu aku Russia anali asanawombere makamaka, ndipo panalibe chilichonse choti atenge kwa iwo.
Zochita za Alexander Nevsky, malingaliro ake, ngati tilingalira mulimonsemo mosiyana ndi zomwe zikuchitika, zimayambitsa kutsutsa komanso kufunsa wochirikiza pafupifupi lingaliro lililonse, kuyambira azungu mpaka okonda dziko lawo. Chifukwa chiyani adaphwanya zonyamula zosiyanasiyana zachitukuko cha ku Europe ndipo nthawi yomweyo adapita kukagwadira a Horde? Chifukwa chiyani adagwiritsa ntchito chikwapu, ndipo nthawi zina lupanga, kulembanso anthu aku Novgorodi ndikuwapatsa msonkho? Kupatula apo, Novgorod, monga otsutsa amanenera, sanagwidwe ndi Atata! Ndipo Alexander woyipayo, m'malo mopereka mzindawo kwa alendo omwe angowononga malo achitetezo achi Russia, adapereka ulemu kwa Atata. Tsopano mbadwa za a Novgorodians omwe, pachiwopsezo choyamba, adapempha thandizo kwa kalonga wina wocheperako kapena wamkulu, kuti amuthamangitse ngoziyo itatha, afotokozere molimba mtima momwe abambo adamenyera demokalase, ndiye kuti ufulu wosalipira chilichonse kwa aliyense komanso nthawi yomweyo alandire chitetezo kunkhondo.
Zithunzi za moyo wonse za Alexander Nevsky sizinapangidwe utoto, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri kalonga amayimiriridwa mu chithunzi cha ngwazi Nikolai Cherkassky mu kanema "Alexander Nevsky"
Ndondomeko ya Alexander Nevsky idasiyanitsidwa ndi pragmatism yapadera. Komwe muyenera kupirira - pirirani. Ngati kuli kotheka - kambiranani. Kumenya nkhondo - kumenya kuti mdani asadzuke. Alexander adakonza chigonjetso pa Nyanja ya Peipsi zaka zopitilira 100 nkhondo zisanafalitsidwe ku Crécy ndi Poitiers, pambuyo pake omanga matabwa aulemerero apamwamba adathamangitsidwa ndi anthu wamba ku Europe ndi nsanza ndi nsanza zazosiyanasiyana zatsopano. Amakakamiza moyo kuti anthu apulumuke kuti aweramitse khosi lake pamaso pa gulu lankhondo lankhondo lakum'mawa - adzayenera. Alexander sankaganiza za tsogolo lake m'mbiri. Amayenera kukhala osachepera theka la moyo wake wawufupi pamaulendo osatha ochokera Kumadzulo kupita Kummawa. Kuphatikiza apo, pamlingo wa khans kunali koyenera kukhala mwezi umodzi, ndi liti kwa chaka. Izi nthawi zina zimakakamizidwa, ndipo zikafuna, amaika moyo wake pachiswe chifukwa cha malo omwe aphunzitsidwa.
1. Kale ubwana wa Prince Alexander, mwana wa kalonga wosakhazikika Yaroslav Vsevolodovich ndi mdzukulu wa Vsevolod the Big Nest, wasonyeza kuti mnyamatayo sayenera kudikirira moyo wamtendere. Pasanapite nthawi Alexander wamng'ono adadulidwa ndikukhazikitsidwa ngati wankhondo - monga kum'mawa asitikali aku Russia adagonjetsedwa modetsa nkhawa pankhondo ya Kalka, ndipo otukuka okhala ndi mitanda pazovala zawo adalanda Russia kuchokera kumadzulo. Nthawi yovuta kwambiri m'mbiri ya Russia idayandikira.
2. Alexander adamva chisangalalo cha boma la demokalase ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, pomwe iye ndi mchimwene wake, limodzi ndi amalume ake, adathawa kuchoka ku Novgorod mwachangu. Mumzindawu, kufotokoza kwina kwachangu kwa chifuniro cha anthu ambiri kunayamba ndi kupha kumeneku, koyamba kwa "anthu akalonga", kenako ndi awo, a Novgorodians, ochokera kwa omwe ndi olemera. Chisokonezocho chinayambitsidwa ndi njala. Anthu a ku Novgorodi sanavutike kuti asungire tirigu, ngakhale adadutsa Novgorod ndi mamiliyoni am'madzi, komanso poteteza kulumikizana - anthu omwe amangothamangira kapena olowererapo atadula njira zingapo, mavuto adayamba ku Novgorod. Kuphatikiza apo, izi sizinali zoyambirira osati zomaliza, koma amangopereka ndalama zochepa kwa akalonga olembedwa ndipo pangakhale ngozi zowonekeratu.
Kutsogolo ndi njira yademokalase yofuna chifuniro ku Novgorod
3. Yaroslav sanali wofulumira kwenikweni kuti akaphunzitse Alexander - anali mwana womaliza, ndipo chidwi chachikulu chidaperekedwa kwa Fedor. Komabe, ali ndi zaka 11, atangokwatirana kumene (akalonga adakwatirana mwachangu kwambiri kuti apange ndikulimbitsa maubwenzi) Fyodor adamwalira, ndipo Alexander wazaka 10 adakhala "wolowa m'malo pampando wachifumu".
4. Kudziyimira pawokha kwa Alexander kudayamba ali ndi zaka 16, pomwe abambo ake adamuyika bwanamkubwa wa Novgorod. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, mnyamatayo adakwanitsa kutenga nawo gawo kumpoto chakumadzulo, pomwe gulu lankhondo la Yaroslav lidagonjetsa gulu lankhondo, lomwe mosazindikira lidasunthira kutali kwambiri kumwera. Kuphatikiza apo, gulu lachifumu lidagonjetsa magulu angapo achifwamba aku Lithuania. Ubatizo wamoto wa Alexander udachitika ngakhale asanalandire mphamvu.
5. Munthawi ya kampeni ya 1238, gulu lankhondo la Mongol-Tatar silinafike ku Novgorod kupitirira makilomita 100. Mzindawu ndi Alesandro adapulumutsidwa ndimatope komanso kuwopa adaniwo kuti atalikirane ndi malo opezera zida - m'chigawo cha Novgorod, monga mukudziwa, buledi samakula. Mzindawu unkapatsidwa chakudya kuchokera kumwera. Ngati osamukasamuka adaganiza zosamukira kumpoto, Novgorod, mwina, akadatengedwa ndikulandidwa, zomwe zidachitika kale kwa Ryazan ndi Vladimir.
Kuwukira kwa a Mongol-Tatars. Arc kumpoto - njira yawo yayitali kwambiri ku Novgorod
6. 1238 unali chaka chowopsa osati ku Russia kokha, komanso kwa banja la ana a Vsevolod the Big Nest. Akalonga ambiri adamwalira ndikumangidwa. Abambo a Alexander Yaroslav adakhala Grand Duke wa Vladimir, ndipo mnyamatayo adalandira Tver ndi Dmitrov kuwonjezera pa Novgorod.
7. Ali ndi zaka 19, Alexander adakwatira mwana wamkazi wa kalonga wa Polotsk Bryacheslav, Alexandra. Pambuyo pake, mainawo anali ndi ana amuna anayi ndi wamkazi. Pamodzi ndi ukwatiwo, kalonga adakhazikitsa linga pamtsinje wa Shelon, womwe umateteza njira yopita ku Novgorod kuchokera kumadzulo.
8. Alesandro adapambana pa Julayi 15, 1240. Kuukira kwadzidzidzi kwa gulu lonse lankhondo, lotsogozedwa ndi Asweden, kunalola kuti a Novgorodians ndi gulu lachifumu ligonjetse mdani pamsonkhano wa Neva ndi Izhora. Pamene asilikali okwera pamahatchi a Alexander anali kumenya nkhondo ndi gulu la a Sweden, amuna oyenda pansi aku Russia adatha kudutsa zombo za adani ndipo sanalole kuti magulu ankhondo omwe adakwerawo agwere pagombe. Nkhaniyi idatha ndi kugonjetsedwa kwapadera kwa mdani m'malo ena. Atalephera kubwerera ku Novgorod, Alexander adamva kuti anthu aku Livonia adagwiritsa ntchito kuperekedwa kwa ena mwa a Pskovite ndikulanda mzindawu. Pamene kalonga adayambiranso kusonkhanitsa gulu lankhondo, ma boyars, omwe sanafune kulipira ndalama zatsopano, adatsutsa izi. Alexander, osaganizira kawiri, adasiya ntchito ndikupita ku Pereyaslavl.
Neva nkhondo
9. A voivode Birger akuyenera kutchulidwa mwapadera pokhudzana ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Asweden. Msilikali wamkulu wa ku Sweden, yemwe anavulazidwa kwambiri kumaso, anathawa msanga pankhondo, ndikusiya olemba mbiri kuti ajambule zochitika zawo. Ndi ulemu wonse kwa Birger, ntchito yake yayikulu, malinga ndi akatswiri a demokalase, ndikuti sanali pa Neva. Kupanda kutero, a Alexander Nevsky akanatero ...
10. Ufulu wa Novgorod udatenga pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Atamva zomwe asitikali ankhondo akuchita ku Pskov, a Novgorodians mwachidziwikire adaganiza kuti demokalase ndiyabwino, koma ufulu ndiokwera mtengo. Iwo kachiwiri kuitana Alexander ku ukulu. Kalonga adangovomereza mwayiwu wachiwiri kokha, ndipo a Novgorodians adachita mphanda. Koma mkati mwa kampeni yofulumira ya 1241, Alesandro adagonjetsa omenyera nkhondo, adalanda ndikuwononga linga la Koporye, lomwe lidafooketsa kwambiri asitikali ankhondo. Munthawi imeneyi, chiwonetsero china cha mtsogoleri wa asirikali a Alexander Nevsky chinawonetsedwa: adawukira omenyera nkhondo, monga tingawanenere tsopano, panthawi yomwe atumizidwa, osalola mdani kulamula kuthana ndi zowonjezera zomwe zikubwera.
11. Loweruka 5 Epulo 1242 lidakhala tsiku lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya Russia. Patsikuli, gulu lankhondo laku Russia motsogozedwa ndi Alexander Nevsky linagonjetseratu agalu-Knights. Ndiponso, kupambana kunatheka ndi magazi ochepa pochotsa utsogoleri wankhondo. Alexander mwaluso adayika mabungwe oyenda komanso oyang'anira apakavalo. Pomwe nguruwe yodziwika bwino idakhazikika mofanana ndi anyamata, adamenyedwa kuchokera mbali zonse. Kwa nthawi yoyamba pamabwalo ankhondo aku Europe, kuzungulira kwamphamvu kwa mdani ndikutsata gawo lake lomwe silinagwere mu "kapu" lidakonzedwa. Nkhondoyo idatchedwa Nkhondo Ya Ice.
12. Alesandro pamapeto pake adadzikhazikitsa ngati wolamulira pambuyo poti asitikali awo agonjetsa anthu aku Lithuania kawiri konse. Mwa 1246 Novgorod adachotsa zoopsa zonse kupatula Horde. Ankayitanidwa mobwerezabwereza ku Horde, koma Alexander anali kusewera kwakanthawi. Ambiri mwina, anali kuyembekezera nthumwi za Papa. Adafika ku Novgorod mchilimwe cha 1248. M'kalatayo, mtsogoleri wa tchalitchi cha Katolika ananena kuti Alesandro ndi Russia atembenukire Chikatolika, ndipo analonjeza kuti sadzabweza chilichonse. Alexander adakana pempholi. Anangopita ku Horde kokha.
13. Ku likulu la Batu, Alesandro adatsala pang'ono kuphedwa. Monga chizindikiro cha kudzichepetsa, alendo onse ku Batu amayenera kuyenda pakati pa mafano awiri ndikugwada kanayi akawona Batu. Alexander anakana kudutsa pakati pa mafano. Iye anagwada pansi, koma nthawi yomweyo ankabwereza mobwerezabwereza kuti sakugwada pamaso pa Batu, koma pamaso pa Mulungu. Batu adapha akalonga chifukwa cha machimo ang'onoang'ono. Koma adakhululukira Alexander ndikumutumiza ku Karakorum, komwe adalandira njira yachidule yopita ku Kiev ndi Novgorod.
Pamlingo wa Batu
14. Zomwe a Batu adapanga Alesandro mwana wamwamuna womulera, ziyenera kukhala zotsalira pa chikumbumtima cha Nikolai Gumilyov, yemwe adawafalitsa. Alexander akadatha kuyanjana ndi mwana wamwamuna wa Baty Sartak - ndiye zinali momwemo - anasinthana madontho a magazi mozungulira moto, adamwa mumbale womwewo, nazi abale. Koma ubale woterewu sunatanthauze mwanjira iliyonse kuti Batu adazindikira kuti kalonga waku Russia ndi mwana wake. Mulimonsemo, magwero a kukhazikitsidwa amakhala chete.
15. Nthawi zina m'mabuku a mbiri yakale a Alexander Nevsky munthu amatha kupeza ndime mu mzimu: "Sanakweze lupanga kwa munthu waku Russia" kapena "Sanakhetse magazi achi Russia". Izi sizoona. Alexander sanazengereze makamaka posankha njira yokwaniritsira cholinga chake, ndipo makamaka sanasamale za mtundu wa adani ake. Ndipo pomwe ambiri mwa akatswiri achifumu adakonzekera kupita kudzanja lamtsogoleri wa Papa, Alexander nthawi yomweyo adapita ku Horde ndipo adabwera ndi gulu lankhondo lomwe lidatchulidwa m'mbiri ngati "gulu lankhondo la Nevryuev" - lotchulidwa ndi wamkulu wa a Tatar, voivode. Khoswe anaika dongosolo m'maiko aku Russia pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofanana ndi za m'ma XIII.
16. Alexander adakhala Grand Duke motsogozedwa ndi Batu. Pakadali pano, malingaliro a Alexander sanamvetsetsedwe kapena kuvomerezedwa ndi aliyense kupatula Metropolitan Kirill. Ngakhale abale akewo adatsutsana ndi mkuluyo. Akalonga adatenga mawonekedwe achilendo komanso opanda chiyembekezo: simungagonjere gulu lankhondo, ndipo simungalimbane nalo. Mchimwene wa Alexander Andrei adafuula mopanda chisoni kuti ndi bwino kupita kunja kuposa kulekerera Atatara. Atatar amayenerabe kupirira, ndipo ziwalo za Andrei zidalipira ndi miyoyo ya asirikali, komanso katundu yemwe Atatari adalanda.
17. Chimodzi mwazinthu zotsutsana kwambiri ndi Alexander chimawerengedwa kuti ndi "nambala ya Chitata" - kuchuluka kwa anthu. Aliyense anali wotsutsana nazo: kuyambira mtumiki womaliza kufikira akalonga. Alexander amayenera kuchita zinthu mwankhanza, ndipo ku Novgorod zinali zovuta kwambiri. Kukana kuwerengera anthu kunali ngati kulira kudzera pamutu womwe wachotsedwa - popeza muyenera kulipira misonkho, lolani kuti njirayi ikhale ndi gawo lomwe limasiyanitsa ndi kubera kwa achifwamba. Tchalitchichi komanso amishonale ake samakhoma misonkho.
18. Anali Alexander Nevsky yemwe adayamba ntchito yosonkhanitsa madera aku Russia. Analandira kuchokera kwa a Novgorodians kuzindikira kuti Grand Duke wa Vladimir adangokhala kalonga wa Novgorod. Malinga ndi chiwembucho, Ivan Kalita adachita pambuyo pake.
19. Mu 1256, gulu laku Russia lidachita kampeni yabwino kwambiri ku Polar. Amaphimbidwa ndi olemba mbiri m'malo moperewera. Mwachiwonekere, chifukwa panalibe nkhondo zazikulu panthawiyi - a ku Sweden adakondweretsabe kupambana kwa Russia pa Nyanja Peipsi, kotero sanasokoneze ulendowu. Asitikali aku Russia adadutsa Finland momasuka kuchokera kumwera kupita kumpoto ndikufika m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Laptev. Alexander adawonetsa - ngati china chake chichitika, anthu aku Russia sadzaima pamalire.
20. Mu 1262 Alexander Nevsky adapita ulendo wake womaliza ku Horde. Anakwanitsa kuyenda m'mphepete mwa mpeni - adaimbidwa mlandu pazipolowe zingapo komanso kupha okhometsa msonkho. Ulendo wopereka chilango unali wokonzeka kale. Alexander adakwanitsa kungopewa kuphedwa ndi kuthetsedwa kwa kampeni yolanga, komanso adaonetsetsa kuti msonkho waperekedwa kwa anthu aku Russia. Kuphatikiza apo, adalimbikitsa khan kuti asalembetse gulu lankhondo laku Russia kulowa gulu lankhondo la Horde kuti amenyane ndi Persia. Zinatengera kalonga chaka chathunthu kuti athetse mavutowa.
21. Alexander Nevsky adamwalira pa Okutobala 14, 1263 ku Gorodok pafupi ndi Nizhny Novgorod. Panali mphekesera zoti amuphe chiphe. Kalonga adaikidwa m'manda ku Vladimir ku Cathedral of the Virgin. Mu 1724, zotsalira za Alexander Nevsky zidamangidwanso ndipo nyumba ya amonke ya Alexander Nevsky ku St.
22. A Ivan Oopsa adakonza zoti athetse Alexander Nevsky mu 1547 ku Church Council, yomwe imadziwika kuti Stoglav.
23. Olemba mbiri nthawi zambiri amayerekezera Alexander Nevsky ndi Daniil Galitsky. Monga, wachiwiri kutembenukira ku Chikatolika, adakhala mfumu yeniyeni, adatsegula njira yopita ku Europe. Zoona, zaka mazana ambiri sizinadutse popeza aliyense anaiwala za Galicia-Volyn Rus - adagawika pakati pa Poland ndi Lithuania. Chikhulupiriro cha Orthodox chidazunzidwa - Chikatolika sichinali chololera zipembedzo zina monga a Mongol-Tatars. Alexander Nevsky analimbikitsa kulimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Russia ogwirizana, wamphamvu ndi palokha Russia. Izi zidatenga zaka zopitilira zana, koma Russia idakwanitsa kupyola popanda kukana chikhulupiriro cha makolo awo chifukwa chofuna zokayikitsa kuchokera kwa apapa achi Roma.
24. Kukumbukira kwa Alexander Nevsky kudakhala kosavomerezeka osati ku Russia kokha komanso padziko lapansi. Ku Bulgaria, Kachisi wa Alexander Nevsky ndiye tchalitchi chachikulu cha Tchalitchi cha Orthodox cha ku Bulgaria. Kukumbukira kalonga waku Russia kumalemekezedwa m'matchalitchi a Turkmenistan ndi Latvia, Poland ndi Serbia, Georgia ndi Israel, France ndi Denmark. Kuyambira 2016, sitima yapamadzi ya K-550 "Alexander Nevsky" yakhala ikusefukira malo am'madzi. Order ya Alexander Nevsky ndiye mphotho yokhayo yaboma yomwe idalipo ku Tsarist Russia, Soviet Union ndi Russian Federation yapano. Misewu yonse ku Russia yatchulidwa ndi dzina la Alexander Nevsky. Mazana a zaluso amaperekedwa kwa wamkuluyo. Mwina ofunikira kwambiri (omwe adasinthidwa munthawi ya chilengedwe) angawonedwe ngati makanema a Sergei Eisenstein "Alexander Nevsky" ndi chithunzi cha Prince Pavel Korin, chojambulidwa mu 1942 munthawi yovuta kwambiri yazungulidwe kwa Leningrad.
25. Alexander Nevsky sanatchulepo mawu oti "Aliyense amene angabwere kwa ife ndi lupanga adzafa ndi lupanga!" Anayikidwa pakamwa pa kanema ndi Sergei Eisenstein, yemwe adalemba script yake. Mawu ofanana nawo amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'Baibulo. Mawu ofanana ndi amenewa anali otchuka pakati pa Aroma akale.