Ndizovuta kunena pomwe munthu adaganizira koyamba za momwe zinthu zakuthupi zimalumikizirana ndi chithunzi chomwe chimapezeka mchikumbumtima chathu. Zimadziwika kuti Agiriki akale amaganiza za izi, komanso pazinthu zina zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuganiza, malingaliro, zithunzi zachilengedwe zomwe zimabwera m'malingaliro a munthu.
Izi zimadziwika, choyambirira, kuchokera ku ntchito za Plato (428-427 BC - 347 BC). Omwe adamutsogolera sanadandaule ndikamalemba malingaliro awo, kapena ntchito zawo zidatayika. Ndipo ntchito za Plato zatsikira kwa ife zochuluka kwambiri. Amasonyeza kuti wolemba anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri anzeru zamakedzana. Komanso, ntchito za Plato, olembedwa mu mawonekedwe a zokambirana, kuti athe kuweruza mlingo wa chitukuko cha lingaliro sayansi ku Greece wakale. Mwamwayi, panthawiyi sipanakhale kusiyanasiyana kwa sayansi, ndipo zowunikira za fizikiki wa munthu m'modzi zitha kusinthidwa msanga ndi ziwonetsero za kapangidwe kabwino ka boma.
1. Plato adabadwa mwina mu 428, kapena mu 427 BC. patsiku losadziwika pamalo osadziwika. Olemba mbiri yakale atamwalira adatsutsana ndi mzimu wanthawiyo ndikulengeza tsiku lobadwa la wafilosofi Meyi 21 - tsiku lomwe Apollo adabadwa. Ena amatcha Apollo abambo a Plato. Agiriki akale sanadabwe ndi zodabwitsa izi, zomwe zimawoneka ngati mitu yankhani zoyendetsa kudina. Adalankhula mozama zakuti Heraclitus anali mwana wamfumu, a Democritus adakhala zaka 109, Pythagoras adadziwa kuchita zozizwitsa, ndipo Empedocles adadziponya yekha m'chigwa chopumira moto cha Etna.
2. M'malo mwake, dzina la mnyamatayo linali Aristocles. Plato adayamba kumutcha kale ali wachinyamata chifukwa chakutambalala ("mapiri" mu Greek "wide"). Amakhulupirira kuti epithet ikhoza kutanthauza chifuwa kapena pamphumi.
3. Olemba mbiri yanzeru kwambiri amafufuza komwe banja la a Pythagorean lidachokera kwa Solon, yemwe adapanga aphungu ndi nyumba yamalamulo yosankhidwa. Dzina la abambo Platnus linali Ariston, ndipo, chodabwitsa, sipanakhale chidziwitso chokhudza iye. Pankhaniyi, Diogenes Laertius ananena kuti Plato anabadwa atakhala ndi pakati mosavomerezeka. Komabe, mayi wa wafilosofi, mwachiwonekere, sanali wachilendo kuzisangalalo zakudziko. Anakwatiwa kawiri, atabala ana amuna atatu ndi mwana wamkazi m'modzi. Abale onse a Plato nawonso anali okonda kusintha, nzeru komanso kulumikizana ndi mizimu ina yoyengedwa. Komabe, sanafunikire kusamalira chidutswa cha mkate - abambo awo opeza anali m'modzi mwa anthu olemera kwambiri ku Athens.
4. Maphunziro a Plato cholinga chake chinali kukwaniritsa kalokagatia - kuphatikiza kwabwino kwakunja ndi ulemu wamkati. Pachifukwa ichi, adaphunzitsidwa maphunziro osiyanasiyana a sayansi ndi masewera.
5. Mpaka zaka 20, Plato adakhala ndi moyo wachinyamata wa ku Athene: adatenga nawo gawo pamipikisano yamasewera, adalemba ma hexameter, omwe olemera omwewo amangoti "amulungu" (iwonso adalemba chimodzimodzi). Chilichonse chinasintha mu 408 pomwe Plato adakumana ndi Socrates.
Socrates
6. Plato anali wankhondo wamphamvu kwambiri. Adapambana kangapo m'masewera am'deralo, koma sanathe kupambana ma Olimpiki. Komabe, atakumana ndi Socrates, ntchito yake yamasewera inali itatha.
7. Plato ndi anzake adayesetsa kupulumutsa Socrates kuimfa. Malinga ndi malamulo aku Atene, atavotera munthu woweruzidwa, wolakwayo amasankha yekha chilango. Socrates pakulankhula kwakutali adalipira kuti alipire chindapusa cha mphindi imodzi (pafupifupi magalamu 440 a siliva). Dziko lonse la Socrates linayesedwa pamphindi 5, choncho oweruzawo anakwiya, poganiza kuti ndalamazo zinali zonyoza. Plato adapempha kuti awonjezere chindapusa mpaka mphindi 30, koma zidachedwa - oweruza adapereka chigamulo chonyongedwa. Plato adayesa kulangiza oweruza, koma adathamangitsidwa papulatifomu. Mlanduwo utatha, anayamba kudwala kwambiri.
8. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Socrates, Plato anayenda kwambiri. Adapita ku Egypt, Foinike, Yudeya ndipo atatha zaka khumi akuyendayenda adakhazikika ku Sicily. Popeza adazolowera mawonekedwe amayiko osiyanasiyana, wafilosofi uja adazindikira kuti: mayiko onse, kaya ndale zawo siziyendetsedwa bwino. Kuti musinthe maulamuliro, muyenera kutengera olamulira ndi nzeru. "Kuyesera" kwake koyamba anali wankhanza ku Sicilian Dionysius. Pokambirana naye, Plato adaumiriza kuti cholinga cha wolamulirayo chikhale kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ake. Dionysius, yemwe adakhala moyo wake wachinyengo, ziwembu ndikukangana, ananyoza Plato kuti ngati akufuna munthu wangwiro, ndiye kuti kusaka kwake sikunapambane korona, ndikulamula wafilosofi kuti agulitsidwe muukapolo kapena kuphedwa. Mwamwayi, Plato nthawi yomweyo anawomboledwa ndikubwerera ku Athens.
9. Paulendo wake, Plato adayendera madera a Pythagoreans, ndikuphunzira momwe akumvera. Pythagoras, yemwe tsopano amadziwika kuti ndi wolemba chiphunzitso chotchuka, anali wafilosofi wotchuka ndipo anali ndi otsatira ambiri. Amakhala m'madela omwe kunali kovuta kulowa. Zambiri mwaziphunzitso za Plato, makamaka, chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse kapena lingaliro lonena za mzimu, zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro a Pythagoreans. Zochitika zoterezi zidawadzudzula kuti amabera anzawo. Ananenedwa kuti adagula buku lake kwa m'modzi mwa a Pythagorean, ndikulipira mphindi 100 kuti adziwe kuti ndiye wolemba.
10. Plato anali munthu wanzeru, koma nzeru zake sizimakhudza zovuta za tsiku ndi tsiku. Atagwa mu ukapolo molamulidwa ndi Dionysius Wamkulu, adabwera kawiri (!) Ku Sicily kukaona mwana wake. Ndibwino kuti titan wachichepere sanali wokhetsa magazi ngati bambo ake, ndipo adangolekerera kuthamangitsidwa kwa Plato.
11. Malingaliro andale a Plato anali osavuta komanso ofanana kwambiri ndi fascism. Komabe, ayi chifukwa wafilosofi anali wamisala wokhetsa magazi - momwemonso anali msinkhu wa sayansi yazachikhalidwe komanso zomwe anthu aku Atene adakumana nazo. Iwo ankatsutsa anthu ankhanzawo, koma anangoletsa Socrates kusokoneza anthu ndi makambirano. Ankhanzawo adagonjetsedwa, ulamuliro wa anthu udabwera - ndipo Socrates, posachedwa, adatumizidwa kudziko lotsatira. Plato anali kufunafuna mawonekedwe aboma labwino ndipo adapanga dziko lolamulidwa ndi afilosofi ndi ankhondo, ena onse modzipereka amagonjera mpaka pomwepo kuti apereke ana akhanda ku maphunziro aboma. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono zidzapezeka kuti nzika zonse zidzaleredwa moyenera, kenako padzakhala chisangalalo chonse.
12. Poyamba Academy inali dzina la dera lakumapeto kwa Atene, momwe Plato adadzigulira nyumba ndi malo pobwerera kuchokera kuzinthu zakutali ndi ukapolo. Dzikolo linali m'manja mwa ngwazi wakale Akadem ndipo analandira dzina lofananira. Sukuluyi yakhalapo kuyambira 380s BC. mpaka 529 A.D. e.
13. Plato adapanga wotchi yoyambirira ya Academy. Analumikiza wotchi yamadzi ndi dziwe la mpweya lomwe analumikiza payipi. Pokakamizidwa ndi madzi, mpweya udawomba mu chitoliro, chomwe chimapanga phokoso lamphamvu.
14. Mwa ophunzira a Plato ku Academy panali Aristotle, Theophrastus, Heraclides, Lycurgus ndi Demosthenes.
Plato amalankhula ndi Aristotle
15. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro a Plato pa masamu anali okhutiritsa kwambiri, kuti alowe ku Academy kunali kofunikira kuti athe kulemba mayeso mu geometry. Akatswiri a masamu adachita nawo maphunziro aukadaulo, chifukwa chake akatswiri ena a sayansi iyi masamu onse achi Greek asanachitike Euclid ndi "zaka za Plato".
16. Kukambirana kwa Plato "Phwando" kunaletsedwa ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika mpaka 1966. Izi, komabe, sizinachepetse kufalikira kwa ntchito mochuluka. Imodzi mwa mitu yankhaniyi inali kukonda kwambiri Alcibiades kwa Socrates. Chikondi chimenechi sichinangotengera kuyamikiridwa ndi luntha kapena kukongola kwa Socrates.
17. Pakamwa pa Socrates pokambirana "Phwando" adayikapo zokambirana zamitundu iwiri ya chikondi: zamthupi ndi zaumulungu. Kwa Agiriki, magawanowa anali wamba. Chidwi mu filosofi yakale, yomwe idatuluka mu Middle Ages, idabwezeretsa ku moyo kugawikana kwa chikondi kutengera kupezeka kwazokopa. Koma panthawiyo, pofuna kuyitanitsa ubale pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi "chikondi chaumulungu" zinali zotheka kupita kumoto, kotero tanthauzo la "chikondi cha platonic" lidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Palibe chilichonse chokhudza ngati Plato anali kukonda aliyense.
18. Malinga ndi zomwe Plato adalemba, chidziwitso chidagawika m'magulu awiri - otsika, otakataka, komanso apamwamba, aluntha. Otsatirawa ali ndi ma subspecies awiri: kulingalira ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba, kuganiza, pomwe ntchito zamalingaliro zimayang'ana kulingalira zinthu zanzeru.
19. Plato anali woyamba kufotokoza lingaliro lakufunika kokweza anthu. Amakhulupirira kuti olamulira amabadwa ndi mzimu wagolide, olemekezeka ndi siliva, ndipo ena onse ndi mkuwa. Komabe, wafilosofi amakhulupirira, zimachitika kuti miyoyo iwiri yamkuwa idzakhala ndi mwana wamwamuna wagolide. Poterepa, mwanayo ayenera kulandira thandizo ndikutenga malo oyenera.
20. Malingaliro apamwamba a Plato adaseketsa Diogenes waku Sinop, wotchuka chifukwa chokhala mu mbiya yayikulu ndikuphwanya chikho chake pomwe adawona kuti kamnyamata kakuledzera ndi dzanja lake. M'modzi mwa ophunzira ku Academy atafunsa Plato kuti afotokoze za munthu, adati ndi cholengedwa chokhala ndi miyendo iwiri ndipo palibe nthenga. Diogenes, atamva za izi, adayendayenda ku Atene ndi tambala wodulidwa ndikufotokozera achidwi kuti uyu anali "munthu wa Plato".
Dioginisi
21. Ndi Plato yemwe adalankhula koyamba za Atlantis. Malinga ndi zokambirana zake, Atlantis anali chilumba chachikulu (540 × 360 km) chomwe chinali kumadzulo kwa Gibraltar. Anthu ku Atlantis adawonekera kuchokera kulumikizidwe kwa Poseidon ndi mtsikana wapadziko lapansi. Anthu okhala ku Atlantis anali olemera kwambiri komanso osangalala bola atasunga chidutswa chaumulungu chofalitsidwa ndi Poseidon. Atadzazidwa ndi kunyada komanso umbombo, Zeus adawalanga kwambiri. Anthu akale adapanga nthano zambiri zoterezi, koma mu Middle Ages adamuchitira Plato ngati wasayansi, ndipo adatenga zidutswa za zokambirana zake mozama, ndikufalitsa nthanoyo.
Atlantis wokongola
22. Wafilosofi anali wolemekezeka mpaka pachimake. Ankakonda zovala zabwino komanso chakudya chabwino. Zinali zosatheka kumuyerekeza ngati Socrates akuyankhula ndi wonyamula kapena wamalonda. Anadzitsekera dala mkati mwazipupa za Academy kuti apatukane ndi ma plebs ndikulankhula ndi mtundu wake wokha. Ku Atene, malingaliro abwinobwino aanthu adangolozera demokalase, chifukwa chake Plato sanakondwere ndipo amamuuza zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosawoneka bwino.
23. Maganizo a anthu aku Atene amatsindika za ulamuliro wa Plato. Sanakhalepo pantchito zaboma, sanatenge nawo mbali pankhondo - amangokhala wafilosofi. Koma mu 360 Plato wokalambayo atabwera ku Masewera a Olimpiki, khamu la anthu lidagawikana pamaso pake ngati mfumu kapena ngwazi.
24. Plato anamwalira ali ndi zaka 82, pa phwando laukwati. Adamuika m'manda ku Academy. Mpaka kutsekedwa kwa Academy patsiku lomwe Plato adamwalira, ophunzirawo adapereka nsembe kwa milunguyo ndipo adakonza zionetsero zomulemekeza.
Zokambirana za 25. 35 ndi makalata angapo ochokera kwa Plato adakalipo mpaka lero. Pambuyo pofufuza mozama, zilembo zonse zidapezeka kuti zidapangidwa. Asayansi analinso osamala pazokambirana. Zoyambirira kulibe, pali mndandanda wazambiri pambuyo pake. Zokambirana sizinalembedwe. Kugawa iwo molingana ndi kuzungulira kapena kuwerengera nthawi kunapatsa ofufuza ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.
