Chakumapeto kwa Soviet Union, asanamasule maulendo akunja, ulendo wopita kudziko lina unali maloto komanso temberero. Loto, chifukwa ndi munthu uti amene sakufuna kuyendera mayiko ena, nkumakumana ndi anthu atsopano, kuphunzira zikhalidwe zatsopano. Temberero, chifukwa munthu amene akufuna kupita kudziko lina adziwonongeratu njira zambiri zaboma. Moyo wake unaphunziridwa ndi maikulosikopu, macheke amatenga nthawi yambiri komanso misempha. Ndipo kunja, ngati zotsatira zabwino za macheke, kulumikizana ndi akunja sikunalimbikitsidwe, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi zonse kunali koyenera kukayendera malo omwe adavomerezedwa kale ngati gulu.
Komabe, ambiri adayesetsa kupita kunja kamodzi. Momwemo, kupatula njira yotsimikizira yopanda tanthauzo, boma silinali lotsutsana nalo. Kuyenda kwa alendo kumakulirakulirabe komanso kuwonekera, zoperewera, momwe zingathere, adayesetsa kuthana nazo. Zotsatira zake, mzaka za m'ma 1980, nzika zoposa 4 miliyoni za USSR zimapita kumayiko akunja pachaka. Monga ena ambiri, zokopa alendo zakunja kwa Soviet zinali ndi mawonekedwe ake.
1. Mpaka 1955, kunalibe bungwe loyendera alendo ochokera kunja ku Soviet Union. Kampani yogulitsa masheya "Intourist" idakhalapo kuyambira 1929, koma ogwira ntchito ake amangogwira ntchito zokhazokha zakunja zomwe zidabwera ku USSR. Mwa njira, kunalibe ochepa - pachimake pa 1936, US.5,000 alendo obwera kudziko lina adayendera USSR. Kuyesa chiwerengerochi, munthu ayenera kukumbukira kuti maulendo akunja mzaka zomwezo padziko lonse lapansi anali mwayi wapadera wa anthu olemera. Kuyendera misala kunawonekera pambuyo pake.
2. Balloon yoyesera inali ulendo wapanyanja pamsewu wa Leningrad - Moscow wokhala ndi mayitanidwe opita ku Danzig, Hamburg, Naples, Constantinople ndi Odessa. Atsogoleri a 257 a pulani yazaka zisanu zoyambirira adayenda ulendo wapanyanja "Abkhazia". Ulendowu udachitika patatha chaka chimodzi. Maulendowa sanakhale achizolowezi - makamaka, zombo zoyendetsa magalimoto - pachiwiri, "Ukraine" idachotsedwa ku Leningrad kupita ku Black Sea, nthawi yomweyo yodzaza ndi otsogolera.
3. Kupita patsogolo pakufufuza mwayi wopezera maulendo ogwirizana a nzika zaku Soviet kunja kunayamba kumapeto kwa 1953. Kwa zaka ziwiri panali makalata opumira pakati pa madipatimenti ndi CPSU Central Committee. Kungogwa mu 1955, gulu la anthu 38 lidapita ku Sweden.
4. Kuwongolera pamasankhidwe a omwe adasankhidwa kudachitika ndi mabungwe azipani pamlingo wama komiti azipani zamabizinesi, makomiti azigawo, makomiti akumizinda komanso makomiti amchigawo cha CPSU. Kuphatikiza apo, Central Committee ya CPSU pamalingaliro apadera idangosankha kusankha pamalonda, ma cheke ena onse anali zoyeserera zakomweko. Mu 1955, malangizo pamakhalidwe a nzika zaku Soviet kunja adavomerezedwa. Malangizo kwa iwo omwe amapita kumayiko achisosholizimu ndi capitalism anali osiyana ndipo adavomerezedwa ndi malingaliro osiyana.
5. Omwe akufuna kupita kudziko lina anafufuzidwa mokwanira, ndipo mosasamala kanthu kuti munthu waku Soviet anali akupita kukasilira mayiko otukuka kapena kuchita mantha ndi lamuloli la ma capitalist. Funso lalitali lalitali linadzazidwa ndi mafunso mu mzimu wa "Kodi mumakhala m'dera lomwe munkachitika nawo nkhondo yayikulu ya Patriotic War?" Amayenera kutenga umboni m'bungwe lazogulitsa, kuti apereke cheke ku State Security Committee (KGB), kuyankhulana m'mabungwe achipani. Kuphatikiza apo, ma cheke sanachitike mwamakhalidwe oyipa (sanali, sanali, sanachite nawo, ndi zina zambiri). Kunali koyenera kuwonetsa mikhalidwe yawo yabwino - kuyambira pachipani ndi kutenga nawo gawo pama subbotnik kupita kumakalasi azamasewera. Makomitiwa akuwunikiranso chidwi ndiukwati wa omwe akufuna ulendowu. Otsatira omwe adachita masankho ochepera adalingaliridwa ndi Mabungwe atanyamuka, opangidwa m'makomiti onse amchigawo cha CPSU.
6. Alendo amtsogolo omwe adadutsa macheke onse adalandira malangizo osiyanasiyana pamakhalidwe akunja komanso kulumikizana ndi alendo.Panalibe malangizo ovomerezeka, chifukwa chake pena pake atsikana amatha kutenga masiketi ang'onoang'ono, ndikupempha kuchokera ku gulu la Komsomol kuti ophunzira azivala mabaji a Komsomol. M'maguluwa, gulu laling'ono limasankhidwa, omwe amatenga nawo mbali pophunzitsidwa kuyankha mafunso ovuta (Chifukwa chiyani nyuzipepala imalankhula za chitukuko cha ulimi, pomwe Soviet Union imagula tirigu ku America?). Pafupifupi mosalephera, magulu a alendo aku Soviet Union adapita m'malo osakumbukika omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi atsogoleri a gulu la chikominisi kapena zochitika zosintha - zipilala ku V. Lenin, malo owonetsera zakale kapena zikumbutso. Mawu olowa m'buku lakuyendera malo ngati awa adavomerezedwa ku USSR, kulowa kuyenera kupangidwa ndi membala wa gulu lovomerezeka.
7. Kokha mu 1977 panali bulosha la “USSR. Mafunso ndi mayankho 100 ”. Gulu lanzeru lomwe lidasindikizidwa kangapo - mayankho ake anali osiyana kwambiri ndi mabodza achipani omwe anali atatulutsidwa nthawi imeneyo.
8. Atatha kupereka macheke onse, zikalata zapaulendo wopita kudziko lazachisangalalo zimayenera kutumizidwa miyezi itatu ulendo usanafike, ndikupita kudziko la capitalist - miyezi isanu ndi umodzi isanachitike. Ngakhale akatswiri odziwika bwino a geography ku Luxembourg sanadziwe za mudzi wa Schengen panthawiyo.
9. Pasipoti yakunja idaperekedwa kokha posinthana ndi boma, ndiye kuti munthu amangokhala ndi chikalata chimodzi chokha. Zinali zoletsedwa kutenga zikalata zilizonse kunja, kupatula pasipoti, yotsimikizira kuti ndi ndani, ndipo ku USSR, sizinatsimikizidwe kupatula masamba osavomerezeka ndi satifiketi yochokera kuofesi yanyumba.
10. Kuphatikiza pa zoletsa zamalamulo, panali zoletsa zina mwamwayi. Mwachitsanzo, sizinali zachilendo - ndipo pokhapokha kuvomerezedwa ndi Central Committee - kuti mwamuna ndi mkazi amayenda ngati gawo limodzi ngati alibe ana. Munthu amatha kupita kumayiko opeza ndalama kamodzi pa zaka zitatu zilizonse.
11. Kudziwa zilankhulo zakunja sikunatchulidwe kuti ndikophatikiza kwa wopita kukayenda. M'malo mwake, kupezeka pagulu la anthu angapo omwe amalankhula chilankhulo china nthawi yomweyo kudadzetsa nkhawa zazikulu. Magulu oterewa amafuna kuchepetsa chikhalidwe kapena mayiko - kuwonjezera ogwira ntchito kapena oimira madera akumayiko ena ku anzeru.
12. Atatha kudutsa m'magulu onse a chipani chaboma komanso kulipirira ulendowu (ndipo anali okwera mtengo kwambiri malinga ndi mfundo zaku Soviet Union, ndipo nthawi zambiri bizinesiyo imaloledwa kulipira mpaka 30% ya mtengo), zinali zotheka kuti asapiteko. "Otsatsa alendo" ndi mabungwe ogwirira ntchito sanagwire ntchito kapena kutetemera. Chiwerengero cha magulu omwe sanapite kunja chifukwa chazoyipa zaku Soviet Union chimapita m'mitundu yambiri chaka chilichonse. Munthawi yokhazikika yolumikizana ndi China, nthawi zina analibe nthawi yokhazikitsira ndi kuchotsa "Sitima Zokondana" zonse.
13. Komabe, ngakhale panali zovuta zonsezi, magulu a alendo aku Soviet Union adayendera pafupifupi dziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe lokopa alendo atangoyamba kumene, mu 1956, makasitomala a Intourist adayendera mayiko 61, ndipo patatha zaka 7 - mayiko akunja 106. Zimamveka kuti ambiri mwa mayiko amenewa adayendera alendo paulendo wapamtunda. Mwachitsanzo, panali njira yapamtunda yopita ku Odessa - Turkey - Greece - Italy - Morocco - Senegal - Liberia - Nigeria - Ghana - Sierra Leone - Odessa. Sitima zapamtunda zimanyamula alendo kupita ku India, Japan ndi Cuba. Ulendo wa Semyon Semyonovich Gorbunkov wochokera mufilimu ya "The Diamond Arm" ukhoza kukhala weniweni - pogulitsa ma voucher oyenda panyanja, miyambo ya "Abkhazia" idawonedwa - choyambirira chidaperekedwa kwa omwe adatsogola pantchito yopanga.
14. Kuyankhula za "alendo ovala zovala wamba" - apolisi a KGB, omwe akuti amaphatikizidwa ndi pafupifupi alendo onse aku Soviet omwe adapita kudziko lina, ndizokokomeza. Osachepera kuchokera pazosungidwa zakale amadziwika kuti Intourist ndi Sputnik (bungwe lina laku Soviet lomwe limachita zokopa alendo, makamaka zokopa achinyamata) adakumana ndi kusowa kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito. Panali kuchepa kwa omasulira, maupangiri (kumbukirani kachiwirinso "Dzanja la Daimondi" - wosamukira ku Russia ndiye anali wowongolera), anthu oyenerera omwe amapita nawo. Anthu aku Soviet adapita kumayiko akunja mazana mazana. M'chaka choyambira 1956, anthu 560,000 adapita kumayiko akunja. Kuyambira 1965 ndalamazo zidalowa mamiliyoni mpaka zidafika pa 4.5 miliyoni mu 1985. Inde, apolisi a KGB anali kupezeka paulendo wokacheza, koma osati m'magulu onse.
Kupatula kupulumuka kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kwa akatswiri, akatswiri ojambula ndi othamanga, alendo wamba aku Soviet Union samakonda kudandaula. Makamaka atsogoleri am'mbali amalemba zophwanya malamulo, kuphatikiza pakumwa mowa pang'ono, kuseka mokweza m'malo odyera, mawonekedwe azimayi atavala mathalauza, kukana kuyendera zisudzo ndi zina zazing'ono.
16. "Osokonekera" odziwika m'magulu oyendera maulendo anali osowa - makamaka amakhala Kumadzulo atapita kukagwira ntchito. Chokhacho ndi wolemba mabuku wotchuka Arkady Belinkovich, yemwe adapulumuka ndi mkazi wake paulendo wokacheza.
17. Mavawulo akunja, monga tanenera kale, anali okwera mtengo. M'zaka za m'ma 1960, ndi malipiro m'chigawo cha 80 - 150 rubles, ngakhale ulendo wamasiku 9 wopita ku Czechoslovakia wopanda msewu (ma ruble 120) amawononga ma ruble 110. Ulendo wamasiku 15 wopita ku India udawononga ma ruble 430 kuphatikiza ma ruble opitilira 200 pamatikiti a ndege. Maulendo anali okwera mtengo kwambiri. Ulendo wopita ku West Africa ndikubwerera kumawononga ma ruble 600 - 800. Ngakhale masiku 20 ku Bulgaria adawononga ma ruble 250, ngakhale kuti tikiti yofananira yamalonda yofananira ku Sochi kapena Crimea idawononga ma ruble 20. Njira yowoneka bwino ya Moscow - Cuba - Brazil inali mtengo wolemba - tikitiyo idagula ma ruble 1214.
18. Ngakhale panali zotsika mtengo komanso zovuta pamaofesi, nthawi zonse panali omwe amafuna kupita kunja. Maulendo akunja pang'onopang'ono (kale m'ma 1970) adapeza phindu. Kuyendera kwakanthawi kumavumbula zakuphwanya kwakukulu pakugawa kwawo. Malipoti owerengera amafotokoza zowoneka ngati zosatheka ku Soviet Union. Mwachitsanzo, wamakina wamagalimoto waku Moscow adayenda maulendo atatu apamtunda ndikupita kumaiko azachuma zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ngakhale izi zinali zoletsedwa. Pazifukwa zina, ma vocha omwe amapangira antchito kapena alimi onse amapatsidwa kwa owongolera misika ndi malo ogulitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, pakuwona zaumbanda, palibe chomwe chidachitika - kunyalanyaza boma, osatinso zina.
19. Ngati nzika wamba zidayenda ulendo wopita ku Bulgaria ndi mzimu wodziwika bwino womwe umakana nkhuku ufulu woyitanidwa kuti mbalame, ndipo Bulgaria - kunja, ndiye kuti kwa atsogoleri a gululo ulendo wopita ku Bulgaria udali ntchito yovuta. Kuti musapite mwatsatanetsatane kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikosavuta kufotokozera momwe zinthu ziliri ndi zitsanzo zamasiku ano. Ndiwe mtsogoleri wa gulu la azimayi ambiri omwe akupita kutchuthi ku Turkey kapena ku Egypt. Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yanu sikungobweretsa ma wadi anu kunyumba kukhala otetezeka, komanso kuwonetsetsa momwe amakhalira ndi machitidwe achikominisi munjira iliyonse. Ndipo anthu aku Bulgaria mwamakhalidwe ali ofanana ndi anthu aku Turkey, koma amakhala kumpoto pang'ono.
20. Ndalama zinali vuto lalikulu pamaulendo akunja. Iwo adazisintha pang'ono. Mikhalidwe yoyipa kwambiri anali alendo omwe amayenda pazomwe zimatchedwa "kusinthana kosagwiritsa ntchito ndalama". Anapatsidwa nyumba zaulere, malo ogona ndi ntchito, chifukwa chake adasintha ndalama zochepa - zokwanira ndudu zokha, mwachitsanzo. Koma enawo sanawonongeke. Chifukwa chake, chizolowezi chonse cha katundu wololedwa kutumizidwa kunja chidatumizidwa kunja: magalamu 400 a caviar, lita imodzi ya vodka, ndudu ya fodya. Ngakhale ma wailesi ndi makamera adalengezedwa ndipo amayenera kubwereranso. Amayi amaloledwa kuvala mphete zosaposa zitatu, kuphatikiza mphete yaukwati. Chilichonse chomwe chimapezeka chimagulitsidwa kapena kusinthana ndi zinthu zogula.
