Pakati pa zipululu za arctic ndi taiga pali malo abwinobwino opanda zomera zazikulu, zomwe Nikolai Karamzin akufuna kutcha liwu la Siberia "tundra". Kuyesera kwapangidwa kuti atenge dzinali kuchokera kuzilankhulo za Chifinishi kapena Sami, momwe mawu okhala ndi muzu wofanana amatanthauza "phiri lopanda nkhalango", koma kulibe mapiri kumtunda. Ndipo mawu oti "tundra" akhala akupezeka m'zilankhulo za ku Siberia.
Mtundawu uli ndi madera ofunikira, koma kwa nthawi yayitali anafufuzidwa mosasamala - panalibe choti mufufuze. Pokhapokha atapeza mchere ku Far North m'pamene adasamalira tundra. Osati pachabe - minda yayikulu kwambiri yamafuta ndi gasi ili m'chigawo cha tundra. Pakadali pano, malo apadziko lapansi a nyama, nyama ndi zomera adaphunzira bwino.
1. Ngakhale tundra yonse itha kudziwika ngati phiri lakumpoto, malo ake sakhala ofanana. Pamtunda, palinso mapiri okwera kwambiri, komanso miyala, koma madera otsika ndiofala kwambiri. Zomera zamtunduwu ndizosiyana. Pafupi ndi gombe ndi chipululu cha arctic, zomera siziphimba nthaka ndi nkhalango yolimba; madanga akulu amiyala opanda nthaka ndi miyala amapezeka. Kum'mwera, moss ndi udzu zimapanga chivundikiro cholimba, pali tchire. Kudera loyandikana ndi taiga, mitengo imakumananso, komabe, chifukwa cha nyengo ndi kusowa kwa madzi, zimawoneka ngati zitsanzo za odwala za anzawo akumwera.
2. Malo a tundra amachepetsedwa ndi madera amadzi, omwe amatha kukhala ochulukirapo. Mitsinje yayikulu kwambiri imadutsa mumtunda kupita ku Arctic Ocean: Ob, Lena, Yenisei ndi mitsinje ingapo ing'onoing'ono. Amanyamula madzi ochuluka kwambiri. Pakati pa kusefukira kwa madzi, mitsinje imeneyi imasefukira kotero kuti wina sangathe kuwona mnzake kuchokera kubanki imodzi. Madzi apamwamba ataphwa, nyanja zambiri zimapanga. Madzi alibe poti atuluke - kutentha kocheperako kumalepheretsa kusintha kwa madzi, ndipo nthaka yachisanu kapena yolimba imalola kuti madzi alowe pansi. Chifukwa chake, tundra ili ndi madzi ambiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira mitsinje mpaka madambo.
3. Kutentha kwapakati pa chilimwe sikupitilira + 10 ° С, ndipo chizindikiritso chofanana cha nthawi yozizira ndi -30 ° С. Mvula yambiri imagwa. Chizindikiro cha 200 mm pachaka ndichofanana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi amphepo kum'mwera kwa Sahara, koma ndikutuluka kochepa kwamadzi, ndikokwanira kukulitsa swampiness.
4. Zima mumtanda zimatha miyezi 9. Nthawi yomweyo, chisanu mu tundra sichilimba ngati zigawo za Siberia zomwe zili kumwera kwenikweni. Nthawi zambiri, thermometer siyigwera pansi pa -40 ° C, pomwe zigawo zakumayiko sizachilendo kutentha komwe kumakhala pansi pa -50 ° C. Koma chilimwe mu tundra chimakhala chozizira bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha kuyandikira kwamadzi ambiri ozizira am'nyanja.
5. Zomera zakumundazi ndizochuluka nyengo. Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe chachifupi, chimakhala ndi moyo sabata imodzi, ndikuphimba nthaka ndi masamba obiriwira. Koma imangofulumira kutha ndikubwera kwa nyengo yozizira komanso kuyamba kwa usiku wa polar.
6. Chifukwa chosowa zopinga zachilengedwe, mphepo yamkuntho imatha kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri komanso mwadzidzidzi. Zimakhala zoyipa makamaka m'nyengo yozizira kuphatikiza ndi chipale chofewa. Mtolo wotere umatchedwa blizzard. N ikhoza kukhala masiku angapo. Ngakhale kugwa kwa chipale chofewa, kulibe chipale chofewa chochulukira - chimathamangitsidwa mwachangu m'malo otsetsereka, zigwa ndi malo owonekera.
7. Msondodzi nthawi zambiri umapezeka mumtambo, koma mawonekedwe ake sakhala ngati misondodzi yomwe ikukula ku Europe ku Russia. Msondodzi mumtundawu umafanana ndi mtengo wokongola, womwe nthambi zake zimakhala pansi, kumwera kokha pafupi ndi mitsinje. Kumpoto kwake, msondodziwo ndi tchire losakanikirana komanso losagonjetseka, lokhazikika pansi. Zomwezo zitha kunenedwa za birch wamtengo wapatali - mlongo wachimwene wa chimodzi mwazizindikiro zaku Russia mumtambo amawoneka ngati wopinimbira kapena chitsamba.
Msondodzi wina
8. Kuperewera kwa zomera kumabweretsa mfundo yoti munthu wosazolowera kumtunda, ngakhale atakwera kwambiri pansi pamadzi, amakhala ndi gawo lakukwera kwapakati - kuvuta kupuma. Zimalumikizidwa ndi kuti mumlengalenga mumakhala mpweya wochepa kwambiri. Masamba ang'onoang'ono azomera amatulutsa mpweya wochepa kwambiri wofunikira kupumira mlengalenga.
9. Chosasangalatsa kwambiri m'nyengo yotentha mu tundra ndi udzudzu. Tizilombo tambirimbiri tomwe timawononga miyoyo ya anthu osati nyama zokha. Mwachitsanzo, mphalapala zakutchire zimasamukira osati chifukwa chanyengo, komanso chifukwa cha midges. Kuukira kwa tizilombo kumatha milungu iwiri kumayambiliro a chilimwe, koma kumatha kukhala tsoka lachilengedwe lenileni - ngakhale gulu la mbawala zambiri zimabalalika kuchokera pakati.
10. Mu tundra, zipatso zodyedwa zimakula ndikukhwima miyezi iwiri. Kalonga, kapena rasipiberi wa arctic, amadziwika kuti ndiye wabwino kwambiri. Zipatso zake zimamvekera ngati rasipiberi. Okhala kumpoto amadya yaiwisi, komanso amaumitsa, wiritsani ma decoction ndikupanga zonunkhira. Masamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga chakumwa chomwe chimalowetsa tiyi. Komanso kumtunda, kufupi ndi kumwera, mabulosi abulu amapezeka. Msanganizo ndi wofalikira, kucha ngakhale pa kufanana 78. Mitundu yambiri ya zipatso zosadyeka imakulanso. Mitundu yonse ya mabulosi imadziwika ndi mizu yayitali koma yokwawa. Pomwe m'zomera za m'chipululu mizu imatalikiranso mpaka pansi penipeni pa nthaka, mumitengo yazomera imazungulira mizere yopingasa dothi lachonde.
Mfumukazi
11. Chifukwa chakusowa kwa asodzi, mitsinje ndi nyanja zamtundazi zimakhala ndi nsomba zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, pali nsomba zochuluka zamtunduwu zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndizabwino kapena zosowa kumwera: omul, broadleaf, seal, trout, saumoni.
12. Usodzi wamatchire ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri. Anthu am'deralo omwe amasodza kuti agwiritse ntchito zokhazokha amagwira anthu okhala mumtsinjewo nthawi yayitali chilimwe. M'nyengo yozizira, amayika maukonde. Nsomba zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - nsomba zazing'ono ndi zinyalala zimapita kukadyetsa agalu.
13. Anthu aku Siberia omwe amapita kukawedza kumtunda amakonda kupota kapena kuwuluka. Kwa iwo, kusodza ndi ntchito yosodza. Koma okonda zachilendo ochokera ku Europe amabwera kukawedza tundra, makamaka chifukwa cha zokopa - poganizira mtengo waulendowu, nsomba zomwe zidagwidwa zimakhala golide weniweni. Komabe, pali okonda ambiri otere - palinso maulendo omwe amaphatikizapo osati kungoyenda modutsa magalimoto onse, komanso kuwedza pagombe lakumwera (koma kozizira kwambiri) la Nyanja ya Kara kapena Nyanja ya Laptev.
14. Amasaka mphalapala, masababa, nguluwe ndi mbalame mumtambo: atsekwe wamtchire, kholingo, ndi zina zambiri. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi kusodza, kusaka mumtambo ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kapena kutsindika zaudindo wa munthu. Ngakhale mbawala zimasakidwa mwaukadaulo. Nyama ndi zikopa zimagulitsidwa m'mizinda yakumpoto, ndipo mphalapala zimagulidwa ndi amalonda ochokera ku Southeast Asia. Kumeneku, nyanga sizongotchuka chabe, komanso zimadyetsa minda yamaluwa yokumba.
15. Tundra, makamaka steppe, ndi malo okondedwa kwambiri a nkhandwe ku Arctic. Nyama zokongolazi zimamva bwino kumadera ozizira, ndipo kupatsa kwawo mwayi kumawalola kukhuta ngakhale m'mitengo ndi zinyama zochepa za m'chigawochi.
16. Pali mandimu ambiri mumtambo. Tinyama tating'onoting'ono ndiwo chakudya chachikulu cha zilombo zambiri. Zachidziwikire, samadziponya okha kuchokera kumiyala kulowa m'madzi ndi anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Mwachidule, akuchulukirachulukira, amayamba kuchita zosayenera, akuthamangira ngakhale zilombo zazikulu, ndipo kukula kwa anthu kumachepa. Palibe chabwino pa izi - chaka chamawa, nthawi zovuta zidzabwera kwa nyama zomwe ndimu ndizo chakudya chawo. Akadzidzi anzeru, pozindikira kuchepa kwa ndimu, samaikira mazira.
17. Zimbalangondo zakum'mwera, zisindikizo, ndi ma walrus zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Arctic, komabe, sikungakhale koyenera kuwaganizira ngati okhala kumtunda, popeza nyamazi zimapeza chakudya chawo m'nyanja, ndipo kaya pagombe m'malo mwa tundra pali taiga kapena nkhalango, chifukwa kulibe chilichonse sangasinthe.
Wina sanachite mwayi
18. Mu tundra, kuyambira pakati pa ma 1970, kuyesa kwapadera kwakhala kukuchitika kuti abwezeretse kuchuluka kwa ng'ombe zamtundu wa musk. Kuyesera kunayamba kuyambira koyamba - palibe amene adawona ng'ombe yamphongo yamoyo ku Russia, ndi mafupa okha omwe adapezeka. Ndinayenera kupita ku America kuti ndiwathandize - anali ndi mwayi wokhazikitsa ng'ombe zamtundu ndi "owonjezera". Ng'ombe ya musk idayamba kuzika pachilumba cha Wrangel, kenako ku Taimyr. Tsopano, zikwi zingapo za nyama izi zimakhala pa Taimyr, pafupifupi. Wrangel pafupifupi chikwi. Vuto ndi mitsinje yambiri - ng'ombe zam'misewu zikadakhazikika, koma sizingathe kuwoloka, chifukwa chake zimayenera kubweretsedwa kudera lililonse latsopano. Gulu laling'ono lakhala kale m'chigawo cha Magadan, Yakutia ndi Yamal.
19. Omwe amadziwa pang'ono za mayendedwe a swans amadziwa kuti chikhalidwe cha mbalamezi sichapafupi ndi angelo. Ndipo ma swans omwe amakhala mumtunda amatsutsa mfundo yoti munthu yekha amapha kuti azisangalala, ndipo nyama zimangopha chakudya. Mu tundra, swans imagunda zolengedwa zomwe sizimakonda popanda cholinga choti zizidya. Zinthu zowukira si mbalame zokha, komanso nkhandwe za polar, wolverines ndi ena oimira nyama yosauka. Ngakhale akalulu olanda nyama amawopa swans.
20. Nenets amakono, omwe amapanga gawo lalikulu la anthu amisewu yayitali, adasiya kale kukhala m'misasa. Mabanja amakhala kwamuyaya m'midzi yaying'ono, ndipo ndendezo ndi tenti imodzi yakutali, momwe amuna amakhala, akuyang'anira gulu la nswala. Ana akupita kusukulu yogona ndi helikopita. Amabweretsanso kutchuthi.
21. Nenets samadya masamba ndi zipatso - ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri kumpoto. Nthawi yomweyo, abusa a mphalapala samadwala matenda amiseche, omwe apha anthu ambiri kumadera akumwera kwenikweni. Chinsinsi chake ndi magazi a nkhosa. Nenets amamwa zakumwa zosaphika, kupeza mavitamini ndi mchere wofunikira.
Ku Alaska, ma sledge ankanyamula
22. Kupatula agalu, a Nenets alibe ziweto zina - ndi agalu okhaokha omwe amatha kupulumuka kuzizira. Ngakhale agalu oterewa amadwala kuzizira kenako amaloledwa kugona mchihema - ndizovuta kwambiri kuyang'anira gulu la mbawala zopanda agalu.
23. Pofuna kutsimikizira kupulumuka koyambirira, banja la a Nenets limafunikira nyama zazing'ono zosachepera 300, ndipo pali kuchuluka kwazaka mazana ambiri zogawa gulu la opanga, akazi, kukwera mphalapala, ma castrate, ng'ombe, ndi zina zambiri. Ndalama zomwe zimaperekedwa pakubweretsa mphalapala imodzi ndi ma ruble pafupifupi 8,000. Kugula pamthuthuthu zonse, muyenera kugulitsa pafupifupi 30 nswala.
24. Anthu a Nenets ndi ochezeka kwambiri, chifukwa chake zomwe zidachitika mu Disembala 2015, pomwe antchito awiri apamwamba a kampani ya Gazprom omwe adabwera kudzasaka, adaphedwa ku Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug chifukwa chowomberana ndi a Nenets, zikuwoneka ngati zakutchire kwathunthu. Panalibe munthu m'modzi makilomita makumi mozungulira zomwe zidachitikazo ...
25. Tundra "imanjenjemera". Chifukwa cha kutentha kwapakati, dothi losungunuka lamadzi limakhala locheperako, ndipo methane yomwe ili pansi imayamba kupyola pamwamba, ndikusiya mabowo akulu kwambiri. Ngakhale ma funnel amenewa amawerengedwa ngati mayunitsi, komabe, pakakhala mpweya wochuluka kwambiri wa methane, nyengo imatha kusintha zochulukirapo kuposa zomwe zimayambira pachimake pa kutchuka kwa chiphunzitsochi.
