Pangano losagwirizana pakati pa Germany ndi USSR (yemwenso amadziwika kuti Mgwirizano wa Molotov-Ribbentrop kapena Pangano la Hitler-Stalin) - mgwirizano pakati pa maboma womwe udasainidwa pa Ogasiti 23, 1939 ndi atsogoleri a dipatimenti yoona zakunja kwa Germany ndi USSR, mwa anthu a Joachim Ribbentrop ndi Vyacheslav Molotov.
Zomwe mgwirizanowu waku Germany-Soviet udachita zimatsimikizira mtendere pakati pa magulu onse awiri, kuphatikiza kudzipereka kuti maboma awiriwa sangachite mgwirizano kapena kuthandiza adani a mbali inayo.
Lero, Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. M'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikiza Russia, dzulo la Ogasiti 23, kukambirana mwachidwi za mgwirizano pakati pa atsogoleri akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - Stalin ndi Hitler amayamba atolankhani komanso TV.
Pangano la Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact lidayambitsa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse (1939-1945). Adamasula manja achifasistist ku Germany, omwe adayamba kugonjetsa dziko lonse lapansi.
Munkhaniyi, tiwona zinthu zosangalatsa zokhudzana ndi mgwirizano, komanso zochitika zazikulu zofotokozedwa motsatira nthawi.
Mgwirizano wankhondo
Chifukwa chake, pa Ogasiti 23, 1939, Germany, motsogozedwa ndi Adolf Hitler, ndipo USSR, motsogozedwa ndi a Joseph Stalin, adachita mgwirizano, ndipo pa Seputembara 1, nkhondo yokhetsa magazi kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu idayamba.
Patatha masiku asanu ndi atatu chichitikireni Panganolo, asitikali a Hitler adalanda dziko la Poland, ndipo pa Seputembara 17, 1939, asitikali aku Soviet Union adalowa Poland.
Kugawika kwa madera a Poland pakati pa Soviet Union ndi Germany kudatha ndikumasaina pangano laubwenzi komanso njira ina yachinsinsi. Chifukwa chake, mu 1940 mayiko a Baltic, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina ndi gawo la Finland adalandidwa ku USSR.
Chinsinsi chowonjezera chachinsinsi
Lamulo lachinsinsi lidafotokoza "malire azigawo za chidwi" cha Germany ndi Soviet Union pakagwirizananso magawo ndi ndale za zigawo zomwe zili gawo la Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, ndi dziko la Poland.
Malinga ndi zomwe utsogoleri wa Soviet unanena, cholinga cha mgwirizanowu chinali kuwonetsetsa kuti USSR ili ndi mphamvu kum'mawa kwa Europe, popeza popanda mgwirizano wachinsinsi mgwirizano wa Molotov-Ribbentrop ungataye mphamvu.
Malinga ndi protocol, malire akumpoto a Lithuania adakhala malire azigawo za Germany ndi USSR ku Baltic States.
Funso lodziyimira palokha ku Poland lidayenera kuthetsedwa pambuyo pake, atakambirana zipani. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Soviet Union inkafuna chidwi kwambiri ndi Bessarabia, chifukwa chake Germany sanafunikire kulanda maderawa.
Mgwirizanowu udakhudza kwambiri tsogolo la anthu aku Lithuania, Estonia, Latvians, komanso Western Ukrainians, Belarusians and Moldovans. Pamapeto pake, anthuwa anali ataphatikizidwa kwathunthu mu USSR.
Malinga ndi protocol yowonjezerapo, yoyambirira yomwe idapezeka m'malo osungira a Politburo pokhapokha USSR itagwa, gulu lankhondo laku Germany ku 1939 silinalande madera akum'mawa a Poland, omwe amakhala makamaka ndi anthu aku Belarusi ndi a Ukraine.
Kuphatikiza apo, achikunja sanalowe m'maiko a Baltic. Zotsatira zake, madera onsewa adalandidwa ndi Soviet Union.
Pa nthawi yolimbana ndi Finland, yomwe inali gawo lazinthu zosangalatsa ku Russia, Red Army idatenga gawo lino.
Kuunika kwandale za mgwirizano
Ndi kuwunika konse kosamveka bwino kwa Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, komwe masiku ano kukutsutsidwa mwamphamvu ndi mayiko ambiri, ziyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti sizinapitirire machitidwe amitundu yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse isanachitike.
Mwachitsanzo, mu 1934 dziko la Poland linasaina pangano lofananalo ndi Germany ya Nazi. Kuphatikiza apo, mayiko ena adayesanso kusaina mapangano ofanana.
Komabe, inali njira yowonjezera yachinsinsi yolumikizidwa ndi Molotov-Ribbentrop pangano lomwe mosakayikira linaphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi.
Tiyeneranso kudziwa kuti kuchokera mgwirizanowu USSR sinalandire phindu lochulukirapo ngati zaka 2 zowonjezera kukonzekera nkhondo yomwe ingachitike ndi Ulamuliro Wachitatu.
Momwemonso, Hitler adatha kupewa nkhondo kumalire awiri kwa zaka 2, ndikugonjetsa Poland, France ndi mayiko ang'onoang'ono aku Europe. Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi olemba mbiri angapo, Germany iyenera kuonedwa ngati chipani chachikulu kuti chipindule ndi mgwirizanowu.
Chifukwa choti mfundo zachinsinsi zinali zoletsedwa, Stalin ndi Hitler adaganiza kuti asalembetse anthu onse. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti palibe akuluakulu aku Russia kapena aku Germany omwe amadziwa za protocol, kupatula gulu lochepa kwambiri la anthu.
Ngakhale kusamvetseka kwa Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (kutanthauza njira yake yachinsinsi), ikuyenera kuwonekerabe potengera momwe ndale zilili panopo panthawiyo.
Malinga ndi malingaliro a Stalin, mgwirizanowu umayenera kukhala poyankha lamulo la "kukopa" Hitler, motsogozedwa ndi Great Britain ndi France, omwe amayesera kukankhira mitu yawo motsutsana ndi maboma ankhanza awiri.
Mu 1939, Germany wa Nazi adalanda Rhineland ndipo, kuphwanya Pangano la Versailles, adasinthanso asitikali ake, pambuyo pake adalanda Austria ndikulanda Czechoslovakia.
Mwanjira zambiri, mfundo za Great Britain, France, Germany ndi Italy zidabweretsa zotulukapo zomvetsa chisoni izi, zomwe pa Seputembara 29, 1938 zidasaina mgwirizano ku Munich pa chigawo cha Czechoslovakia. Werengani zambiri za izi m'nkhani "Mgwirizano wa Munich".
Poganizira zonsezi pamwambapa, sizabwino kunena kuti Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact yokha ndi yomwe idatsogolera ku Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
Posakhalitsa, Hitler akadalimbanabe ndi Poland, ndipo mayiko ambiri aku Europe amafuna kuchita mgwirizano ndi Germany, potero amasula manja a Nazi.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti mpaka pa Ogasiti 23, 1939, maiko onse amphamvu aku Europe, kuphatikiza Britain, France ndi Soviet Union, adayesa kukambirana ndi mtsogoleri waku Germany.
Kuunika kwamgwirizano wamgwirizanowu
Pambuyo pa kumaliza kwa Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, mabungwe ambiri achikominisi padziko lonse lapansi adatsutsa mgwirizanowu. Nthawi yomweyo, sanali kudziwa kuti pali njira yowonjezera.
Atsogoleri andale zachikomyunizimu awonetsa kusakhutira ndi kuyanjananso pakati pa USSR ndi Germany. Olemba mbiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndi panganoli lomwe lidakhala poyambira kupatukana kwa gulu la chikominisi lapadziko lonse lapansi komanso chifukwa chokhazikitsira Communist International mu 1943.
Zaka makumi khumi pambuyo pake, pa Disembala 24, 1989, Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR idatsutsa malamulo achinsinsi. Andale adatsimikiza zakuti mgwirizano ndi Hitler udamalizidwa ndi Stalin ndi Molotov mwachinsinsi kuchokera kwa anthu ndi oimira Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu.
Zolemba zoyambirira zaku Germany zanenedwazo zidawonongedwa pakuphulitsa bomba ku Germany. Komabe, kumapeto kwa 1943, Ribbentrop adalamula kuti pakhale zolemba zazinsinsi kwambiri mu Unduna Wachilendo ku Germany kuyambira 1933, pafupifupi masamba 9,800.
Madipatimenti osiyanasiyana a Unduna Wachilendo ku Berlin atasamutsidwa kupita ku Thuringia kumapeto kwa nkhondo, wogwira ntchito m'boma Karl von Lesch adalandira makanema azithunzi. Adalamulidwa kuti awononge zikalata zachinsinsi, koma Lesh adaganiza zobisa izi kuti akhale inshuwaransi komanso moyo wamtsogolo.
Mu Meyi 1945, Karl von Lesch adapempha Lieutenant Colonel Robert K. Thomson kuti apereke kalata yake kwa Duncan Sandys, mpongozi wa Churchill. M'kalatayo, adalengeza zikalata zachinsinsi, komanso kuti anali wokonzeka kuzipereka posinthana ndi vuto lake.
Colonel Thomson ndi mnzake waku America Ralph Collins adagwirizana izi. Mafilimuwa anali ndi Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact komanso ndondomeko yachinsinsi.
Zotsatira za Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Zotsatira zoyipa zamgwirizanowu zimamvekabe pakati pa Russia ndi mayiko omwe akhudzidwa ndi mgwirizano.
M'mayiko a Baltic ndi kumadzulo kwa Ukraine, anthu aku Russia amatchedwa "okhalamo." Ku Poland, USSR ndi Nazi Germany ndizofanana. Zotsatira zake, ma Pole ambiri ali ndi malingaliro oyipa kwa asitikali aku Soviet, omwe, makamaka, adawapulumutsa m'manja mwa Germany.
Malinga ndi olemba mbiri aku Russia, udani wamtunduwu kwa anthu a ku Poland ndiwopanda chilungamo, chifukwa palibe m'modzi mwa asitikali aku Russia pafupifupi 600,000 omwe adamwalira kumasulidwa ku Poland yemwe adamva za protocol yachinsinsi ya Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
Chithunzi cha choyambirira cha Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Chithunzi cha choyambirira cha Secret Protocol to the Treaty
Ndipo ichi ndi chithunzi chomwecho Protocol Yobisala ku Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, zomwe zokambirana zoterezi zikuchitika.
