Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin ndi khadi loyendera la Nizhny Novgorod. Zonsezi ndizofanana ndipo sizofanana ndi a Kazan, Novgorod, anzawo aku Moscow: ndichachikulu kwambiri kuposa Kazan Kremlin, chosavomerezeka komanso chodzitamandira kuposa cha Moscow.
Chipilala ichi cha zomangamanga zakale chikuyimira Dyatlovy Hills. Kuchokera pamwamba pake, mgwirizano wa Oka ndi Volga ukuwonekera bwino. Mwinamwake, anali malingaliro omwe anakopeka Kalonga Yuri Vsevolodovich, yemwe anali kusankha malo a mzinda watsopano m'maiko a Mordovia. Ndizosangalatsa kuti Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin "idabadwanso" katatu, mbiri yakumanga ndi yayitali komanso yovuta: choyamba idapangidwa ndi matabwa, kenako pamwala, ndipo pomaliza, idamangidwanso ndi njerwa. Mtengo anaikidwa mu 1221, mwalawo mu 1370 (woyambitsa nyumbayo anali apongozi ake a Dmitry Donskoy), ndipo ntchito yomanga njerwa idayamba mu 1500.
Chipilala cha V. Chkalov ndi Chkalovskaya Masitepe ku Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
Ndibwino kuti muyambe kuyang'ana pa Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin kuchokera pachikumbutso kupita ku V. Chkalov, woyendetsa ndege wanzeru yemwe adabadwira ku Nizhny Novgorod. Anali iye ndi amnzake omwe nthawi ina adathawira ku America kudzera ku North Pole.
Chithunzi chokongola cha Masitepe a Chkalovskaya chimatsegulidwa kuchokera padoko loyang'ana pafupi ndi chipilala. Amadziwika bwino kwambiri kuposa Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Masitepewo adamangidwa mu 1949 ndipo poyambirira amatchedwa Stalingrad (polemekeza Nkhondo ya Stalingrad). Mwa njira, okhala mumzinda ndikulanda Ajeremani adawumanga pogwiritsa ntchito "zomanga za anthu". Masitepewo ali ndi mawonekedwe achisanu ndi chitatu ndipo amakhala ndi masitepe 442 (ndipo ngati muwerenga masitepewo mbali zonse ziwiri za chithunzi chachisanu ndi chitatu, mumapeza masitepe 560). Ndi pa masitepe a Chkalovskaya pomwe zithunzi zabwino kwambiri mumzinda zimapezeka.
Kremlin nsanja
George nsanja... Ndikosavuta kufikira kuchokera pachikumbutso cha Chkalov. Tsopano ndiye nsanja yayikulu kwambiri ya Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, ndipo kamodzi idali khomo, koma kale zaka 20 chiyambireni kumangidwako, kulira kwachitsulo kudatsitsidwa ndipo njira idatsekedwa. Ntchito yomanga idayamba mu 1500, ntchitoyi idayang'aniridwa ndi Pyotr Fryazin wodziwika kapena Pietro Francesco, yemwe adabwera ku Nizhny Novgorod kuchokera ku Moscow molunjika kuchokera pomanga Moscow Kremlin.
Nyumbayi idadziwika ndi dzina loti ulemu wa tchalitchi chosasungidwa cha St. George Wopambana. Mukayang'anitsitsa, zimawonekeratu kuti tsopano alendo sakuwona nsanja yonseyi, koma gawo lake lakumtunda. Yotsikayo idadzazidwa pomanga masitepe a Chkalovskaya.
Tchalitchichi chinali chokongoletsedwa modabwitsa. Apa, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, zithunzi zakale (monga Odigitria wa Smolenskaya) ndi Mauthenga Abwino adasungidwa.
Palinso mtundu wa chiyambi cha dzinali: ena amakhulupirira kuti lidatchulidwa pambuyo poyambitsa mzindawo, Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich, mu Orthodoxy George. Zikuwoneka kuti, pafupi ndi malo omwe a Georgiaievskaya pano, mu 1221 panali "nsanja yoyendera" ya kalonga.
Arsenalnaya (Powder) Tower ndi Prolomnye Gates... Komanso, alendo onse amapita kuzipata za Prolomny, zomwe sizili patali ndi Arsenal Tower. Dzina la nsanja iyi ya Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin silikusowa kufotokozera, chifukwa kwanthawi yayitali panali zida zankhondo: zida, mfuti, zipolopolo ndi zinthu zina zothandiza panthawi yankhondo.
Pafupi ndi Chipata cha Prolomnye pali nyumba yachifumu ya bwanamkubwa, yomangidwa mu 1841 molamulidwa ndi Nicholas I. Kalelo, idalamuliridwa ndi A. N. Muravyov, yemwe kale anali Decembrist yemwe adathawira ku Siberia ndikubwerera komweko. Anali Alexander Nikolaevich yemwe adayambitsa Alexander Dumas, yemwe adafika ku Nizhny Novgorod, ndi I. Annenkov ndi mkazi wake, Mfalansa P. Gebl (I. Annenkov ndi Decembrist wotchuka yemwe adathawira ku Siberia, Gebl ndi mkazi wake wamba yemwe adamusiya, yemwe pambuyo pake adakhala m'modzi mwa ma heroine Ndakatulo yolemba A. Nekrasov "Akazi achi Russia"). Nkhani yachikondi ya anthu awiriwa idachita chidwi ndi wolemba, ndipo adawapanga ngwazi za buku lake lotsatira "Mphunzitsi Wotchinga". Kuyambira 1991 Art Museum yakhala ili m'nyumba ya Governor.
Dmitrievskaya nsanja... Chokongoletsa kwambiri komanso chokongoletsa kwambiri. Alinso pakati. Amatchedwa kulemekeza St. Dmitry Thessaloniki. Tchalitchi, chopatulidwa m'dzina lake, chinali pansi pamunsi pa nsanjayo. Tsoka ilo, m'zaka za zana la 18th idakutidwa ndi nthaka ndipo idatayika, koma idamangidwanso kumapeto kwa zaka za 19th ndipo nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale idapangidwa kumtunda kwapamwamba.
Ulendo wamakoma a Kremlin umayamba kuchokera ku Dmitrievskaya Tower. Pali mwayi wozungulira, phunzirani mbiri yakale, mvetserani nthano za dziko la Nizhny Novgorod. Ulendowu ukhoza kutengedwa kuchokera ku 10: 00 mpaka 20: 00 (Meyi mpaka Novembala).
Malo osungira ndi nsanja za Nikolskaya... Iwo ndi ochepa kuposa Dmitrievskaya, koma nkhani yawo ndi yosangalatsa. Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale kale inali nyumba yosungiramo zakudya ndi madzi, zomwe zimafunikira panthawi yazinga.
Katunduyu ndi wozungulira, chifukwa cha mbiri yake yayitali asintha mayina angapo: Alekseevskaya, Tverskaya, Tseikhgauznaya.
Nikolskaya adatchulidwa ndi mpingo wakale womwe udatayika m'zaka za zana la 17-18. Mu 2015, Nikolskaya Church mu kalembedwe Pskov-Novgorod kale anamanga pafupi ndi Chipata cha Nikolsky.
Koromyslov nsanja... Nthano yosangalatsa imalumikizidwa ndi nsanja iyi yakumwera chakumadzulo kwa Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, yomwe imafotokoza momwe mtsikana wina waku Nizhny Novgorod "adayika" magulu awiri a adani ndi goli. Mwachilengedwe, msungwanayo adamwalira, ndipo nzika za Nizhny Novgorod, yemwe adadutsa mdaniyo, adamuika m'manda pansi pa mpanda wa nsanjayo. Pafupi ndi makoma ake pali chipilala, chomwe chimafotokozera mtsikana ali ndi goli.
Taynitskaya nsanja... Nthawi ina panali njira yobisika kuchokera pamenepo kupita ku Mtsinje wa Pochayna. Makoma a nthawiyo anali ndi njira zobisika zopita kumadzi kuti ozingidwa asafe ndi ludzu. Nsanjayi inalinso ndi dzina lina - Mironositskaya pamtambo wobiriwira. Maonekedwe odabwitsa akachisi amatsegulidwa pamwamba: Alexander Nevsky, Eliya Mneneri, Kazan Icon ya Amayi a Mulungu.
North nsanja... Amapereka malingaliro osangalatsa amtsinje, bwalo "Skoba" (National Unity wamakono), Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist, wayimirira ku Lower Posad wakale. Pali nthano yomwe idamangidwa pamalo ophedwa ndi kalonga wachi Tatar, yemwe amayesera kutenga Nizhny Novgorod.
Nsanja ya wotchi... Iyi ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zotchuka kwambiri ku Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Pomwe panali "koloko yankhondo", ndiye kuti, wotchi yodabwitsa, makinawo anali kuyang'aniridwa ndi wopanga mawotchi wapadera. Ndipo oyimbira adagawika osati 12, koma magawo 17. Tsoka ilo, mawotchi ndi makina ake atayika tsopano, koma nsanjayo ndiyofunikabe kuyisilira, makamaka kanyumba koloko kathabwa. Nthawi ina panali gawo pakati pa North ndi Clock Towers, kudzera momwe funicular idadutsa. Zinali zosavuta kufikira Nizhniy Posad. Funeral yoyamba idayambitsidwa mu 1896.
Ivanovskaya nsanja... Iyi ndiye nsanja yayikulu kwambiri ku Kremlin, ndipo akatswiri ambiri a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti ndi komwe adayamba kumanga. Nthano zambiri zimakhudzana ndi izi, koma chinthu chachikulu sichinali ichi, koma kuti inali pafupi ndi makoma ake, ku msonkhano wa Ivanovo, kuti Kuzma Minin adawerengera anthu a Nizhny Novgorod makalata a Patriarch Hermogenes, yemwe anali kufa ndi njala ku Mapa omwe analandidwa ku Moscow. Mwambowu udakhala poyambira kumasulidwa kwa Russia komanso kutha kwa Nthawi ya Mavuto. Chochitikachi chikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi ndi K. Makovsky "Kupempha kwa Minin kwa Nizhny Novgorod", komwe tsopano kuli ku Museum Museum ya mzindawo.
White Tower... Palibe mlendo m'modzi yemwe adazindikira momwe angafikire kumeneko. Titha kunena kuti uku ndikofunikira kwa Kremlin. Dzinali limachitika chifukwa samangidwa ndi mwala wofiira, koma ndi miyala yoyera yoyera. Pomwe Nizhniy Novgorod Kremlin yonse inali yoyera, koma utoto udagwa kale kuchokera pamakoma.
Mwa akatswiri omwe amadziwa dzina lina, Simeonovskaya, pali lingaliro loti dzina "loyera" limagwirizanitsidwa ndi nsanja yomwe imayimirira pansi yomwe kale inali nyumba ya amonke ya St. Simeon wa Stylite, yowonongedwa m'zaka za zana la 18. Malo omwe anali mnyumba za amonke nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "oyera", kutanthauza kuti, opanda misonkho yaboma.
Mimba ndi nsanja za Borisoglebskaya... Nyumba ziwirizi za Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin sizinakhaleko mpaka zaka za m'ma 2000. Iwo anawonongedwa ndi kugumuka kwa nthaka. M'zaka za m'ma XX, pamene ntchito yomanga Kremlin inayamba, nsanja zinayamba kukonzedwanso, kuyesera kuwapatsa mawonekedwe awo apachiyambi. Ntchito yobwezeretsayi idapitilira zaka zopitilira 60 ndipo, ngakhale panali zovuta, Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin idapulumutsidwa ku chiwonongeko.
Nthano imodzi imalumikizidwa ndi Belaya ndi Zachatskaya. Lili ndi chikondi cha wina wotchedwa Danilo Volkhovets wa Nastasya Gorozhanka, komanso nsanje ya wopanga mapulani Giovanni Tatti, komanso kuphana wina ndi mnzake ndi anthu ansanje. Malinga ndi nthano, pamalo omwe manda a Daniel adamangidwa ndi White Tower, ndipo yofiira, Zachatyevskaya, idamangidwa pamalo pomwe Tatti adayikidwa.
Mkati mwa Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin: choti muwone
Chipata china cha Prolomnye chili pakati pa Ivanovskaya ndi Clock Tower. Kudzera mwa iwo, mutha kupita kudera la Kremlin. Pali mitundu yambiri ya nyumba mkati, koma pali nyumba zochepa zenizeni, zowona. Ndikoyenera kumvetsera:
Museums ndi zisudzo
Nyumba zakale zakale zingapo zimagwira ntchito m'dera la Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin:
- "Dmitrievskaya Tower" - chiwonetsero choperekedwa m'mbiri ya Kremlin (lotseguka: kuyambira 10:00 mpaka 17:00);
- "Ivanovskaya Tower" - chiwonetserochi chimaperekedwa ku Time of Troubles (lotseguka: kuyambira 10:00 mpaka 17:00);
- "Conception Tower" - zonse zomwe zimapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula zakale zimayikidwa pano (tsegulani: kuyambira 10:00 mpaka 20:00);
- Nikolskaya Tower (malo oyang'anira).
Maofesi onse amatikiti amasiya kugwira ntchito mphindi 40 asanatseke malo owonetsera zakale ndi ziwonetsero.
Mitengo siyokwera, pamakhala kuchotsera ana ndi okalamba. Kujambula zithunzi ndi kanema kumalipira padera.
Ngati mukufuna, mutha kugula tikiti imodzi ku Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Zimaphatikizapo kuyendera nsanja zonse zitatu ndikuyenda khoma. Kwa banja, tikiti yotere ndi ndalama zenizeni.
Nyumba yosungiramo zojambulajambula ndiyeneranso kuyendera. Pali ziwonetsero zoposa 12,000 mumsonkhanowu. Maofesi ogwira ntchito ku Museum: kuyambira 10: 00 mpaka 18: 00 tsiku lililonse, kupatula Lolemba.
Momwe mungafikire ku Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin
Mutha kufika ku Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin kuchokera pakatikati pa mzindawo ndi minibasi nambala 34, 134, 171, 172, 81, 54, 190, 43. Imani ku Minin Square, polowera ku Dmitrievskaya Tower.
Muthanso kupita ku Kremlin kudzera pa nsanja za Ivanovskaya ndi Severnaya kuchokera mbali ya Mtsinje, koma apaulendo adzakhala ndi phiri lokwera kwambiri.
Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin ndi malo apadera, osamvetsetseka. Olemba mbiri ambiri amavomereza kuti chuma chachikulu chimasungidwa mobisa. Makonde obisika, magawo, zipinda zobisika kuchokera kuwona - zonsezi ndi zenizeni ndipo, mwina, pali malo oti mukhale. Mwina panali penapake m'dera la Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin pomwe laibulale yodziwika bwino ya Sophia Paleologue kapena laibulale ya Ivan the Terrible idabisika.
