Pericles (c. BC) - Kazembe waku Athene, m'modzi mwa "abambo oyambitsa" a demokalase ya Atene, wolemba nkhani wotchuka, waluso komanso mtsogoleri wankhondo.
Pali zambiri zosangalatsa mu mbiri ya Pericles, zomwe tikambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Chifukwa chake, patsogolo panu pali mbiri yayifupi ya Pericles.
Mbiri ya Pericles
Pericles adabadwa pafupifupi 494 BC. ku Atene. Anakulira m'banja lolemera. Abambo ake, Xanthippus, anali mtsogoleri wankhondo komanso wandale yemwe amatsogolera gulu la Alkmeonid. Amayi a wandale mtsogolo anali Agarista, yemwe adalera ana ena awiri kupatula iye.
Ubwana ndi unyamata
Childhood Pericles idagwa munthawi yovuta chifukwa chakuwopsezedwa ndi chiwopsezo cha Aperisi komanso mikangano yamagulu andale. Zinthuzo zidakulitsidwanso ndi maphwando odziwika a Themistocles, omwe amazunza mabanja odzipereka komanso mabanja olemekezeka.
Izi zidapangitsa kuti poyambirira amalume ake a Pericles adathamangitsidwa mumzinda, ndipo pambuyo pake abambo ake. Zochitika zonsezi zidakhudza kwambiri malingaliro amtsogoleri wamtsogolo.
Amakhulupirira kuti Pericles adalandira maphunziro apamwamba. Anali kuyembekezera kubwera kwa abambo ake, omwe amaloledwa kubwerera kwawo koyambirira. Izi zidachitika mu 480 BC. pambuyo pa kuwukira kwa mfumu ya Perisiya Xerxes, chifukwa chake andende onse adabwerera kwawo koyambirira.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti atabwerera kwawo ku Atene, Xanthippus adasankhidwa kukhala Strategic. Munthawi imeneyi, a Pericles adachita chidwi ndi ndale.
Komabe, sizinali zophweka kuti mnyamatayo afike pamwamba kwambiri mderali, chifukwa cha unyamata wake, wokhala m'banja "lotembereredwa" la Alcmeonids komanso mawonekedwe akunja ofanana ndi agogo ake aamuna a Peisistratus, omwe kale anali otchuka chifukwa chankhanza. Zonsezi sizinasangalatse abale ake, omwe amadana ndi nkhanza.
Ntchito
Bambo ake atamwalira mu 473/472 BC. gulu la Alcmeonid lidatsogozedwa ndi achinyamata a Pericles. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, anali atakwanitsa kale kuchita bwino pantchito yankhondo. Ngakhale kuti iye adakulira m'banja la olemekezeka, mnyamatayo anali wochirikiza demokalase.
Pankhaniyi, Pericles adakhala wotsutsa wa Cimon. Pambuyo pake, Agiriki adathamangitsa Cimon ku Athens, zomwe zinali m'manja mwake. Ankagwirizana ndi wolemba za Areopagus kusintha, wotchedwa Ephialtes, ndipo adathandizira kusamutsira mphamvu ku msonkhano wodziwika.
Chaka chilichonse Pericles amapeza kutchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu, ndikukhala m'modzi mwa andale odziwika kwambiri apolisi wakale. Anali othandizira nkhondo ndi Sparta, chifukwa chake adakhala waluso.
Ngakhale kuti Atene adagonjetsedwa kambirimbiri pankhondo yankhondo yosalingana, Pericles sanataye nzika zake. Kuphatikiza apo, amathandizidwa ndi asayansi osiyanasiyana, oganiza, olemba ndakatulo ndi anthu ena otchuka.
Zonsezi zidakhala ngati chiyambi cha maluwa maluwa achikhalidwe chachi Greek, cholumikizidwa ndi dzina la wosema ziboliboli wotchuka komanso womanga nyumba Phidias, yemwe adakhala wolemba ziboliboli zingapo zomwe zikuwonetsedwa ku Parthenon. Pericles adabwezeretsa akachisi, ndikulangiza Phidias kuti aziyang'anira ntchito yomanga.
Ku Athens, Mgiriki adasintha zinthu zingapo zofunika, zomwe zimayimira gawo lalikulu pakukweza demokalase. Adadzitcha wolankhulira zofuna za nzika zonse, mosiyana ndi mdani wake wamkulu Thucydides, wolowa m'malo mwa Cimon, yemwe amadalira okha aristocracy.
Atakwanitsa kuthamangitsidwa ndi Thucydides, Pericles adakhala mtsogoleri wapolisi. Iye anakweza mphamvu m'nyanja, anasintha misewu ya mzinda, ndipo analamula kuti amange Propylaea, fano la Athena, kachisi wa mulungu Hephaestus ndi Odeon, kumene kuimba ndi kupikisana nyimbo.
Pakadali pano mu mbiri yake, Pericles adapitilizabe mfundo za Solon, ndichifukwa chake Atene adakwanitsa kupita patsogolo kwambiri, ndikukhala likulu lazachuma, ndale komanso chikhalidwe chachikulu mdziko lachi Hellenic. Nthawi imeneyi tsopano ikutchedwa "M'badwo wa Pericles".
Zotsatira zake, mwamunayo adalemekezedwa ndi anthu amtundu wake, omwe adalandira ufulu ndi ufulu wowonjezerapo, ndikuwathandizanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino. Zaka 10 zapitazi muulamuliro zawulula makamaka luso loimba ku Pericles.
Wolamulirayo adalankhula mwamphamvu pamunda wa Peloponnesia. A Greek adakwanitsa kulimbana ndi a Spartan, koma pomwe kudayambika kwa mliriwu, zinthu zidasintha, ndikubwezeretsanso malingaliro onse a waluso.
Zotsatira zake, a Pericles adayamba kutaya udindo wawo mderalo, ndipo m'kupita kwanthawi adaimbidwa mlandu wachinyengo komanso zophwanya zina zazikulu. Ndipo, kwa zaka mazana ambiri, dzina lake limalumikizidwa ndi zinthu zomwe sizinachitikepo ndi kusintha.
Moyo waumwini
Mkazi woyamba wa Pericles anali msungwana wopembedza wotchedwa Telesippa, koma popita nthawi, malingaliro awo kwa wina ndi mnzake adazirala. Muukwati uwu, ana awiri anabadwa - Paral ndi Xantippus. Pambuyo pake, mwamunayo adamusudzula ndipo adamupezera mwamuna watsopano.
Kenako Pericles adakhalira limodzi ndi Aspassia, waku Mileto. Okonda sanakwatirane chifukwa Aspassia sanali waku Atene. Posakhalitsa anali ndi mwana wamwamuna wotchedwa Pericles, wotchedwa bambo ake.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kwa Pericles wachichepere, wolamulira adakwaniritsa, kupatula apo, nzika zaku Atene, mosemphana ndi lamulo, lomwe anali wolemba.
Pericles anali munthu waluso kwambiri, yemwe samakhulupirira zamatsenga ndipo amayesera kupeza tanthauzo la chilichonse mwakuganiza bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, anali munthu wopembedza kwambiri, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi zochitika zina kuchokera mu mbiri yake.
Imfa
Pakubuka kwa mliriwu, ana onse a Pericles ochokera kwa mchimwene wawo woyamba ndi mlongo adamwalira. Imfa ya abale imalepheretsa thanzi lake. Pericles adamwalira mu 429 BC. e. Mwinanso anali m'modzi mwa omwe anakhudzidwa ndi mliriwo.
Zithunzi za Pericles
