Kumpoto kwa chilumba cha Great Britain kuli Scotland - dziko lokhala ndi nyama zakutchire zokongola, lokhalamo anthu onyada okonda ufulu. Oyandikana nawo akummwera nthawi zambiri amadzudzula a Scots chifukwa choumira, koma osachita kunyinyirika pano, ngati palibe chomwe chimamera pamiyala yamiyala, madambo, nkhalango ndi nyanja mwina ndi mabanja awo olemera kapena alendo aku Britain omwe alanda dzikolo, ndipo nyanja yoyandikana ndi dzikolo ndiyophulika kwambiri ndipo wovuta kuti ulendo uliwonse wosodza kumeneku ukakhale komaliza?
Ndipo, komabe, a Scots adatha kutuluka muumphawi. Anasandutsa malo awo kukhala dera lamphamvu lamakampani. Mtengo unakhala wokwera - mamiliyoni aku Scots adakakamizidwa kuti achoke kwawo. Ambiri aiwo achita bwino m'maiko akunja, potero akulemekeza dziko lawo. Ndipo kulikonse kumene Scotsman ali, iye nthawi zonse amalemekeza kwawo ndipo amakumbukira mbiri yake ndi miyambo.
1. Scotland ndi kumpoto kwenikweni kwa chilumba cha Great Britain ndi zilumba zina 790 zoyandikana nazo zokhala ndi malo okwana 78.7,000 km2... Dera ili ndi anthu 5.3 miliyoni. Dzikoli ndi gawo lodziyimira palokha ku Great Britain ndi nyumba yamalamulo yake komanso Prime Minister. Mu 2016, a Scots adachita referendum yodzipatula ku UK, koma omenyera ufuluwo adangopeza mavoti 44.7% okha.
2. Ngakhale panali zotsatira zokhumudwitsa za chisankho cha referendum (zisankho zoyambirira zidaneneratu kuti mavoti ndi ofanana), aku Britain sakondedwa ku Scotland. Yemwe amatcha ma Scots "English" amakhala pachiwopsezo chakuzunzidwa, ngakhale anthu aku Scots ndiabwino.
3. Scotland ndi dziko lokongola kwambiri. Nyengo yozizira, yozizira, yamvula ndi yabwino kwa zomera, ndipo malowa amagwera kuchokera kumapiri otsika (Highland) kumwera mpaka kuchigwa chofewa (Lowland) kumpoto. Malo ovomerezeka aku Scottish ndi mapiri otsika okhala ndi nkhalango zazing'ono ndi nyanja zozunguliridwa ndi miyala, pakati pawo kumpoto kwa dzikolo ndi mapiri okhathamira ndi nkhalango kumwera ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
4. Nyanja zaku Scottish zimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Osati kuchuluka (alipo opitilira 600, ndipo ku Finland alipo masauzande a iwo) osati kuzama (pali nyanja padziko lapansi ndikuzama). Koma palibe chiyembekezo chodzakumana ndi Nessie munyanja iliyonse padziko lapansi, koma pali imodzi ku Scottish Loch Ness. Ndipo ngakhale kuti ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe amakhulupirira kale kuti pali chimphona chodabwitsa m'madzi, Loch Ness amakopa alendo masauzande ambiri. Ndipo ngati mulephera kumuwona Nessie, mutha kungopita kukawedza. Usodzi ku Scotland ndichodabwitsa.
5. Anthu akhala ku Scotland pafupifupi zaka zikwi khumi. Amakhulupirira kuti anthu amakhala m'malo a Skara Bray mzaka za m'ma 2000 BC. Makhalidwe ovuta a malowa adathandiza mafuko akumaloko kulimbana ndi Aroma, omwe, pakugonjetsa kwawo, adapitilira pang'ono kuposa malire akumwera aku Scotland. M'malo mwake, kunalibe olanda achiroma ku Scotland. Ogonjetsa oyamba a Scots anali a Chingerezi, okondedwa kwambiri nawo.
Scara Bray
6. Mwalamulo, mbiri yaku Scotland ngati dziko limodzi idayamba mu 843. Mfumu yoyamba inali Kenneth Macalpin, yemwe adakwanitsa kuphatikiza mafuko omwe anali osiyana. Limodzi mwa mafuko anali a Scots, omwe adapatsa dzinali dzina. A Normans, omwe adayambitsa England ngati boma, adafika pachilumbachi patangopita zaka 200.
7. England atangopeza mphamvu, mikangano yambiri ndi Scotland idayamba, yomwe idapitilira mpaka 1707. Kuphatikiza pa njira zakukakamiza zankhondo, andale adagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Chifukwa chake, mu 1292, mfumu yaku England, yomwe idadzipereka kukhala woweruza pamikangano pakati pa omwe akufuna kukhala pampando wachifumu waku Scotland, idatchula munthu yemwe wavomera kuvomereza suzerainty (ukulu) waku England ngati wopambana. Otsutsa ena sanagwirizane ndi izi, ndipo zipolowe zingapo ndi nkhondo zidayamba, zomwe zidatenga zaka zopitilira 400. Woods adaponyedwa pamoto ndi maiko akunja omwe sanafune kuti England ilimbikitsidwe (monga mbiri yawonetsera, sanafune kutero). Mikangano yachipembedzo inayambitsidwanso. A Presbyterian Scots, Akatolika, ndi Angelezi Achiprotestanti mosangalala anapha abale olakwika mwa Khristu. Zotsatira zake, mu 1707, "Act of Union" idasainidwa, yomwe idakhazikitsa kuphatikiza kwa maufumu awiriwo motengera kudziyimira pawokha. Anthu aku Britain nthawi yomweyo adayiwala za ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, a Scots adapandukiranso pang'ono, koma zomwe zikuchitika mpaka pano mpaka 1999, pomwe aku Scots adaloledwa kukhala ndi nyumba yamalamulo yawo.
8. Union idalimbikitsa kwambiri chitukuko cha Scotland. Dzikoli lidasungabe njira zoyendetsera komanso zoweluza, zomwe zidathandizira kukulitsa makampani. Scotland yakhala imodzi mwamadera amphamvu kwambiri ku Europe. Nthawi yomweyo, kusamuka mdzikolo kudayamba - kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamakina kumasula anthu ogwira ntchito, zomwe zidabweretsa ulova waukulu. A Scots adachoka, choyambirira, kutsidya kwa nyanja, mamiliyoni. Tsopano kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Scots padziko lapansi ndikofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala ku Scotland koyenera.
9. Kwenikweni, kusintha kwa mafakitale kunayamba ndikupanga wa Scotsman James Watt wa injini yotentha. Watt anali ndi setifiketi ya makina ake mu 1775. Dziko lonse lapansi limadziwa zopangidwa ndi ma Scots monga penicillin wa Alexander Fleming, wailesi yakanema ya John Byrd kapena telefoni ya Alexander Bell.
James Watt
10. M'malo ambiri Arthur Conan Doyle amatchedwa Scotsman, koma siziri choncho. Wolemba mtsogolo adabadwira ku England kubanja lachi Irish, ndipo ku Scotland adangophunzira ku University of Edinburgh. Sukulu yoyenerera iyi imawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwabwino kwambiri ku Europe; Charles Darwin, James Maxwell, Robert Jung ndi owunikira ena asayansi anamaliza maphunziro awo.
Arthur Conan-Doyle ali mwana wazaka
11. Koma olemba odziwika bwino monga Walter Scott ndi Robert Louis Stevenson ndi aku Scots, onse omwe adabadwira ku Edinburgh. Zopereka zazikulu ku mabuku zidapangidwa ndi nzika zaku Caledonia (ili ndi dzina lina ku Scotland), monga Robert Burns, James Barry ("Peter Pan") ndi Irwin Welch ("Trainspotting").
Walter Scott
12. Ngakhale kuti kachasu sanapangidwe ku Scotland (mwina ku Ireland kapena ku Middle East wamba), kachasu wa Scotch ndi dzina ladziko lonse. Kale mu 1505, gulu la ometa ndi madokotala ochita opaleshoni ku Edinburgh ndi lomwe limayang'anira kupanga ndi kugulitsa. Pambuyo pake, otsatira a Hippocrates adasinthanso posainira lamulo loletsa kugulitsa kachasu kwa anthu wamba. Tikudziwa bwino zomwe kuletsedwa kumeneku kumabweretsa - adayamba kupanga whiskey pafupifupi pabwalo lililonse, ndipo lingaliro la gululi lidalephera.
13. Kuti tidziwitse kachasu ku Edinburgh, Whisky Heritage Center idatsegulidwa mu 1987. Ichi ndi chophatikiza cha nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yokhala ndi malo omwera - mtengo waulendo uliwonse umaphatikizapo kulawa mitundu yambiri ya zakumwa. Kutolere kosungira zakale pafupifupi 4,000, m'malo odyera, malo omwera mowa ndi malo ogulitsira mutha kugula zoposa 450. Mitengo ndiyosiyanasiyana monga mitundu - kuyambira mapaundi 5 mpaka zikwi zingapo pa botolo. Mtengo wocheperako woyendera vinyo 4 ndi $ 27.
14. Zakudya zaku Scotland - haggis. Izi ndi mwanawankhosa wodulidwa bwino ndi zonunkhira, zophikidwa m'mimba ya mwanawankhosa wosokedwa. Zithunzi za mbale zoterezi zimapezeka mmaiko onse aku Europe omwe kale anali USSR, koma aku Scots amawona kuti soseji yawo yokometsera ndiyopadera.
15. Ma Scots (ndi aku Ireland) ali ndi tsitsi lofiira mosayerekezeka. Pali pafupifupi 12 - 14% ya iwo, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zosamveka bwino poyerekeza ndi 1 - 2% mwa anthu onse ndi 5 - 6% mwa okhala ku Northern Europe. Malongosoledwe asayansi a chodabwitsa ichi ndi osavuta - tsitsi lofiira ndi khungu loyera zimathandiza kuti thupi litulutse vitamini D. Kutembenuza kutsutsana uku, titha kunena kuti otsala a 86 - 88% aku Scots ndi aku Ireland amachita bwino ndi mavitamini ochepa, ndipo omwe amakhala 200 km kumpoto kwa aku Britain, komwe kulibe mutu wofiira, sakufunika konse.
Tsiku Lofiira ku Edinburgh
16. Edinburgh ndiwonyadira kukhala ndi malo oyatsira moto padziko lonse lapansi nthawi zonse. Chodziwikanso kwambiri ndichakuti miyezi iwiri chipangizocho chidapangidwa mu 1824, ozimitsa moto ku Edinburgh analibe mphamvu yolimbana ndi Moto wa Edinburgh, womwe udawononga nyumba 400 mzindawu. Moto udayambika pagawo laling'ono lojambula. Gululo linafika pamoto nthawi, koma ozimitsa moto sanathe kupeza mpope wamadzi. Moto udafalikira mpaka theka la mzindawo, ndipo ndi mvula yamphamvu yokha yomwe idathandizira kupirira nawo tsiku lachisanu la moto. Momwemonso mu 2002, nyumba 13 zomwe zili pakatikati pa mzindawu zidawonongeka.
17. Pa 24 June, Tsiku Lodziyimira pawokha ku Scotland limakondwerera. Patsikuli mu 1314, gulu lankhondo la Robert the Bruce lidagonjetsa gulu lankhondo lachi England Edward Edward II. Kuposa zaka 300 zokhala ku UK sikuwerengera.
Chikumbutso cha Robert Bruce
18. Zovala, zomwe tsopano zikuwonetsedwa ngati zovala zaku Scots, sizinapangidwe ndi iwo. Msuketi wa kilt udapangidwa ndi Mngelezi Rawlinson, yemwe adayesetsa kuteteza ogwira ntchito pachitsulo chake chazitsulo. Nsalu zolimba za tartan zidapangidwa ku Central Europe - zovala zotere zinali zosavuta kukwera mapiri a Alps. Zina mwazovala, monga mawondo, malaya oyera kapena chikwama m'chiwuno, zidapangidwa kale.
19. Nyimbo zaku Scottish, choyambirira, ndizopopera. Zachisoni, poyang'ana koyamba, nyimbo zimafotokozera bwino kukongola kwa dzikolo komanso mawonekedwe adziko la Scots. Kuphatikizana ndi kuyimba ng'oma, mapaipi kapena ma bomba amatha kupanga chidziwitso chapadera. Royal National Orchestra yaku Scotland imalemekezedwa osati mdziko muno komanso kunja. Kwa zaka 8 adayang'aniridwa ndi wochititsa waku Russia Alexander Lazarev. Ndipo "Nazareti", ndiye gulu lochita bwino kwambiri ku Scottish rock.
20. Gulu lampira waku Scottish lidasewera nawo ndikulandila masewera oyamba padziko lonse lapansi mu mpira wapadziko lonse lapansi. Pa Novembala 30, 1872, owonera 4,000 ku Hamilton Crescent Stadium ku Patrick adawonera masewera aku Scotland-England, omwe adatha mu 0-0. Kuyambira pamenepo, Scotland, England, Wales ndi Northern Ireland adatenga nawo gawo pamasewera apadziko lonse lapansi ngati mayiko osiyana.
