Wafilosofi Russian Mikhail Bakhtin ankaona holide mtundu waukulu chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zowonadi, ndizovuta kupumula kuntchito ya tsiku ndi tsiku, kungokhala patebulo lachikondwerero (mwala, kapena khungu). Mwanjira ina iliyonse, m'masiku omwe sanasake kapena kusasamala za chakudya mwanjira ina iliyonse, anthu achikale amayenera kukhala atayamba kukulitsa maluso olumikizirana omwe sali okhudzana mwachindunji ndi kupulumuka. Nthano, nyimbo, ndi mitundu ina yazaluso pang'onopang'ono zidayamba kuwonekera. Maholide adayamba kusiyanitsa, kukulitsa ndikukulitsa chikhalidwe.
Maholide adathandizanso kutuluka kwa sayansi. Kukhazikika kwenikweni kwa masiku kapena nyengo zina kumafunikira chidziwitso cha zakuthambo, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo sipanapite patali kalendala isanayambike. Zikondwerero zatchuthi zimafunikira tanthauzo lamalingaliro lomwe linali losiyana ndi lachilengedwe, chifukwa chake tchuthi chidawoneka chomwe sichinali chokhudzana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe. Tanthauzo lawo linali losowa kutanthauzira - tsopano sichiri kutali ndi chipembedzo chadongosolo.
Ndipo tisaiwale za kuphika. Sizingatheke kuti zitheka kutsatira njira zomwe zimawonekera pazakudya zambiri za "zikondwerero", koma ndizomveka kuganiza kuti kalekale makolo athu adayesa kusiyanitsa tebulo masiku opumulira podya china chosowa kapena chokonzedwa mwapadera. Ndikudutsa kwazaka zambiri ndikulimbikitsidwa kwachuma kwa anthu, miyambo yophikira yasunthika pang'ono pamalingaliro a tchuthi. Komabe, palibe amene anganene kuti m'nyumba ya bilionea komanso m'nyumba za anthu osauka, zakudya zatchuthi ndizosiyana ndi zamasiku onse.
1. Malinga ndi zomwe zili mkati, zikondwerero zaku South America ndimatchuthi ofanana ndi Shrovetide yathu, yopanda tanthauzo pang'ono ndikusamutsira Kummwera kwa Dziko Lapansi. Shrovetide wa Orthodox amatanthauza kuwona nthawi yozizira, kumaliza tchuthi chachisanu ndi chakudya chawo chochuluka ndi zikondwerero, ndikukonzekera Great Lent. Ku Brazil komweko, zikondwerero zimachitikanso madzulo a Lent - zimatha Lachiwiri, ndipo kusala kumayamba Lachitatu, komwe kumatchedwa Ash. Koma Kummwera kwa dziko lapansi, zikondwerero zimasonyeza kufika kwa nyengo yozizira, osati kutha kwake. Mwa njira, zikondwerero zazikulu kwambiri malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali sizikuchitika ku Rio de Janeiro, koma mumzinda wa Salvador da Bahia.
2. Analog ina ya Maslenitsa imachitika ku USA ndipo chaka chilichonse amasonkhanitsa anthu masauzande ambiri. Ndi za Mardi Gras - chikondwerero ku New Orleans. Mwambowu umatsogoleredwa ndi mfumu ndi mfumukazi ya chikondwererochi, ndikuponya ndalama ndi maswiti papulatifomu yayikulu. Mwambo ndi mfumu udawonekera pambuyo pa Russian Grand Duke Alexei atapita ku Mardi Gras mu 1872, ndipo okonzawo adamupatsa nsanja yapadera yolembedwa kuti "King".
3. Carnival ingayerekezeredwe ndi Halowini. Zikondwerero zonsezi zimachitika atakolola ndipo zimaimira kusintha kwa nyengo yozizira mpaka nthawi yozizira. Pakati pa achikunja omwe amakhala ku British Isles, Halowini ilibe tanthauzo lina. Pakubwera kwa Chikhristu, chikondwererocho chidatenga tanthauzo lina. Ogasiti 31 ndimadzulo a Tsiku Lonse Lopatulika. Miyambo ya Halowini yasintha pang'onopang'ono. Iwo anayamba kupempha zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi kwinakwake m'zaka za zana la 16, nyali zamatungu zidawonekera kumapeto kwachiwiri kwa zaka za zana la 19 (nyali zisanapangidwe kuchokera ku turnip kapena beets), ndipo adayamba kukonza maulendo ngakhale pambuyo pake.
4. "Kugwidwa" kwa mkwatibwi ukwati usanayambike siudindo wokha wa anthu akumapiriwo. Njira zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano, pamene mkwati ndi abwenzi ake abwera kunyumba kwake kudzatenga mkwatibwi ndikupereka dipo lophiphiritsa, ali ndi mizu yomweyo. Kungoti m'mbuyomu udindo wama limousine udasewera ndi akavalo ndi troika, pomwe akwati adatengedwa kuchoka kwawo.
5. Ku Great Britain ndi madera ake akale, zinthu zodabwitsa zachitika pakukondwerera tsiku lobadwa la mfumukazi (kapena mfumu). Ku British Isles, sikukondwerera tsiku lobadwa lenileni la munthu wolamulira, koma Loweruka limodzi lokha lam'mawa mu Juni. Imene - amfumu amadzisankhira, zimadalira nyengo. Edward VII adayamba mwambowu koyambirira kwa zaka za 20th. Adabadwa mu Novembala ndipo sanafune kuchita nawo zionetsero zachilimwe ku London. Ku Australia, tchuthichi chimachitika theka lachiwiri la Juni, ku Canada Lolemba lachitatu mu Meyi, ndipo ku New Zealand Mfumukazi imayamikiridwa Lolemba loyamba chilimwe.
6. Phwando la Usiku la Guy Fawkes (Novembala 5) ku Great Britain limadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha makanema ndi mabuku, ndipo aliyense wawonapo zotchedwa "Anonymous mask" kamodzi. Sizikudziwika kwenikweni kuti mzaka zoyambirira zokondwerera tsiku lokumbukira kupulumutsidwa kwa mfumu ndi nyumba yamalamulo kuchokera kuphulika kwakukulu, kuwonjezera pa zozimitsa moto, nyama zodzaza ndi Papa zidawotchedwa, ndipo kamodzi nyama yodzaza izi idadzazidwa ndi amphaka amoyo.
7. Dziko "lokondwerera" kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ndi Argentina, pomwe masiku 19 osagwira ntchito amakhala okhazikika mu kalendala, yomwe imawonedwa ngati tchuthi chapagulu. Ndipo ku Brazil yoyandikana pali tchuthi chapagulu 5 zokha, pamodzi ndi Amwenye, anthu aku Brazil atha kudziona kuti ndianthu akhama pantchito. Russia imagawana malo 6-7 ndi Malaysia ndi 14 tchuthi chaboma.
8. Lingaliro lokhazikitsa Marichi 8 ngati Tsiku Ladziko Lonse la Akazi lidalandiridwa mu 1921 ku Msonkhano Wachikazi Wachikomyunizimu Wachiwiri. Tsikuli lidakhazikitsidwa polemekeza ziwonetsero zazikuluzikulu zotsutsana ndi boma mu 1917 likulu la Russia ku Petrograd. Pambuyo pake, zisudzozi zidapangitsa kuti a Nicholas II abwerere komanso kutulutsidwa kwa Soviet Russia. Tsiku la Akazi lidakondweretsedwa kwambiri m'maiko oyandikira USSR. Marichi 8 adakhala tsiku lopuma ku USSR mu 1966. Kuphatikiza pa Russia, Tsiku la Akazi Padziko Lonse tsopano silikugwira ntchito ku Kenya, North Korea, Madagascar, Guinea-Bissau, Eritrea, Uganda, Mongolia, Zambia, ndi mayiko ena omwe adatchedwa Soviet. Ku Laos, ndi amuna okhaokha ogonana omwe amapatsidwa tchuthi, ndipo ku China, pa Marichi 8, azimayi amagwira ntchito.
9. Khrisimasi imakondwerera m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi, koma masiku opumira ndi osiyana. M'mayiko 14, kuphatikiza Russia, amapuma tsiku limodzi. M'mayiko ena 20, masiku awiri sakugwira ntchito pa Khrisimasi. M'mayiko 8 aku Europe, Khrisimasi imakondwerera masiku atatu. Nthawi yomweyo, ku Belarus, Ukraine ndi Moldova, Khrisimasi ya Katolika (Disembala 25) komanso tchuthi cha Orthodox pa Januware 7 zimawonedwa ngati tchuthi.
10. Tsiku lobadwa lingakhale tchuthi chomvetsa chisoni. Kafukufuku yemwe adachitika ku University of Chicago zaka zingapo zapitazo adapeza kuti pafupifupi anthu pafupifupi 7% amafa patsiku lawo lobadwa kuposa masiku ena. Kuphatikiza apo, kufa kwakuchulukirachulukira kumawonedwa osati pagulu la ngozi zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zikondwerero ndi kumwa mowa, komanso kudzipha. Mwachiwonekere, zimakhala zovuta makamaka kupirira kusungulumwa patchuthi.
11. Chaka Chatsopano Chakale ku Russia chidalipo kuyambira kalekale, chifukwa Chaka Chatsopano palokha ndi tchuthi chosakhazikika mu kalendala, ndipo nthawi zonse pamakhala anthu omwe savomereza zosintha. Kuyambira nthawi yobatizidwa ku Russia mpaka Ivan III, Chaka Chatsopano chinali chikondwerero pa Marichi 1, koma Maslenitsa, pomwe Chaka Chatsopano chimakondwerera koyambirira, nawonso adakhalabe tchuthi chofunikira. Ivan III adasunthira chikondwererochi pa Seputembara 1, ndipo, zowonadi, omutsatirawa adatsalira pa Marichi. Ndipo ngakhale pansi pa Peter I, yemwe sakanatha kupikisana, kusamutsidwa kwa tchuthi kwa Januware 1 kudavomerezedwa ndi kung'ung'udza. Chaka Chatsopano Chakale chopezeka mu 1918 kusinthidwa kwa kalendala.
12. Tsiku Lopambana ku USSR / Russia limakondwerera chaka chilichonse pa Meyi 9, koma tsikuli silinali nthawi yopuma nthawi zonse. Kuyambira 1948 mpaka 1965, Meyi 9 linali tsiku logwira ntchito, ndipo zifukwa zake sizikumveka bwino. Mtundu womwe Stalin adachita nsanje ndiulemerero wa G.K.Zhukov ukuwoneka ngati wosafunikira - muzochitika za nthawi imeneyo, Stalin ndi Zhukov anali ziwerengero zosayerekezeka kutchuka. Mwina, adaganiza zopangitsa chikondwererochi kukhala chosafuna kutchuka atazindikira kukula kwa zotayika za anthu komanso kuwonongeka kwachuma. Ndipo patadutsa zaka 20 kuchokera chigonjetso, pamene mabala a kukumbukira adachira pang'ono, tchuthi chidayamba kukhala bwino.
Chojambula chachikhalidwe polemekeza Tsiku Lopambana
13. Kuyambira 1928 mpaka 2004, Meyi 2 linali tsiku lopuma - ngati "kalavani" ku Tsiku la Mgwirizano wa Ogwira Ntchito Padziko Lonse pa Meyi 1. Kenako tsiku la tchuthi la Novembala 7 - Tsiku la Great October Socialist Revolution - lidatha. Meyi Day idakhalabe tsiku lokondwerera, koma idataya malingaliro ake - tsopano ndi Tsiku la Ogwira Ntchito. Tchuthi ichi ndichofala padziko lonse lapansi - Meyi 1 ndi tchuthi chapagulu m'maiko ambiri kumayiko onse.
Chiwonetsero cha Meyi Day ku USSR
14. Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, a Bolsheviks sanalepheretse sabata kumapeto kwamaholide atchalitchi. Mpaka 1928, masiku osagwira ntchito anali masiku atatu pa Isitala, kukwera kwa Ambuye, Tsiku la Mizimu (Juni 4), Kusandulika kwa Ambuye ndi Khrisimasi. Koma kenako maholide ampingo adasowa kalendala yadziko kwanthawi yayitali. Ndiyenera kunena kuti panali maholide ochepa mpaka 1965: Chaka Chatsopano, Meyi Day, tsiku lokumbukira kusintha ndi Tsiku la Constitution. Kuyambira 1992, Khrisimasi yabwerera ku kalendala, ndipo tsiku lotsatira Isitala lakhala tsiku lopuma.
15. 174 maholide akatswiri amakondwerera ku Russia. Amagawidwa mofanana pa kalendala. Chifukwa chake, mu Januware panali maholide anayi okha, mu 3 February, ndi Okutobala ndi nthawi yachisangalalo kwa ogwira ntchito zapadera 29. Zikuwonekeratu kuti ndimatchuthi ambiri ndizovuta kupewa zochitika mwangozi. Kwa masiku angapo, tchuthi cha akatswiri chikugwa, ndipo, mwachitsanzo, pa Ogasiti 1, 2018, panali maholide atatu nthawi imodzi: Tsiku lakumbuyo, Tsiku la Wosonkhanitsa ndi Tsiku lokhazikitsa njira yapadera yolumikizirana. Tsiku la owerengera ndalama limagwirizana chimodzimodzi ndi Tsiku la ogwira ntchito poyendera msonkho.
